Europe
Chapters13 - 16
Natural Resources
Water
Long __________ with hundreds of natural harbors
Europe is ideally situated for world trade
________________ Sea, ________ Sea, and _______ Sea border Europe
Forest and Agriculture
Most forests have been cut down
_________ and __________ have largest timber areas
Minerals and Energy
Must import most industrial and energy needs
Historical Geography
Rise of Nations
Between 900 & 300 B.C. Europe was controlled by warring tribes
Part of the ____________ Empire until 500 A.D.
Ruled by Germanic tribes after 500 A.D.
Around 1000 began traveling oceans and engaging in world trade
By _______, France, Spain, Portugal, and England were nations
_______ was strongest, until the ________ defeated Napoleon’s French army at
Waterloo in 1815.
Historical Geography (cont.)
Imperialism
By 18th century many European countries had ___________ all over the world
British colony was largest, and at one point contained _____ of the world population
and _____ the world’s land area
World Wars
World War I- 1914-1918, Fought mainly on _________ and _________ soil
World War II – 1939-1945, Germany and Italy captured most of Europe before being
defeated
Post World War II
Germany divided into _______ and _______ Germany
Eastern Europe became _________ controlled by the Soviet Union
1949 _________ (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed to protect Western
Europe. _____________ Pact created to protect Eastern Europe
1991 __________ ___________ collapsed
East & West Germany reunited
Human Geography
Europe’s population growth is the ____________ on earth
Language
___________ is most common language
90% of all Europeans between 15 and 24 speak a 2nd language (some 3 or 4)
Religion
__________ – Southern Europe, Poland, France, Austria, Ireland, & Belgium
__________ – Northern and Central Europe
________ – small # in Western Europe
_________ – some in southeastern Europe and other European cities
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European Economy
World War II & the loss of colonies left Europe’s economy in ruins
Europe formed alliances to strengthen the economy
__________ ____________ (EU) – formed in 1957
Contains 27 European nations with a population larger than the U.S.
__________ (a common currency) is used by Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain,
France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia
and Finland.
Euro is valued at around $1.36 (2007).
Issues
Unemployment, crime, traffic congestion, limited energy resources, and environmental
pollution
Illegal immigration with the EU’s open borders
Northern Europe
The British Isles are made up of two independent countries
The ________ ___________ (England, Whales, Scotland, and North Ireland)
The Republic of ____________
The British Isles (History)
Little is known about the earliest Britons (Stonehenge other monoliths)
The ___________ occupied the Isle until Rome took control over most of the Isle
(everything South of Hadrian’s Wall)
Later the ________ and ___________ (Germanic tribes) drove the Celts to the Highlands
of Scotland. (1066 William the Conqueror.)
In the 1600’s and 1700’s British explorers set up colonies all over the world. During the
1800’s _________ of the world’s land was owned by Britain.
Northern Europe
United Kingdom
Great Britain is a ______________ ______________ (a king or queen is head of state,
but a parliament led by a prime minister makes the laws.)
___________ is the capital of and largest city in the United Kingdom.
It is a world city and a financial capital of the world.
Home of parliament and monarchy
Northern Europe (cont.)
Northern Ireland
Six countries called Northern Ireland or Ulster
Bitter fighting between Protestant majority and the Catholic minority
Republic of Ireland
Descendants of the Celts
________ is main language
________ famine in the 1800’s caused many Irish to emigrate to the U.S. & Australia
1921 became a British dominion
1949 became the Republic of Ireland
Capital is ___________
Northern Europe
Scandanavia
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland.
Most people live in the Southern portions which are warmer.
___________ is Europe’s northernmost nation
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____% of Greenland (a self governing territory of Denmark.) is covered by ______
_______ thousands of feet thick
____________ (capital of Iceland) is the world’s most northern capital.
Northern Europe
In the past these countries were known for their fierce ___________ sailors and warriors
who raided the shores of Europe.
Almost all Scandinavians are Protestant ____________.
Except for Finish, Scandinavian languages are very similar.
85% of Sweden’s population is found in urban areas.
Scandinavian countries all have high standards of living.
Fishing, commercial agriculture as well high-tech products are all widely exported.
West Central Europe
France
____________ is a large part of the economy. 2nd only to the U.S.
Tourism is a huge part of the economy
___________ is the capital and primate city . It is the cultural, educational, &
governmental center of the country
A __________ city is one that ranks first and dominates the country in terms of
population and economy.
90% of the French are ____________.
France is one of Europe’s largest and most influential countries. It has a long history of
colonization.
One major issue concerning France is the governments influence over the economy
(highly taxed, regulated)
West Central Europe
Germany
In the 700’s A.D. Charlemagne united many German tribes into one kingdom.
Unified in _________
Twice in the span of thirty years this new military and industrial power attempted to
take over the known world. (_______ ______ I {1914-1919} and _______ ______ II
{1939-1945})
Country was divided following World War II
East Germany was ___________
West Germany was Capitalist (_________)
They were divided by the _________ Wall
Berlin Wall came down in 1990 and countries united.
West Central Europe
Germany
Has Europe’s largest Economy
______ highest GDP in the world.
Economy is diverse and includes automobiles, electronics, chemicals, and optical and
surgical equipment
One of the countries most challenging issues is the growing and changing population.
Many ________ immigrants flood the country. They are Muslim and have added a
new dynamic to the country’s culture.
Sometimes the immigrants feel as though they are second class citizens.
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West Central Europe
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg are called ____________.
Their union started the idea for the EU.
Belgium
Northern Belgium is called __________ (Dutch speakers).
Southern Belgium is called __________ (French speakers)
Most Belgians refer to themselves as Flanders or Walloons not Belgians.
__________ is the capital and home of the EU headquarters.
The Netherlands (means lowlands)
Much of Netherlands is below sea level. __________ prevent flooding.
Also called __________. The people are known as ________
_________ is the capital
Luxembourg
Smallest country in the EU but has the highest GDP in the world. ($34,200).
World banking center
West Central Europe
Switzerland
Made up of 26 __________ or states.
Switzerland is neutral and makes no alliances.
Stable nation with one of the world’s highest standards of living.
International __________, watches, pharmaceuticals, and dairy products are major
portions of the economy.
Austria
World Power during 18th & 19th century.
Won independence from Germany in 1955.
____________ is the capital and cultural center
Poland and the Baltics
Poland was under Russian control during parts of the 18th and 19th century. After WWII
the Soviet Union gained control of Poland
Poland is the largest of the European countries that once made up the ________ Block.
In _______, Poland gained its independence.
The country is mixed about its relatively new _____________.
Poland and the Baltics
Nearly all of Poland speaks ________ languages and are ethnically Polish.
__________ became the capital of Poland in the 1500’s.
In 2004, Poland joined the European Union and foreign investments have put them on the
path to a better economy
Poland and the Baltics
The _______ Countries are: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Historically the Baltic Sea was one the busiest trading routes.
This has created a mix of __________.
These countries are all faced with many ________ challenges while trying to rebuild their
countries after Soviet rule.
Their small population and limited resources make trade essential.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
These countries have a long Slavic history.
They were part of the ________-________ Empire during the 18th century.
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Up until the early 1990’s they were a part of the Soviet Union.
The Czech Republic and Slovakia have formed a complimentary region.
The Czechs have mineral resources while Slovakia has an agricultural economy
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
The capital of the Czech Republic is _______. American culture has been increasingly
influential in Prague.
The move to capitalism has been hard for these regions.
In 2004 Slovakia joined the EU.
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Most Hungarians speak ________, rather than Slavic.
Hungarians have a rich musical history. (__________)
Hungary has attracted many new industries since the Soviet collapse and has one of richest
economies in the area.
Hungary joined ___________ in 1999 and the EU in 2004
Spain and Portugal
Spain and Portugal makeup the __________ Peninsula (Iberia)
Spain & Portugal
Both lie on the Iberian Peninsula
________ is Spain’s capital and ________ is Portugal’s
Were two of the most powerful countries on earth between the 15th & 17th centuries
The Spanish civil war in 1936 was a prelude to WWII.
Democratic forces lost the Spanish civil war and the dictator, _________ _________
ruled Spain from 1936 to 1975
Spain and Portugal
More than ________ million people around the world speak _________.
Nearly all of Spain is ________ ___________.
About 75% Speak ___________ Spanish.
Spanish cities have many open places for people to meet.
_________ architecture can be seen in Spain.
Spain is a member of the EU and has a diverse economy.
Italy
Italy
_______ shaped peninsula extending from Europe into the Mediterranean Sea
Includes the islands of _______ and _________
Was the center of the __________ empire
Country united in 1861
_______ is the capital
Italy
Several ____________ (small countries) exist in and around Italy.
San Marino (Europe’s oldest country, located inside Italy)
Malta (Island country between Italy and Africa)
Andorra (between Spain and France
Liechtenstein (in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland)
Vatican City (The last of the Papal States)
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Southern Europe
Greece
Located at the southern end of the __________ Peninsula
Consists of peninsulas, over 2,000 islands, rugged Mts., and a jagged coastline
Ancient Greece was vital to the development of __________ culture
Western ideals, government, art, and culture received its roots from Greece
The Balkan Peninsula
The Eastern Balkan Peninsula includes the countries of
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Macedonia
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovenia
The Balkan Peninsula
This area has one of the most diverse human populations in Europe.
Many ethnic __________ have formed here. (An enclave is a territorial or cultural unit.)
The ____________ Turks invaded southern Europe in the late 1300’s.
The Balkan Peninsula
By WWI an area of independent countries had formed in the area.
After the end of WWII the _________ had control of every Balkan area except for Greece.
_______________ began to split apart after the fall of communism
The Balkan Peninsula
_________ and ___________ declared independence in 1991.
>Fighting soon broke out between Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs.
>Croatia slid into a bloody civil war.
When Bosnia declared independence fighting broke out there.
Tensions between the mostly ________ Albanians and ________ Orthodox Serbs stretch
back centuries.
In 1997 fighting got worse and the ____ and _________ allies intervened
The Balkan Peninsula
Culture in the Balkans is a complex mix of _________, _________ backgrounds, and
political views.
All areas wish to preserve their traditions and particular heritage.
Many beautiful cities (____________-capital of Bosnia) rich in history have been badly
damaged by the wars.
Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova lie on the Eastern Balkans and do not have the same
ethnic fighting of the west
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