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Non-opioid Analgesics and Adjuvants

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Non-opioid Analgesics and Adjuvants
Shared by: HC11111605547
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posted:
11/15/2011
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Pharmacotherapy of Pain:

Adjuvant Analgesics

Adjuvant Analgesics

• Defined as drugs with other indications

that may be analgesic in specific

circumstances

• Numerous drugs in diverse classes

• Sequential trials are often needed

Adjuvant Analgesics

• Multipurpose analgesics

• Drugs used for neuropathic pain

• Drugs used for musculoskeletal pain

• Drugs used for cancer pain

• Drugs used for headache

Multipurpose Adjuvant Analgesics

Class Examples

Antidepressants amitriptyline, desipramine,

nortriptyline, duloxetine,

venlafaxine, paroxetine, others



Alpha-2 adrenergic tizanidine, clonidine

agonists



Corticosteroids prednisone, dexamethasone

Multipurpose Adjuvant Analgesics

Antidepressants

• Best evidence: 30 amine TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline)

• 20 amine TCAs (desipramine, nortriptyline) better

tolerated and also analgesic

• Evidence for the SSNRIs, e.g., duloxetine, and

little evidence in favor of SSRIs/atypical

antidepressants (e.g., paroxetine, bupropion,

others); these are better tolerated yet

Multipurpose Adjuvant Analgesics

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists

• Clonidine and tizanidine used for chronic pain of

any type

• Tizanidine usually better tolerated

• Tizanidine starting dose 1–2 mg/d; usual

maximum dose up to 40 mg/d

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain



Class Examples

Anticonvulsants gabapentin, pregabalin,

valproate, lamotrigine

phenytoin, carbamazepine,

clonazepam, topiramate,

tiagabine, levetiracetam

oxcarbazepine, zonisamide



Local anesthetics mexiletine, tocainide

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain



Class Examples

NMDA receptor dextromethorphan,

Antagonists ketamine,

amantadine



Miscellaneous baclofen, calcitonin



Topical lidocaine,

lidocaine/prilocaine,

capsaicin, NSAIDs

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain

Anticonvulsants

• Gabapentin or pregabalin commonly

used

– Favorable safety profile and positive RCTs in

PHN/diabetic neuropathy

• Analgesic effects supported for

phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate,

clonazepam, and lamotrigine

• Limited experience with other drugs

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain



• Local anesthetics

• Oral therapy with mexiletine, tocainide,

flecainide

• IV/SQ lidocaine also useful

• Useful for any type of neuropathic pain

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain



Miscellaneous drugs

• Calcitonin

– RCTs in CRPS and phantom pain

– Limited experience

• Baclofen

– RCT in trigeminal neuralgia

– 30–200 mg/d or higher

– Taper before discontinuation

Adjuvant Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain



NMDA-receptor antagonists

• N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor involved in

neuropathic pain

• Commercially-available drugs are analgesic:

ketamine, dextromethorpan, amantadine

Topical Adjuvant Analgesics

• Used for neuropathic pain

– Local anesthetics

• Lidocaine patch

• Cream, eg, lidocaine 5%, EMLA

• Capsaicin

• Used for musculoskeletal pains

• NSAIDs

Adjuvant Analgesics for

Musculoskeletal Pain



“Muscle relaxants”

• Refers to numerous drugs, eg,

cyclobenzaprine, carisoprodol,

orphenadrine, methocarbamol,

chlorzoxazone, metaxalone

• Centrally-acting analgesics

• Do not relax skeletal muscle

Adjuvant Analgesics for Chronic Headache



• Beta blockers

• Anticonvulsants

• Calcium channel blockers

• Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists

• Antidepressants

• Vasoactive drugs

• ACE inhibitors

Adjuvant Analgesics for Cancer Pain

• For bone pain

– Bisphosphonates (eg, pamidronate,

clodronate), calcitonin, radiopharmaceuticals

(eg, Sr89, Sm153)

• For bowel obstruction pain

– Anticholinergics, octreotide

Adjuvant Analgesics With

Opioid Interactions

• NMDA antagonists (eg, dextromethorphan,

ketamine, amantadine)

• Cholecystokinin-B antagonists (eg,

proglumide)

• Ultra-low doses of opioid antagonists


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