From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
Oil palm
Oil palm The palm fruit takes five to six months to mature
from pollination to maturity. The palm fruit is reddish,
about the size of a large plum and grows in large bunches.
Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy outer layer (the
pericarp), with a single seed (the palm kernel), also rich
in oil. When ripe, each bunch of fruit weigh 40-50 kilo-
grammes.
Oil is extracted from both the pulp of the fruit (palm
oil, an edible oil) and the kernel (palm kernel oil, used in
foods and for soap manufacture). For every 100 kilograms
of fruit bunches, typically 22 kilograms of palm oil and
1.6 kilograms of palm kernel oil can be extracted.
The high oil yield of oil palm trees (as high as 7,250
liters per hectare per year) has made it a common cook-
ing ingredient in southeast Asia and the tropical belt of
Africa. Its increasing use in the commercial food industry
in other parts of the world is buoyed by its cheaper pric-
ing,[2] the high oxidative stability of the refined prod-
uct[3][4] and high levels of natural antioxidants.[5]
Since palm oil contains more saturated fats than oils
African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)
made from canola, corn, linseed, soybeans, safflower, and
Scientific classification sunflowers, it can withstand extreme deep-frying heat
Kingdom: Plantae and resists oxidation.[6]
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Arecoideae
Planting
For each hectare of oil palm, which is harvested year-
Tribe: Cocoeae round, the annual production averages 10 tonnes of fruit,
Genus: Elaeis which yields 3,000 kg of pericarp oil, and 750 kg of seed
Jacq. kernels, which yield 250 kg of high quality palm kernel
oil as well as 500 kg of kernel meal. Palm fronds and ker-
Species
nel meal are processed for use as livestock feed.[7]
Elaeis guineensis All modern, commercial planting material consists of
Elaeis oleifera tenera palms or DxP hybrids, which are obtained by
crossing thickshelled dura with shell-less pisifera.
The oil palms (Elaeis) comprise two species of the Are- Although common commercial pre-germinated seed is as
caceae, or palm family. They are used in commercial agri- thick-shelled as the dura mother tree, the resulting tree
culture in the production of palm oil. The African Oil will produce thin-shelled tenera fruit. An alternative to
Palm Elaeis guineensis is native to west Africa, occurring pre-germinated seed, once constraints to mass produc-
between Angola and Gambia, while the American Oil tion are overcome, is tissue-cultured or “clonal” palms
Palm Elaeis oleifera is native to tropical Central America which provide “true copies” of high yielding DxP palms.
and South America. The generic name is derived from the It is essential for an oil palm nursery to have an un-
Greek for oil, elaion, while the species name refers to its interrupted supply of clean water and topsoil which is
country of origin.[1] both well-structured and sufficiently deep to accommo-
Mature trees are single-stemmed, and grow to 20 m date three rounds of on-site bag-filling. Approximately
tall. The leaves are pinnate, and reach between 3-5 m 35 ha can grow enough seedlings over a three-year peri-
long. A young tree produces about 30 leaves a year. Estab- od to plant a 5,000 ha plantation. Pre-nursery seedlings
lished trees over 10 years produce about 20 leaves a year. must be watered daily. Whenever rainfall is less than
The flowers are produced in dense clusters; each individ- 10 mm per day, irrigation is required, and the system
ual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals.
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
must be capable of uniformly applying 6.5 mm water per
day.
Crop nutrient
Pre-nursery seedlings in the four-leaf stage of devel-
opment (10 to 14 weeks after planting) are usually trans-
planted to the main nursery, after their gradual adjust-
ment to full sunlight and rigid selection process. During
culling, seedlings that have “grassy”, “crinkled”, “twist-
ed”, or “rolled” leaves are discarded.
Weeds growing in the polybags must be carefully
pulled out. Herbicides should not be used. Numerous in-
sects (e.g., ants, armyworm, bagworm, aphids, thrips,
mites, grasshoppers, mealybugs) and vertebrates (e.g.,
rats, squirrels, porcupine, wild boar, monkeys) are pests
in oil palm nurseries and must be carefully identified be-
fore control measures are implemented. Oil palm tree
After eight months in the nursery, normal healthy
plants should be 0.8–1 m in height and display 5 to 8 func- Nutrient uptake is low during the first year but increases
tional leaves. steeply between year one and year three (when harvest-
ing commences) and stabilizes around years five to six.
Early applications of fertilizer, better planting material,
more rigid culling has led to a dramatic increase in early
yields in third to sixth years from planting. In regions
without any serious drop in rainfall, yields of over 25
tonnes of fresh fruit bunches per hectare have been
achieved in the second year of harvesting.
Nitrogen deficiency is usually associated with condi-
tions of water-logging, heavy weed infestation and top-
soil erosion. Symptoms are a general paling and stiffen-
ing of the pinnae which lose their glossy lustre. Extend-
ed deficiency will reduce the number of effective fruit
bunches produced as well as the bunch size.
Phosphorous deficient leaves do not show specific
Oil palm plantations in the municipality of Aracataca, Colom- symptoms but frond length, bunch size and trunk diame-
bia. ter are all reduced.
Potassium deficiency is very common and is the ma-
The proper approach to oil palm development begins jor yield constraint in sandy or peaty soils. The most
with the establishment of leguminous cover plants, im- frequent symptom is "confluent orange spotting". Pale
mediately following land clearing. It helps prevent soil green spots appear on the pinnae of older leaves; as the
erosion and surface run-off, improve soil structure and deficiency intensifies, the spots turn orange or reddish-
palm root development, increase the response to mineral orange and desiccation sets in, starting from the tips and
fertilizer in later years, and reduce the danger of mi- outer margins of the pinnae. Other symptoms are "or-
cronutrient deficiencies. Leguminous cover plants also ange blotch" and "mid-crown yellowing". In soils having
help prevent outbreaks of Oryctes beetles, which nest in a low water holding capacity (sands and peats) potassium
exposed decomposing vegetation. Both phosphorus and deficiency can lead to a rapid, premature desiccation of
potassium fertilizers are needed to maximize the legumi- fronds.
nous cover plants’ symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential Copper deficiency is common on deep peat soils and
of approximately 200 kg nitrogen/ha/yr and are applied occurs also on very sandy soils. It appears initially as
to most soils at 115 to 300 kg phosphorous oxide/ha and whitish yellow mottling of younger fronds. As the de-
35 to 60 kg potassium oxide/ha. Young palms are severe- ficiency intensifies, yellow, mottled, inter-veinal stripes
ly set back where grasses are allowed to dominate the appear and rusty, brown spots develop on the distal end
inter-row vegetation, particularly on poor soils where of leaflets. Affected fronds and leaflets are stunted and
the correction of nutrient deficiencies is difficult and leaflets dry up. On sandy soils, palms recover rapidly af-
costly. ter a basal application of 50 grams of copper sulphate.
On peat soils, lasting correction of copper deficiency is
difficult, as applied copper sulphate is rendered unavail-
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
able. A promising method to correct copper deficiency on Kushairi, 1999), indicating that control had been re-
peat soil is to mix copper sulphate with clay soil and to stored.
form tennis-ball sized “copper mudballs” that are placed A 1992 study[8] at a trial plot in Banting, Selangor re-
around the palm and that provide a slow-release source vealed yield of Deli dura oil palms after four generations
of available copper. of selection was 60% greater than that of the unselect-
Healthy, well selected seedlings are a pre-condition ed base population. Crossing the dura and pisifera to give
for early and sustained high yield. In most cases granular the thin-shelled tenera fruit type improved partitioning
multinutrient compound fertilizers are the preferred nu- of dry matter within the fruit, giving a 30% increase in oil
trient source for seedlings in the nursery. Where sub-soil yield at the expense of shell, without changing total dry
is used to fill the polybags, extra dressings of Kieserite matter production.
may be required (10-15 g every 6 to 8 weeks). Where com-
pound fertilizers are not available, equivalent quantities
of straight materials should be used.
Disease
To maintain good fertilizer response and high yields Basal stem rot, caused by the fungus ganoderma, is the
in older palms (selective) thinning is often necessary. most serious disease of oil palm in Malaysia and Indone-
sia. Previously, research on basal stem rot was hampered
by the failure to artificially infect oil palm with the fun-
Cross-breeding gus. Although Ganoderma had been associated with BSR
(Thompson, 1931), proof of its pathogenicity to satisfy
Koch’s postulate was only achieved in the early 1990s
by inoculating oil palm seedling roots (Ariffin and Idris,
1991) or by using rubber wood blocks (Khairuddin, 1990).
A reliable and quick technique for testing the patho-
genicity of the Ganoderma fungus by inoculating oil palm
germinated seeds.[9]
This fatal disease can lead to losses as much as 80%
after repeated planting cycles. Ganoderma produces en-
zymes that degrade the oil palm tissue and affect the
infected oil palm xylem thus causing serious problems
to the distribution of water and other nutrients to the
top of the palm tree.[10] Ganoderma infection is well de-
fined by its lesion in the stem. The cross section of in-
Oil palm fruit fected palm stem shows that the lesion appears as a light
brown area of rotting tissue with a distinctive irregularly
Unlike other relatives, the oil palm trees do not produce shaped darker band at the borders of this area.[11] The
offshoots; propagation is by sowing the seeds. infected tissue become as an ashen-grey powdery and if
Before the Second World War, selection work had the palm remains standing, the infected trunk rapidly be-
started in the Deli dura population in Malaya. Pollen was come hollow.[12]
imported from Africa, and DxT and DxP crosses were In a 2007 study in Portugal, scientists suggest control
made. Segregation of fruit forms in crosses made in the of ganoderma on oil palms would benefit from further
1950s was often incorrect. In the absence of a good mark- consideration of the process as one of white rot. Gano-
er gene, there was no way of knowing whether control of derma are extraordinary organisms capable exclusively
pollination was adequate. of degrading lignin to carbon dioxide and water: cellu-
It was only after the work of Beirnaert and Vander- loses are then available as nutrients for the fungus. It
weyen (1941) that it became feasible to monitor the ef- is necessary to consider this mode of attack as a white
ficacy of controlled pollination. From 1963 until the in- rot involving lignin biodegradation, for integrated con-
troduction of weevils in 1982 contamination in Malaysia’s trol. The existing literature does not report this area and
commercial plantings was generally low. It appears that appears to be concerned particularly with the mode of
thrips, the main pollinating agent at that time, rarely spread and molecular biology of ganoderma. The white
gained access to bagged female inflorescences. However, rot perception opens up new fields in breeding/selecting
E. kamerunicus is much more persistent, and after it was for resistant cultivars of oil palms with high lignin con-
introduced D contamination became a significant prob- tent, ensuring the conditions for lignin decomposition
lem. This problem appears to have persisted for much are reduced, and simply sealing damaged oil palms to
of the 1980s, but in a 1991 comparison of seed sources, stop decay. It is likely that spread is by spores rather
contamination had been reduced to below 2% (Rao and than roots. The knowledge gained can be employed in
the rapid degradation of oil palm waste on the plantation
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
floor by inoculating suitable fungi, and/or treating the The oil palm is a tropical palm tree. There are two species
waste more appropriately (e.g. chipping and spreading of oil palm. The better known one originated in Guinea,
over the floor rather than windrowing).[13] Africa and was first illustrated by Nicholaas Jacquin in
Endophytic bacteria are organisms inhabiting plant 1763, hence its name, Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
organs that at some time in their life cycle can colonize Oil palms were introduced to Java by the Dutch in
the internal plant tissues without causing apparent harm 1848[17] and to Malaysia (then the British colony of
to the host.[14] Introducing endophytic bacteria to the Malaya) in 1910 by Scotsman William Sime and English
roots to control plant disease is to manipulate the in- banker Henry Darby. The first plantations were mostly
digenous bacterial communities of the roots in a manner, established and operated by British plantation owners,
which leads to enhanced suppression of soil-born such as Sime Darby and Boustead. The large plantation
pathogens. The use of endophytic bacteria should thus be companies remained listed in London until the Malaysian
preferred to other biological control agents as they are government engineered their "Malaysianisation"
internal colonizers, with better ability to compete within throughout the 1960s and 1970s.[18]
the vascular systems, limiting Ganoderma for both nutri- Federal Land Development Authority (Felda) is the
ents and space during its proliferation. Two bacterial iso- world’s biggest oil palm planter with planted area close
lates Burkholderia cepacia(B3) and Pseudomonas aerug- to 900,000 hectares in Malaysia and Indonesia. Felda was
inosa(P3) were selected for evaluation in the glasshouse formed on July 1, 1956 when the Land Development Act
for their efficacy in enhancing growth and subsequent came into force with the main aim of eradicating pover-
suppression of the spread of BSR in oil palm seedlings.[15] ty. Settlers were each allocated 10 acres of land (about 4
Little leaf syndrome has not been fully explained but hectares) planted either with oil palm or rubber, and giv-
has often been confused with Boron deficiency. The en 20 years to pay off the debt for the land.[19]
growing point is damaged, sometimes by Oryctes beetle. After Malaysia achieved independence in 1957, the
Small, distorted leaves that resemble Boron deficiency government focused on value adding of rubber planting,
emerge. This is often followed by secondary pathogenic boosting exports, and alleviating poverty through land
infections in the spear that can lead to spear rot and palm schemes. In the 1960s and 1970s, the government encour-
death.[16] aged planting of other crops, to cushion the economy
when world prices of tin and rubber plunged. Rubber es-
History tates gave way to oil palm plantations. In 1961, Felda’s
first oil palm settlement opened, with 3.75 km² of land.
As of 2000, 6855.2 km² (approximately 76%) of the land
under Felda’s programmes were devoted to oil palms.[20]
By 2008, Felda’s resettlement broadened to 112,635 fam-
ilies and they work on 8533.13 km² of agriculture land
throughout Malaysia. Oil palm planting took up 84% of
Felda’s plantation landbank.[21]
In 2007, Golden Hope Berhad, Kumpulan Guthrie Ber-
had and Sime Darby merged to form Malaysia’s biggest
publicly traded oil palm company with landbank exceed-
ing 633,000 hectares. Its plantations are spread across
Malaysia and Indonesian islands of Sumatera, Kaliman-
tan and Sulawesi. Oil palm planting is Sime Darby largest
revenue generator. In 2009, about 70% of the conglomer-
ate’s profits comes from the harvest and sale of palm oil.
As an integrated palm oil entity, Sime Darby produce spe-
cialty fats, oleochemicals and biodiesel for export.
Research
In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm
breeding began to expand after Malaysia’s Department of
Agriculture established an exchange program with West
African economies and four private plantations formed
the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory.[22] The government al-
so established Kolej Serdang, which became the Univer-
African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) siti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in the 1970s to train agri-
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
cultural and agro-industrial engineers and agro-business tutes thirty percent of total edible oil production world-
graduates to conduct research in the field. wide.[24]
In 1979, following strong lobbying from oil palm
planters and support from the Malaysian Agricultural Re-
search and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the
Social and environmental im-
government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of pacts
Malaysia (Porim).[23] B.C. Sekhar was instrumental in
See also: Environmental impact of palm oil
Porim’s recruitment and training of scientists to under-
The social and environmental impacts of oil palm cul-
take R&D in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition
tivation is a highly controversial topic. There are mul-
and potential oleochemical use. Sekhar, as founder and
tiple sources highlighting the positive and negative as-
chairman, strategised Porim to be a public-and-private-
pects of this industry.[7][25][26] Oil palm is a valuable eco-
coordinated institution. As a result, Porim (renamed
nomic crop and provides a major source of employment.
Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000) became Malaysia’s top
It allows many small landholders to participate in the
research entity with the highest technology commercial-
cash economy and also often results in the upgrade of
isation rate of 20% compared to 5% among local univer-
the infrastructure (schools, roads, telecommunications)
sities. While MPOB has gained international prominence,
within that area.[citation needed] However, there are cases
its relevance is dependent on it churning out break-
where native customary lands have been appropriated by
through findings in the world’s fast-changing oil crop
oil palm plantations without any form of consultation or
genetics, dietary fat nutrition and process engineering
compensation,[27] leading to social conflict between the
landscape.
plantations and local residents.[28] In some cases oil palm
plantations are dependent on imported labour or illegal
Palm oil production immigrants, and there are some concerns about the em-
ployment conditions and social impacts of these prac-
tices.[29]
Biodiversity loss (including the potential extinction
of charismatic species) is one of the most serious nega-
tive effects of oil palm cultivation. Large areas of already
threatened tropical rainforest often need to be cleared to
make way for plantations, especially in South-East Asia
where there is a lack of enforcement of forest protection
laws. The impacts of oil palm plantations on the envi-
ronment is dependent on multiple factors, including the
existence and compliance to environmental legislation,
the pre-establishment habitat and corporate responsibil-
ity. In some states where oil palm is established there
had been little enforcement of environmental legislation
Fruit of oil palm tree leading to encroachment of plantations into protected
areas,[30] encroachment into riparian strips,[31] open
The oil palm originated in West Africa but has since been burning of plantation wastes[citation needed] and release of
planted successfully in tropical regions within 20 degrees palm mill pollutants such as palm oil mill effluent (POME)
of the equator. There is evidence of palm oil use in An- in the environment.[31] Some of these states have recog-
cient Egypt.[citation needed] In the Republic of the Congo, or nised the need for increased environmental protection
Congo Brazzaville, precisely in the Northern part, not far and this is resulting in more environmental friendly
from Ouesso, local people produce this oil by hand. They practices.[32][33] Among those approaches is anaerobic
harvest the fruit, boil it to let the water part evaporate, treatment of POME. POME can be a good source for biogas
then they press what is left in order to collect the red- (CH4) production and electricity generation. Anaerobic
dish, orange colored oil. treatment of POME has been practiced in Malaysia and
In 1995, Malaysia was the world’s largest producer Indonesia. Like most wastewater sludge, anaerobic treat-
with 51% of world production. Since 2007, Indonesia ment of POME results in domination of Methanosaeta con-
emerged the world’s largest producer of palm oil produc- cilii. It plays an important role in methane production
ing approximately 50% of world palm oil volume. from acetate and the optimum condition for its growth
Worldwide palm oil production during the 2005-2006 should be considered to harvest biogas as renewable fu-
growing season was 39.8 million metric tons, of which 4.3 el.[34]
million tons was in the form of palm kernel oil. It is thus Demand for palm oil has increased in recent years
by far the most widely-produced tropical oil, and consti- due to its use as a biofuel,[35] but recognition that this in-
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
creases the environmental impact of cultivation as well that the large companies and smallholders that supply it
as causing a food vs fuel issue has forced some developed convert to sustainable production by 2015.[50]
nations to reconsider their policies on biofuel to improve Meanwhile, much of the recent investment in new
standards and ensure sustainability.[36] However, critics palm plantations for biofuel has been part-funded
point out that even companies signed up to the Round- through carbon credit projects through the Clean Devel-
table on Sustainable Palm Oil continue to engage in envi- opment Mechanism; however the reputational risk asso-
ronmentally damaging practices[37] and that using palm ciated with unsustainable palm plantations in Indonesia
oil as biofuel is perverse because it encourages the con- has now made many funds wary of investing there.[51]
version of natural habitats such as forests and peatlands,
releasing large quantities of greenhouse gases. [38] Palm biomass as fuel
Some scientists and companies are going beyond using
Carbon balance just the oil, and are proposing to convert fronds, empty
Main article: Environmental impact of palm oil fruit bunches and palm kernel shells harvested from oil
Oil palm production has been documented as a cause of palm plantations into renewable electricity,[52] cellulosic
substantial and often irreversible damage to the natural ethanol,[53] biogas,[54] biohydrogen[55] and bioplastic.[56]
environment.[39] Its impacts include: deforestation, habi- Thus, by using both the biomass from the plantation as
tat loss of critically endangered species,[40][41][42] and a well as the processing residues from palm oil production
significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions.[43] (fibers, kernel shells, palm oil mill effluent), bioenergy
The pollution is exacerbated because many rain- from palm plantations can have an effect on reducing
forests in Indonesia and Malaysia lie atop peat bogs that greenhouse gas emissions. Examples of these production
store great quantities of carbon that are released when techniques have been registered as projects under the
the forests are cut down and the bogs drained to make Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism.
way for the palm oil plantations. By using palm biomass to generate renewable energy,
Environmental groups such as Greenpeace claim that fuels and biodegradable products, both the energy bal-
the deforestation caused by making way for oil palm ance and the greenhouse gas emissions balance for palm
plantations is far more damaging for the climate than biodiesel is improved. For every tonne of palm oil pro-
the benefits gained by switching to biofuel.[44][45] Fresh duced from fresh fruit bunches, a farmer harvests around
land clearances, especially in Borneo, are contentious for 6 tonnes of waste palm fronds, 1 tonne of palm trunks,
their environmental impact.[46][47] NGOs and many inter- 5 tonnes of empty fruit bunches, 1 tonne of press fiber
national bodies are now warning that, despite thousands (from the mesocarp of the fruit), half a tonne of palm ker-
of square kilometres of land standing unplanted in In- nel endocarp, 250 kg of palm kernel press cake, and 100
donesia, tropical hardwood forests are being cleared for tonnes of palm oil mill effluent. Oil palm plantations in-
palm oil plantations. Furthermore, as the remaining un- cinerate biomass to generate power for palm oil mills. Oil
protected lowland forest dwindles, developers are look- palm plantations yield large amount of biomass that can
ing to plant peat swamp land, using drainage that un- be recycled into medium density fibreboards and light
locks the carbon held in their trees, and begins an ox- furniture.[57] In efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emis-
idation process of the peat which can release 5,000 to sions, scientists treat palm oil mill effluent to extract bio-
10,000 years worth of stored carbon. Drained peat is also gas. After purification, biogas can substitute for natural
at very high risk of forest fire, and there is a clear record gas for use at factories. Anaerobic treatment of palm oil
of fire being used to clear vegetation for oil palm devel- mill effluent, practiced in Malaysia and Indonesia, results
opment in Indonesia. Drought and man-made clearances in domination of Methanosaeta concilii. It plays an impor-
have led to massive uncontrolled forest fires over recent tant role in methane production from acetate and the op-
years, covering parts of Southeast Asia in haze and lead- timum condition for its growth should be considered to
ing to an international crisis with Malaysia. These fires harvest biogas as renewable fuel.[34]
have been variously blamed on a government with little Unfortunately, palm oil has detrimental effects on
ability to enforce its own laws while impoverished small the environment and is not considered to be a sustain-
farmers and large plantation owners illegally burn and able biofuel. The deforestation occurring throughout
clear forests and peat lands to reap the developmental Malaysia and Indonesia as a result of the growing de-
benefits of environmentally-valuable land.[48][49] mand for this plant has made scarce natural habitats for
Many of the major companies in the vegetable oil Orangutan and other rainforest dwellers. More carbon is
economy participate in the Roundtable on Sustainable released during the life cycle of a palm oil plant to its use
Palm Oil, which is trying to address this problem. In 2008 as a biofuel than is emitted by the same volume of fossil
Unilever, a member of the group, committed to use only fuels.[58]
oil palm oil which is certified as sustainable, by ensuring
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Oil palm
Malayan folkculture European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109
(3): 237. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200600192.
Since the days when the ’guineesis’ was first introduced [7] ^ "www.mpoc.org.my /
by the British, Indian laborers were brought in to work main_palmoil_campaign.asp Palm oil industry".
the estates. It was there that Hindu beliefs mixed with Malaysian Palm Oil Council.
the local Malay culture and started the usage of palm [8] The physiological basis for genetic improvement of
seeds by traditional healers suffixed with tok ’bomoh’ or oil palm in Malaysia R. H. V. Corley and C. H. Lee,
’pawang’ in the local language. It was found that every Euphytica Journal, Volume 60, Number 3, Pages
bunch of palm fruit usually bears a single ’illustrious’ 179-184, April 1992, DOI 10.1007/BF00039396
seed which looks like a shiny black pearl called ’sbatmi’ [9] Technique for inoculation of oil palm germinated
in Tamil and ’shakti’ in Malay. These are used as acces- seeds with ganoderma Idris, A S; Kushairi, D;
sories by the ’bomoh’ and ’pawang’ in the mixed ritual for Ariffin, D and Basri, M W, MPOB TT No. 314, ISSN
peace with nature as these are believed to contain mys- 1511-7871, JUNE 2006
tical healing properties, and those wearing it are blessed [10] AS Idris, D Ariffin, TR Swinburne, and TA Watt. The
by nature. identity of ganoderma species responsible for basal
Modern usage has seen more common people keep- stem rot disease of oil palm in Malaysia-
ing these as a charm/fashion item to feel at peace, owing pathogenicity test. MPOB Information, Series TT
to its use by celebrities. All palm seeds contain acid and No. 77a&b, 2000.
these sbatmi are no different and should be handled with [11] Turner PD. Palm oil Diseases and Disorers. Oxford
care. Sbatmi lost some popularity when it was used in a University Press, 1981.
grisly ritual by Mona Fandey in 1993. [12] A Wilt Disease of the Oil Palm C.W. Wardlaw,
Nature 158, 56-56 (13 July 1946) | doi:10.1038/
See also [13]
158056a0
Ganoderma disease of oil palm—A white rot
• Attalea maripa (American oil palm) perspective necessary for integrated control R.R.M.
• Energy and the environment Paterson, Crop Protection, Volume 26, Issue 9,
• Malaysian Palm Oil Board September 2007, Pages 1369-1376
[14] Endophytic microorganisms: A review on insect
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[5] Sundram, K; Sambanthamurthi, R; Tan, YA (2003). Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
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[53] Celluosic ethanol from processing and plantation
waste Budi Oil Holdings Sdn. Bhd company
promotional literature
External links
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and electricity generation from Palm Oil Mill • Elaeis guineensis in West African plants - A Photo
Effluent ponds, UNFCCC CDM register Guide.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"
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