SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of
Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved
Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers
In India
N.V.Iyer
Independent Consultant
(formerly with Bajaj Auto)
Better Air Quality Workshop (BAQ)
2008
November 12 – 14, 2008
Bangkok
Contents
• Overview of numbers, emission standards,
and technologies of two-wheelers in India
• Factors contributing to increase of CO2
emissions in coming years
– Problem of growing numbers and market
trends
– Technological problems
• Conclusions
2
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
High Proportion of Two-Wheelers
Among Personal Transport Vehicles*
Small two-wheelers Annual Sales of Passenger Cars and Two-Wheelers in India
expected to 9000000
continue as a 8000000
7000000
major urban 6000000
5000000
transport mode 4000000
3000000
2000000
Annual sales 1000000
0
steadily around six 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
times of passenger Passenger Cars Two-wheelers
cars. *Two –wheelers and passenger cars
Source: The Indian Automobile Industry, Statistical Profile 2007-2008, SIAM 3
Progressively Stringent Emission
Standards for Two-Wheelers
Innovative
Em o-W
ission Regulations of Tw heelers
technologies deployed CO
Emission Values (g/km)
14 12.00
to achieve compliance 12 HC+NOx
10 8.00 90%
to stringent CO, HC 8 Reduction
6 4.50
and NOx emission 4
3.60
2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00
2
standards while 0
1991 1996 2000 2005 2010
maintaining high fuel is
Em sion Regulations
efficiency demanded
Additional requirements being met
by the market- leading to higher stringency:
already obtaining a Durability of 30,000 km or Deterioration
co-benefit factor (D.F) of 1.2
4
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Major areas of technology innovations for 4-stroke motorcycles
Engine Modifications
Carburetor Improvement
Fuel Injection
Improved catalytic converter Secondary air injection
Courtesy, M.N.Muralikrishna, International Seminar on Fuel Efficiency Standards and
5
Labelling of Vehicles in India, PCRA, December 6 – 7, 2007, Chennai
Concern About CO2 Emissions and the
Introduction of Fuel Efficiency
Standards
• Concern regarding contribution of
transport sector to the overall growth in
GHG emissions growing.
• The Indian government seriously
considering introduction of fuel efficiency
or CO2 emission standards for two and
three-wheeled vehicles*.
* International Seminar on Fuel Efficiency Standards and Labelling of Vehicles in
India, PCRA, December 6 – 7, 2007, Chennai
6
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Challenges to Control CO2 and Other
Pollutant Emissions from Two-Wheelers in
India
• Challenge of numbers & user preferences:
Increase in contribution of CO2 from two-
wheelers due to changing user preference for
higher power motorcycles*.
• Technological challenges Indian two-
wheelers already highly fuel efficient thus
limiting the scope of further improvement
while meeting the progressively stringent
emission standards, particularly NOx
*High by Indian standards, still small by US and European standards 7
Challenge of numbers & user preferences:
Increasing Proportion of Motorcycles*
in Indian Two-Wheelers
Two-wheelers in
Motorcycles as a Per cent of Total Two-Wheelers in India
India presently
85
dominated by
80
motorcycles~ 85%
75
All motorcycles 70
currently produced 65
and sold in 60
domestic market 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
are 4-stroke engine *The other types of two-wheelers include
powered. Scooters and Mopeds
Source: The Indian Automobile Industry, Statistical Profile 2007-2008, SIAM8
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Challenge of numbers & user preferences:
Most Common Motorcycle Capacities
Range from75 cc to 250 cc*
Relative Annual Sales of Motorcycles of different capacities in
India
6000000
5000000
4000000
75 125 250
1000000
0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
*The most common capacities range from 100cc and 125cc
Source: The Indian Automobile Industry, Statistical Profile 2007-2008, SIAM9
Challenge of numbers & user preferences:
More and More Users Prefer
Bigger Capacity Motorcycles
Percent of >75 - 75, 125, 125 - 250
consumption and >150, 125, 75, 50, 100, 150, 250, <400
improvement in fuel
efficiency seems limited Source: Fuel consumption (overall) test data
published by Overdrive, May 2007
12
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Technological challenges
The Problem of HC and NOx Control
Four-stroke NOx emissions higher than 2-stroke
NOx emissions increase due to the use of lean air-fuel
ratios to meet CO and HC limits and achieve superior
fuel-efficiency
Manufacturers meet the composite HC+NOx standard
even with high NOx as four-stroke HC is low and
controllable using oxidation catalytic converters
Achieving catalytic reduction of NOx requires precise
air-fuel ratio control which is not achievable with
carburettors and necessitates switch to expensive
electronically managed fuel injection
13
Technological challenges
Control of 4-Stroke NOx Emissions –
Options and Implications
1. Change the Air-Fuel Ratio from ‘lean’ to ‘rich’
– adverse impact on fuel efficiency
2. Use three-way catalytic converter to reduce
NOx and HC emissions – entails a high cost not
easily borne by the user
3. Switch to 2-stroke engines with an
electronically controlled injection system with
potential to meet CO and HC+NOx standards and
achieve fuel efficiency comparable with 4-stroke -
unlikely to be accepted by the manufacturers
14
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand
SW 19: Two- and Three- Wheelers
Narayan Iyer
Prospects of Achieving Co-Benefit of Lower Exhaust Emissions and Improved Fuel Efficiency on Small Two-Wheelers In India
Conclusions
• Indian motorcycles are already achieving a co-benefit
of superior fuel efficiency (and concomitantly low CO 2
emission), and compliance with stringent CO, HC,
NOx emission standards
• However, the future prospects of achieving similar co-
benefits of meeting tighter CO, HC, NOx limits and
new fuel efficiency/CO2 emission targets appear to be
rather weak on account of
– Increasing numbers of higher capacity motorcycles
with higher fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, and,
– Technical challenges of simultaneously meeting tighter
NOx limits and newly set targets of fuel efficiency/CO2
standards
15
Thank you
narayan_iyer2000@yahoo.com
16
Better Air Quality 2008
Air Quality and Climate Change: Scaling up win-win solutions for Asia
12-14 November 2008
Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel, Bangkok , Thailand