* Critique the stem
Decide What the Question is Dealing With: * Evaluate
*Which part of the Nursing Process: Assessment; Analysis; Planning; Implementation or
Evaluation? Tips on How to Answer Multiple Choice Test Questions
*Next, Decide the Order of Priority * Try to construct the correct answer before you look at the options
* Identify patient-centered options
First you must decide what part of the nursing process the question is connected with: * Identify opposite answers first and closely -- then may be distracters
* Identify specific determiners in options such as always, never, all, etc.
ANALYSIS--is the process of identifying potential and actual health problems. Most identify * When any part of an option is wrong, the entire answer is wrong
pertinent assessment information and assimilate it into the nursing diagnosis. Prioritize the * Some questions will have a false response; the question may ask you which action is
needs that have been identified during analysis. contradicted so you should look for the wrong nursing action.
* Identify equally plausible or unique options
Some common words that are associated with ANALYSIS questions: * Identify options that deny the patient's feelings, concerns or needs.
*diagnose; contrast; compare; analyze; order; prioritize; define; classify; catagorize; synthesize;
sort; arrange; Tips for Answering True/False Questions
ASSESSMENT--consists of a collection of data. Baseline information for pre and post * Watch for keywords such as always, never, all or none. Qualified statements including words
procedures is included. Also included the recognition of pertinent signs and symptoms of like these are probably false.
health problems both present and potential. Verification of data and confirmation of findings are * If any part of the statment is false, then the entire statemetn is false.
also included. Assess a situation before doing an intervention. * There are usually more true than false answers.
* Most true statement come right out of a textbook or lecture.
Some common words that are associated with ASSESSMENT questions: * Make yourself work quickly; dont't pause to analyze too much!
observe; gather; collect; differentiate; assess; recognize; detect; distinguish; identify; display;
indicate; describe; Words That Appear Most Frequently in Essay Questions
PLANNING--Involves formulating goals and outcomes. It also involves various members of the
health care team and the patient's family. All outcome criteria must be able to be evaluated * Analyze - To dissect something or break it down into its different parts. To examine
with a specific time frame. Be sure to establish priorities and modify according to question. relationships among the parts.
Some common words that are associated with PLANNING questions: * Choose - To select freely and after consideration. To state a preference for something. You
rearrange; reconstruct; determine; outcomes; formulate; include; expected; designate; plan; will usually need to defend your choice; in outher words, you will need to back your choice up
generate; short/long term goal; develop; with specific examples and persional opinions.
IMPLEMENTATION--Addresses the actual/direct care of a patient. Direct care entails pre, intra Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs - "Prostitutes Cause Sagging
and postoperative management, preforming procedures, treatments, activities of daily living. Swollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In Sin":
Also includes the coordination of care and referral on discharge. It involves documentation and
therapeutic response to intervention and patient teaching for health promotion and helping the Phrenic [inferior]
patient maintain proper health. Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Some common words that are associated with IMPLEMENTATION questions: Suprarenal [middle]
*document; explain; give; inform; administer; implement; encourage; advise; provide; perform; Renal
Testicular ["in men" only]
EVALUATION--Determines if the interventions were effective. Were goals met? Was the care Lumbars
delivered properly? Are modification plans needed. Addresses the effectiveness of patient Inferior mesenteric
teaching and understands and determines in proper care was offered. Evaluation can involve Sacral
documentation, reporting issues, evaluates care given and determine the appropriateness of
delegating to others. Most significantly, it finds out the response of the patient to care and the Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
extent to which the goals we met. Josser Mt. Sinai Medical School
Some common words that are associated with EVALUATION questions:
monitor; expand; evaluate; synthesize; determine; consider; question; repeat; outcomes;
demonstrate; reestablish; External carotid artery branches - "Some Anatomists Like F*#king, Others Prefer S & M":
After determining what part of the nursing process the question is concerned with, next focus Superior thyroid
your attention on determining the category of priority: Ascending pharyngeal
Safe and effective care environment is always first. Patient safety is related to the proper Lingual
preparation and delivery of nursing techniques and procedures as part of the nursing practice. Facial
It relates to every aspect of the delivery of care. Occipital
Posterior auricular
Physiologic integrity is the ability to provide competent care Information that may be described Superficial temporal
as traditionally medical- surgical and pediatric nursing falls into this category. Specific Maxillary
questions in this area can be related to many direct-care aspects of nursing practice. The
importance of this area is highlighted because it is one in which planning, implementation and Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
evaluation of care needs can easily be identified and tested. Physiologic integrity is always a Anonymous Contributor
slight lower priority than safety unless it involves airway, breathing and circulation. "ABC's"
always comes first!
Psychosocial integrity tests the knowledge about a patients response to a disease or disorder. Femoral triangle: arrangement of contents
An understanding of stress, anxiety and ways to cope are essential. This is a lower priority the
physiological integrity. NAVEL:
From lateral hip towards medial navel:
Health maintenance deals with health promotion, health teaching, disease prevention and
assessment of risk factors for health problems. Normal growth and development is a major Nerve (directly behind sheath)
theme in this category. This however, is a low priority. Artery (within sheath)
Vein (within sheath)
In Summary, when choosing the right answer for you NCLEX exam question 1) ask yourself, Empty space (between vein and lymph)
"what part of the nursing process is this question dealing with: analysis, assessment, planning, Lymphatics (with deep inguinal node)
implantation or evaluation? and 2) Remember to prioritize your choices: safety always being
first, 2)physiological integrity, 3)psychosocial integrity and health maintenance always has the Nerve/Artery/Vein are all called Femoral.
lowest priority when choosing an answer.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Other tidbits: Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
avoid choices with the answers "all" "always" "never" or "none". Nothing is ever a definite in
Science.
look for answers that are different. If three answers say the same thing but in different words,
choose the answer that is different. Heart valve sequence - "Try Pulling My Aorta":
when given choices that are pharmacologically based or non pharmacologically based, choose
the non pharmacological intervention. It is more often then not, the correct answer. Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta
ips on How to Examine Multiple Choice Test Questions
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Practice critical thinking! Michael Franco Melbourne University, Australia
* Examine the stem
* Reframe the question
Inferior vena cava tributaries - "I Like To Rise So High":
"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered":
Illiacs 1st part: 2 inches
Lumbar 2nd part: 3 inches
Testicular 3rd part: 4 inches
Renal 4th part: 1 inch
Suprarenal
Hepatic vein. Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Anonymous Contributor
Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.
Knowledge Level 3, System: Cardiovascular Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions
Usman Ahmad KMC
There's a Hepatic "H" on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for
anatomical right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that
divides the liver into vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena cava
Internal iliac artery: anterior branches carries blood, it's fortunate that it's the divider for blood halves).
What Bill admitted to Hilary: "I Milked Our Insatiable Intern's Udders Under the Desk": Knowledge Level 5, System: Alimentary
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Inferior gluteal
Middle rectal
Obturator Meckel's diverticulum details
Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal artery 2 inches long.
Umbilical 2 feet from end of ileum.
U/D=Uterine artery (female)/ Deferential artery (male) 2 times more common in men.
2% occurrence in population.
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular 2 types of tissues may be present.
Anonymous Contributor
Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum is the thing with all the twos.
Knowledge Level 2, System: Alimentary
Internal jugular vein: tributaries - "Medical Schools Let Confident People In": Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
From inferior to superior:
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right.
Lingual Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.
Common facial
Pharyngeal Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Inferior petrosal sinus Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Knowledge Level 6, System: Cardiovascular
LaShawn A. Weaver Medical University of South Carolina Aortic arch: major branch order - "Know your ABC'S":
Aortic arch gives rise to:
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/ ligamentum Brachiocephalic trunk
teres - "VC goes with VC": left Common Carotid
left Subclavian
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate and
teres must Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the coronary
be on anterior by default. arteries.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular Anonymous Contributor
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Atrioventricular valves - "LAB RAT":
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left Hi Yield [ID 79] Right Atrium: Tricuspid
Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side. Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular Amir A. Ghaferi Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
Axillary artery branches - "Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient":
Bowel components - "Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report":
Superior thoracic
From proximal to distal: Thoracoacromiol
Lateral thoracic
Duodenum Subscapular
Jejunum Anterior circumflex humeral
Ileum Posterior circumflex humeral
Appendix
Colon Alternatively: "Some Times Life Seems A Pain".
Sigmoid
Rectum
Knowledge Level 2, System: Cardiovascular
Alternatively: to include the cecum, "Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Anonymous contributor and Joe Azzopardi Not specified and Xarabank
Report".
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches - "I Am Pretty Sexy"
Anonymous Contributor
Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery.
Diaphragm apertures: spinal levels
Alternatively: "I Am Pretty Smart".
Aortic hiatus = 12 letters = T12
Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10 Knowledge Level 5, System: Cardiovascular
Vena cava = 8 letters = T8 Paul's Boutique Western University College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific
Knowledge Level 1, System: Alimentary
Oriade Adeoye Dept. of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, OAU, Ile-Ife Carotid sheath contents - "I See 10 CC's in the IV"
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
Duodenum: lengths of parts 10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery Due to its anti-bacterial and fungicide action, basil leaves are used on itching skin, insect biting
IV = Internal Jugular Vein and skin affections.
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular MAIN PROPERTIES: Lowers blood sugar levels, antispasmodic, analgesic, lowers blood
Anonymous Contributor pressure, reduces fever, fungicidal, anti-inflammatory.
8) BELLADONA, DEADLY NITIGHTSHADE
Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae)
Cavernous sinus contents - O TOM CAT Herba bella dona, or "herb of the beautiful lady" is known for its poisonous effects (belladonna
increases heartbeat and can lead to death), like many other plants it is an important and
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. beneficial remedy when used correctly. Belladonna contains atropine used in conventional
CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from medicine to dilate the pupils for eye examinations and as an anesthetic. In herbal medicine,
O TOM. deadly nightshade is mainly prescribed to relieve intestinal colic, to treat peptic ulcers and to
relax distended organs, especially the stomach and intestine. Deadly nightshade is also used
See diagram. as an anaesthetic in conventional medicine.
Occulomotor nerve (III) MAIN PROPERTIES: Smooth muscle, antispasmodic, narcotic, reduces sweating, sedative.
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1) 9) BENZOIN GUM
Maxillary nerve (V2) Styrax benzoin (Styraceae)
Carotid artery Its trunk exudes a gum well known for its strong astringent and antiseptic action. For this
Abducent nerve (VI) reason it is used externally to fight tissue inflammation and disinfection of wounds. When taken
T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM. internally, benzoin gum acts to settle griping pain, to stimulate coughing, and to disinfect the
urinary tract. Benzoin gum is widely used in cosmetics as an antioxidant in oils, as a fixative in
Knowledge Level 4, System: Cardiovascular perfumes and as an additive to soaps. When steam inhaled, it helps healing sore throats, head
Jonathan Vafai New York University School of Medicine and chest colds, asthma and bronchitis.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, astringent, anti-inflammatory.
Coelic trunk: branches - Left Hand Side (LHS):
10) BERGAMOT
Left gastric artery Citrus bergamia syn. C. aurantium var. bergamia (Rutaceae)
Hepatic artery Bergamot oil, expressed from the peel, assists in avoiding infectious diseases. In cosmetics it
Splenic artery is used in preventing oily skin, acne, psoriasis and acne. The oil (or constituents of it) is
sometimes added to sun-tanning oils. Bergamot oil is also used to relieve tension, relax muscle
Knowledge Level 1, System: Cardiovascular spasms and improve digestion.
Dr. Harsh Sharma
MAIN PROPERTIES: Disinfectant, muscle relaxant.
1) ALOE VERA
Aloe vera syn. A. barbadensis (Liliaceae) 11) BITTER ORANGE
The clear gel found inside the plant's leaf contains aloin, are both used for medicinal and Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae)
cosmetic purposes. It is a effective healer of wounds and burns, speeding up the rate of Its oil contains flavonoids which are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. Bitter
healing and reducing the risk of infection. The brownish part containing aloin is a strong orange juice is rich in vitamin C which helps the immune system. As an infusion, it helps to
laxative, useful for short-term constipation. Aloe is present in many cosmetic's formulae relieve fever, soothe headaches and lower fever. It yields neroli oil from its flowers, and the oil
because its emollient and scar preventing properties. known as petitgrain from its leaves and young shoots. Both distillates are used extensively in
perfumery. Orange flower water is a by-product of distillation and is used in perfumery and to
MAIN PROPERTIES: Heals wounds, emollient, laxative. flavor sweets and biscuits, as well as being used medicinally to reduce heart rate and
palpitations, to encourage sleep and calm the digestive tract.
2) ANGELICA
Angelica arcangelica (Umbelliferae) MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, digestive.
Angelica has been used to reduce muscular spasms in asthma and bronchitis. It has also been
shown to ease rheumatic inflammation, to regulate menstrual flow and as an appetite stimulant. 12) BOLDO
The stems are candied for culinary use. Peumus boldus (Umbelliferae)
It activates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. Boldine, one of its constituents, induces
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, promotes menstrual flow. the flow of bile as well as the total amount of solids that it excretes. Its protective action over
the hepatic cells has been demonstrated "in vitro" and "in vivo". Boldo stimulates liver activity
3) ANISE and bile flow and is chiefly valued as a remedy for gallstones and liver or gallbladder pain. It is
Pimpinella anisum (Umbelliferae) normally taken for a few weeks at a time, either as a tincture or infusion. Boldo also has
It has been used as a flavoring spice in recipes and as a diuretic, to treat digestive problems antiseptic properties which help in combating cystitis.
and to relieve toothache. Anise seeds are known for their ability to reduce flatulence and colic,
to settle the digestion, to relieve colic, and to ease nausea and indigestion. It also has an MAIN PROPERTIES: Bile and liver activity stimulant, digestive.
expectorant and antispasmodics action that is helpful in countering period pain, asthma,
whooping cough and bronchitis. The mild hormonal action of anise seeds may explain its ability 13) CALENDULA, MARIGOLD
to increase breast-milk production and its reputation for easing childbirth and treating Calendula officinallis (Compositae)
impotence and frigidity. Anise essential oil is used externally to treat lice and scabies. Marigold is one of the best herbs for treating local skin problems. Infusions or decoctions of
Calendula petals decrease the inflammation of sprains, stings, varicose veins and other
MAIN PROPERTIES: Reduces colic and flatulence, promotes digestion, antispasmodic swellings and also soothes burns, sunburns, rashes and skin irritations. These remedies are
excellent for inflamed and bruised skin, their antiseptic and healing properties helping to
4) ARNICA prevent the spread of infection and accelerate the healing. Marigold is also a cleansing and
Arnica montana (Compositae) detoxifying herb, and the infusion and tincture are used to treat chronic infections. Taken
Arnica improves the local blood supply and accelerates healing. It is anti-inflammatory and internally, it has been used traditionally to promote the draining of swollen lymph glands such
increases the rate of re-absorption of internal bleeding. The internal use of arnica is restricted as tonsillitis.
to homeopathic dosages as it is potentially toxic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, astringent, heals wounds, antiseptic, detoxifying.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, germicide, muscular soreness, pain reliever.
14) CAMPHOR
5) ARROWROOT Cinnamomum camphora syn. Laurus camphora (Lauraceae)
Maranta arundinacea (Marantaceae) Camphor crystals have strong antiseptic, stimulant and antispasmodic properties and are
Its root is used as a poultice for smallpox sores, and as an infusion for urinary infections. It applied externally as unguents or balms as a counter-irritant and analgesic liniment to relieve
helps to relieve acidity, indigestion and colic, and is mildly laxative. It may be applied as an arthritic and rheumatic pains, neuralgia and back pain. It may also be applied to skin problems,
ointment or poultice mixed with some other antiseptic herbs such as comfrey. such as cold sores and chilblains, and used as a chest rub for bronchitis and other chest
infections.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive, antiseptic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antispasmodic, analgesic, expectorant.
6) ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae) 15) CARDAMOM
Wormwood has a marked tonic effect on the stomach, the gallbladder and in adjusting weak Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae)
digestive problems. It is used to expel roundworms and threadworms. By improving the Cardamom is an excellent remedy for many digestive problems, helping to soothe indigestion,
functions of the digestive system it helps in many conditions, including anaemia. It is also a dyspepsia, gastralgia, colon spasms and flatulence. It has an aromatic and pungent taste and
muscle relaxant occasionally used to treat rheumatism. The leaves of wormwood have combines well with other herbs and helps to disguise the less pleasant taste of other herbs.
antiseptic properties which may derive from the azulenes that the plant contains.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Eases stomach pain, carminative, aromatic, antispasmodic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, carminative, muscle relaxant, antiseptic.
16) CARDUS, MILK THISTLE, MARY THISTLE
7) BASIL, HOLY BASIL Carduus marianus syn. Silybum marianum (Compositae)
Ocimum sanctum (Labiatae) Milk thistle has been in use as a remedy for liver problems for hundreds, if not thousands, of
The herb has very important medicinal properties - notably its ability to reduce blood sugar years. It is used in a whole range of liver and bladder conditions including hepatitis and
levels. It also prevents peptic ulcers and other stress related conditions like hypertension, cirrhosis. Recent research has confirmed that the herb has a remarkable ability to protect the
colitis and asthma. Basil is also used to treat cold and reduce fever, congestion and joint pain.
liver from damage resulting from alcoholic and other types of poisoning. Today, milk thistle is that helps both kidneys and the liver to remove impurities from the blood. This effect seems to
widely used in the West for the treatment of a range of liver conditions. be due to its potassium content. It also acts like a mild laxative and improves appetite and
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, stimulates secretion of bile, increases breast-milk digestion.
production, antidepressant.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, digestive, antibiotic, bitter.
17) CELERY, SMALLAGE
Apium graveolens (Umbelliferae) 27) DILL
More familiar as a vegetable than as a medicine, celery find its main use in the treatment of Anethum graveolens syn. Peucedanum graveolens (Umbelliferae)
rheumatism, arthritis and gout. Containing apiol, the seeds are also used as a urinary Dill has always been considered a remedy for the stomach, relieving wind and calming the
antiseptic. Celery is a good cleansing, diuretic herb, and the seeds are used specifically for digestion. Dill's essential oil relieves intestinal spasms and griping and helps to settle colic,
arthritic complaints where there is an accumulation of waste products. The seeds also have a hence it is often used in gripe water mixtures. Chewing the seeds improves bad breath. Dill
reputation as a carminative with a mild tranquilizing effect. The stems are less significant makes a useful addition to cough, cold and flu remedies, and is a mild diuretic. Dill increases
medicinally. milk production, and when taken regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent colic in their
babies.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-rheumatic, antispasmodic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antibacterial, antispasmodic, diuretic.
18) CHAMOMILE, GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Chamomilla recutita syn. Matricaria recutita (Compositae) 28) EUCALYPTUS, BLUE GUM
Its flowers help to ease indigestion, nervousness, depressions and headaches, being ideal for Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae)
emotion related problems such as peptic ulcers, colitis, spastic colon and nervous indigestion. Eucalyptus is a powerful antiseptic used all over the world for relieving coughs and colds, sore
Chamomile's essential oil have anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic and anti-microbial activity. It throats and other infections. The leaves cool the body and relive fever. Inhaling the vapors of
is an excellent herb for many digestive disorders and for nervous tension and irritability. the essential oils heated in water, clears sinus and bronchial congestions. Eucaliptol, one of
Externally, it is used for sore skin and eczema. Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a the substances found in the essential oil, is one of the main constituents of the many existing
close relation, used in a similar way. commercial formulas of chest rubs for colds. The essential oil has also strong anti-biotic, anti-
viral and anti-fungal action. Eucalyptus is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter cold
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, relaxant, carminative, bitter, nervine. remedies.
19) CHICORY MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, expectorant, stimulates local blood flow, anti-fungal.
Cicorium intybus (Compositae)
As a tea or extract, chicory root is a bitter digestive tonic that also increases bile flow and 29) FENNEL
decrease inflammation. Its roasted root is commonly used as a coffee substitute. Chicory is an Foeniculum vulgare (Umbelliferae)
excellent mild bitter tonic for the liver and digestive tract. The root is therapeutically similar to The primary use of fennel seeds is to relieve flatulence, but they also settle colic, stimulate the
dandelion root supporting the action of the stomach and liver and cleansing the urinary tract. appetite and digestion. Fennel is also diuretic and anti-inflammatory. Like anise (Pimpinella
Chicory is also taken for rheumatic conditions and gout, and as a mild laxative, one particularly anisum) and caraway (Carum carvi), it has a calming effect on bronchitis and coughs. An
appropriate for children. An infusion of the leaves and flowers also aids the digestion. infusion of the seeds may be taken as a gargle for sore throats and as a mild expectorant.
Fennel increases breast-milk production and the herb is still used as an eye wash for sore eyes
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, liver tonic, anti-rheumatic, mild laxative. and conjunctivitis. Essential oil from the sweet variety is used for its digestive and relaxing
properties.
20) CINNAMON
Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum (Lauraceae) MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory.
The infusion or powder is used for stomach pains and cramps. Traditionally, the herb was
taken for colds, flu and digestive problems. 30) GARLIC
Allium sativum (Liliaceae)
MAIN PROPERTIES: Warming stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, anti-viral. Recognized for its pungent odor and taste, garlic is a powerful home medicine for the treatment
for a host of health problems. It is one of the most effective anti-biotic plants available, acting
21) CLOVE on bacteria, viruses and alimentary parasites. It counters many infections, including those of
Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) the nose, throat and chest. Garlic is also known to reduce cholesterol, helps circulatory
The dried flower buds, clove, are extensively used as spice. The buds, leaves and stems are disorders, such as high blood pressure, and lower blood sugar levels, making it useful in cases
used for the extractions of clove's oil. The oil contains eugenol, a strong anesthetic and of late-onset diabetes.
antiseptic substance. Cloves are also well known for their antispasmodic and stimulant
properties. MAIN PROPERTIES: Antibiotic, expectorant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, antispasmodic, expels
worms.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, mind and body stimulant, analgesic, antibacterial,
carminative. 31) GENTIAN
Gentiana lutea (Gentianaceae)
22) COMFREY, KNITBONE Gentian is a powerful bitter that stimulates appetite and promotes digestion through the
Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae) increased production of saliva, gastric juices and bile. It also decreases gastric inflammation
Comfrey leaves and roots contain allantoin, a cell multiplication agent that increases the and kill worms. Gentian is also used to treat liver and spleen problems and to promote
healing of wounds. Today, it is still highly regarded for its healing properties. Externally it is menstruation. Medicinally, gentian strengthens a weak or under-active digestive system.
used for rashes, wounds, inflammations and skin problems. Internally, comfrey has action over
the digestive tract helping to cure ulcers and colitis. It is also used for a variety of respiratory MAIN PROPERTIES: Bitter, digestive stimulant, eases stomach pain.
problems.
32) GINGER
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive problems, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, astringent. Zingiber officinali (Zingiberaceae)
The Chinese consider ginger as an important drug to treat cold and encourage sweating.
23) CORIANDER Ginger brings relief to digestion, stimulates circulation, reduce headaches and kill intestinal
Coriandrum sativum (Umbelliferae) parasites.
It aids digestion, reduce flatulence and improves appetite. It helps relieving spasms within the
gut and counters the effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also chewed to sweeten the MAIN PROPERTIES: Diaphoretic, carminative, circulatory stimulant, inhibits coughing, anti-
breath, especially after consumption of garlic (Allium sativum). It is applied externally as a inflammatory, antiseptic.
lotion for rheumatic pain. Coriander essential oil is used in the manufacture of perfumes,
cosmetics and dentifrices. 33) GINKGO
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic. Traditionally known as an anti-microbial and anti-tubercular action, it has now been shown that
ginkgo as a profound activity on brain function and cerebral circulation. This action is useful to
24) CYMBOPOGON, LEMON GRASS prevent dizziness, tinnitus, short-term memory loss, depression and other symptoms related to
Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae) poor brain circulation. Its effect on poor circulation also used to treat other related disorders like
Its oil is used as a culinary flavoring, a scent and medicine. Lemon grass is principally taken as diabetes, hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Ginkgo is also valuable for asthma.
a tea to remedy digestive problems diarrhea and stomach ache. It relaxes the muscles of the
stomach and gut, relieves cramping pains and flatulence and is particularly suitable for MAIN PROPERTIES: Circulatory stimulant and tonic, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, anti-
children. In the Caribbean, lemon grass is primarily regarded as a fever-reducing herb. It is allergenic, anti-inflammatory.
applied externally as a poultice or as diluted essential oil to ease pain and arthritis.
34) GINSENG
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, antispasmodic, analgesic. Panax ginseng (Araliaceae)
Ginseng increases mental and physical efficiency and resistance to stress and disease. It often
25) DAMIANA shows a dual response like sedating or stimulating the central nervous system according to the
Turnera diffusa syn. T. diffusa var. aphrodisiaca (Turneraceae) condition it is being taken to treat. In the West, ginseng is regarded as a life-enhancing tonic.
It has an ancient reputation as an aphrodisiac and is an excellent remedy for the nervous
system acting as a stimulant and tonic in cases of mild depression. Damiana has a strongly MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, physical and mental enhancement.
aromatic, slightly bitter taste. The leaves are used to flavor liqueurs and are taken in Mexico as
a substitute for tea. 35) GUMPLANT
Grindelia camporum syn. G. robusta var. rigida (Compositae)
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nerve tonic, antidepressant, urinary antiseptic. Its anti-spasmodic, expectorant and hypotensive actions find applications in treating heart
conditions, asthmatic and bronchial conditions. It has been employed in the treatment of
26) DANDELION wooping cough, hay fever and cystitis. Externally in relieves and heals skin irritations and
Taraxacum officinale (Compositae) burns.
Known principally as a weed, dandelion has an astonishing range of health benefits. The MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, hypotensive.
leaves, which can be eaten in salads, are a powerful diuretic. The roots act as a "blood purifier"
36) HAMAMELIS, WITCH HAZEL
Hamamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae) 62) RUE
Witch hazel acts mostly on the veins and circulation. For this reason it has been used to Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae)
decrease the inflammation and pain of bruises, sore muscles, bleeding, hemorrhoids, varicose The rutin contained in the plant helps to strengthen fragile blood vessels and alleviates
veins, phlebitis, and insect bites. American indians used poultices soaked in a decoction of varicose veins. Rue is also used due to its antispasmodic properties, especially in the digestive
bark to treat tumors and inflammations, especially of the eye, and took the herb internally for system where it eases griping and bowel tension. The easing of spasms gives it a role in the
hemorrhaging and heavy menstrual bleeding. stopping of spasmodic coughs. In European herbal medicine, rue has also been taken to treat
conditions as varied as hysteria, epilepsy, vertigo, colic, intestinal worms, poisoning and eye
MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, stops external and internal bleeding. problems. The latter use is well founded, as an infusion used as an eyewash brings quick relief
to strained and tired eyes, and reputedly improves the eyesight.
37) HAWTHORN
Crataegus oxyacantha & C. monogyna (Rosaceae) MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, increases peripheral blood circulation, relieves eye
It has been shown that its effects are only present when a whole plant preparation is used. Its tension.
applications are: the loss of cardiac function, feelings of congestions and oppression in the
hearth region. Western herbalists consider it literally to be a "food for the heart", increasing 63) SAGE, CLARY CLARY SAGE
blood flow to the heart muscles and restoring normal heart beat. Recent research has Salvia sclarea (Labiatae)
confirmed the validity of these uses. Clary sage has been perceived both as a weaker version of its close relative, sage (S.
officinalis), and as a significant herb in its own right. Since the seeds were once commonly
MAIN PROPERTIES: Cardiotonic, diuretic, astringent, dilates blood vessels, relaxant, used to treat eye problems, it was also known as "clear eye". An antispasmodic and aromatic
antioxidant. plant, clary sage is used today mainly to treat digestive problems such as wind and indigestion.
It is also regarded as a tonic, calming herb that helps relieve period pain and premenstrual
38) HYSSOP problems. Owing to its estrogen-stimulating action, it is most effective when levels of this
Hyssopus officinalis (Labiatae) hormone are low.
Currently an undervalued medicinal herb, hyssop is potentially useful as it is both calming and
tonic. It has a large spectrum of uses which are due to its anti-spasmodic action. It is used in MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces
coughs, bronchitis, tight-chestedness, respiratory catarrh, sore throat and common cold. As a sweating, tonic.
sedative, hyssop is a useful remedy against asthma in both children and adults, especially
where the condition is exacerbated by mucus congestion. 64) SAGE
Salvia officinalis (Labiatae)
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-spasmodic, expectorant, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic. Its leaves are a well-known cold germ and flu fighter. It has been found to be very effective to
reduce many physical emissions like sweating and is an excellent remedy for sore throats, poor
39) JASMINE digestion and irregular periods. It is also taken as a gently stimulating tonic. It has a slightly
Jasminum grandiflorum (Oleaceae) warm, noticeably bitter and astringent taste.
Jasmine flowers make a calming and sedative infusion, taken to relieve tension. The oil is
considered antidepressant and relaxing. It is used externally to soothe dry and sensitive skin. MAIN PROPERTIES: Astringent, antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, estrogenic, reduces
sweating, tonic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, anti-spasmodic, expectorant.
65) SANDALWOOD
40) JUNIPER Santalum album (Santalaceae)
Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) The heartwood is most often used in perfumery, but it has also been taken as a remedy in
It is a valuable remedy for cystitis, and helps relieve fluid retention, but should be avoided in China since around AD 500. Sandalwood and its essential oil are used for their antiseptic
cases of kidney disease. In the digestive system, juniper is warming and settling, easing colic properties in treating genito-urinary conditions such as cystitis and gonorrhea. In India, a paste
and supporting the function of the stomach. Taken internally or applied externally, juniper is of the wood is used to soothe rashes and itchy skin. In China, sandalwood is held to be useful
helpful in the treatment of chronic arthritis, gout and rheumatic conditions. Applied externally as for chest and abdominal pain.
a diluted essential oil, it has a slightly warming effect on the skin and is thought to promote the
removal of waste products from underlying tissues. MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-microbial, carminative, anti-rheumatic. 66) SARSAPARILLA
Smilax spp. (Liliaceae)
57) RADISH Sarsaparilla is anti-inflammatory and cleansing, and can bring relief to skin problems such as
Raphanus sativus (Cruciferae) eczema, psoriasis and general itchiness, and help treat rheumatism, rheumatoid, arthritis and
Radish stimulates the appetite and the digestion. The juice of the black radish is drunk to gout. Sarsaparilla also has a progesterogenic action, making it beneficial in pre-menstrual
counter gassy indigestion and constipation. Black radish juice has a tonic and laxative action problems, and menopausal conditions such as debility and depression.
on the intestines, and indirectly stimulates the flow of bile. Consuming radish generally results
in improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and strong action. In China, MAIN PROPERTIES: Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic.
radish is eaten to relieve abdominal distention.
67) SCOTS PINE
MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, mild laxative. Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae)
Its oil, extracted from the leaves, is added to disinfectants and other preparations. Scots pine
58) RAUVOLFIA, INDIAN SNAKEROOT leaves, taken internally, have a mildly antiseptic effect within the chest, and may also be used
Rauvolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae) for arthritic and rheumatic problems. Essential oil from the leaves may be taken for asthma,
Indian snakeroot contains reserpine, a substance now widely used to lower blood pressure and bronchitis and other respiratory infections, and for digestive disorders such as wind. Scots pine
lessen some symptoms of mental illness. The root has a pronounced sedative and depressant branches and stems yield a thick resin, which is also antiseptic within the respiratory tract. The
effect on the sympathetic nervous system. By reducing the system's activity, the herb brings seeds yield an essential oil with diuretic and respiratory-stimulant properties.
about the lowering of blood pressure. It may also be used to treat anxiety and insomnia, as well
as more serious mental health problems such as psychosis. MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, diuretic and anti-rheumatic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, lowers blood pressure. 68) SESAME
Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)
59) RHUBARB, CHINESE RHUBARB The seeds are prescribed for problems such as dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and
Rheum palmatum (Polysonaceae) blurred vision. Owing to their lubricating effect within the digestive tract, the seeds are also
Its main use is as a laxative safe even for young children due to its gentle action. It is also considered a remedy for constipation. Sesame seed oil benefits the skin and is used as a base
extremely effective in the treatment for many digestive problems. Paradoxically, it is a laxative for cosmetics. A decoction of the root is used in various traditions to treat coughs and asthma.
when taken in large doses but has a constipating effect in small measures. The rhizome has an
astringent, unpleasant taste. MAIN PROPERTIES: Digestive, aromatic, antispasmodic.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Laxative, constipating, astringent, eases stomach pain, antibacterial. 69) ST JOHN'S WORT
Hypericum perforatum (Guttiferae)
60) ROSE St. John's wort flowers at the time of the summer solstice, and in medieval Europe it was
Rosa gallica (Rosaceae) considered to have powerful magical properties that enabled it to repel evil. The most well-
The essential oil, called "attar of rose", is used in aromatherapy as a mildly sedative, known action of St. John's wort is in repairing nerve damage and reducing pain and
antidepressant and anti-inflammatory remedy. Rose petals and their preparations have a inflammation. It is taken to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps, sciatica and arthritis. The oil is
similar action. They also reduce high cholesterol levels. Rosewater is mildly astringent and applied to inflammations, sprains, bruises and varicose veins. St. John's wort is also used to
makes a valuable lotion for inflamed and sore eyes. treat circulation problems, bronchitis and gout.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic, antidepressant,, sedative, anti-inflammatory. MAIN PROPERTIES: Antidepressant, antispasmodic, astringent, sedative, relieves pain, anti-
viral.
61) ROSEMARY
Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae) 70) TARRAGON
Rosemary is a well-known and greatly valued herb that is native to southern Europe. It has Artemisia dracunculus (Compositae)
been used since antiquity to improve and strengthen the memory. Rosemary leaves increase Tarragon is widely used as a herb in cooking. In French, it is sometimes known as herbe au
circulation, reduce headaches and have anti-bacterial and fungal properties. Rosemary dragon, because of its reputed ability to cure serpent bites. While tarragon stimulates the
improves food absorbtion by stimulating digestion, the liver, the intestinal tract, and the digestion, it is reputed to be a mild sedative and has been taken to aid sleep. With its mild
gallbladder. It also is used in antiseptic gargles for sore throats, gum problems and canker menstruation-inducing properties, it is taken if periods are delayed. The root has traditionally
sores. Rosemary has a long-standing reputation as a tonic, invigorating herb, imparting a zest been applied to aching teeth.
for life that is to some degree reflected in its distinctive aromatic taste.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, digestive.
MAIN PROPERTIES: Tonic, stimulant, astringent, nervine, anti-inflammatory, carminative.
71) TEA TREE ABG = arterial blood gases
Malaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) AC = before eating
Tea tree, and in particular its essential oil, is one of the most important natural antiseptics. ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme
Useful for stings, burns, wounds and skin infections of all kinds, the herb merits a place in ACL = anterior cruciate ligament
every medicine chest. Its therapeutic properties were first researched during the 1920s and it is ACLS = advanced cardiac life support
now widely used in Europe and the US, as well as in Australia. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone
ad lib = as much as needed
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral. ADH = anti-diuretic hormone
ADL = activities of daily living
72) THYME AFB = acid-fast bacilli
Thymus vulgaris (Labiatae) AFP = alpha-fetoprotein
Its main medicinal application is in treating coughs and clearing congestion. Many current AGA = appropriate for gestational age
formulas for mouth washes and vapor rubs contain thymol, one of the constituents found in AI = aortic insufficiency
thyme. It also improves digestion, destroys intestinal parasites and is an excellent antiseptic AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome
and tonic. AKA = above knee amputation
ALD = alcoholic liver disease
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, tonic, relieves muscle spasm, expectorant. ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALP = alkaline phosphatase
73) TURMERIC ALT = alanine transaminase, alanine aminotransferase
Curcuma longa syn. C. domestica (Zingiberaceae) ATN = acute tubular necrosis
Best known for its bright yellow color and spicy taste to lovers of Indian food, its medicinal AU = both ears
value is not so well known. However, recent research has confirmed the effects traditionally AV = atrioventricular
associated in ancient practices in the treatment of digestive and liver problems. The herb has B.S. = Bachelor of Science
also been shown to inhibit blood-clotting, relieve inflammatory conditions and help lower B/K = below knee
cholesterol levels. BM = bowel movement or breast milk
BX = biopsy
MAIN PROPERTIES: Stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eases stomach pain, c = with
antioxidant, antibacterial. C/O = complaining of
CA = calcium, cancer, carcinoma
74) VALERIAN CAA = crystalline amino acids
Valeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) CABG = coronary artery bypass graft
Valerian root is a general tranquilizer used for relieving nervous tension, insomnia and CAD = coronary artery disease
headaches. Valerian decreases muscular spasm, being useful in cases of nervous digestion, CAPD = continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
bowel syndrome, stomach and menstrual cramps. Valerian helps relieve stress and has CAT = computerized axial tomography
become an increasingly popular remedy in recent decades. It is a safe, non-addictive relaxant CBC = complete blood count
that reduces nervous tension and anxiety and promotes restful sleep. CBD = common bile duct
CBG = capillary blood gas
MAIN PROPERTIES: Sedative, relaxant, relieves muscle spasm, relieves anxiety, lowers blood CBI = continuous bladder irrigation
pressure. CBS = capillary blood sugar
CC = chief complaint
75) VERBENA CCK = cholecystokinin
Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae) CCPD = continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
Verbena is used in mouth washes for infected gums and as a poultice for hemorrhoids. A tea CCU = clean catch urine or cardiac care unit
has been used as a nerve tonic, to treat insomnia and to help digestion. It has tonic, restorative CCV = critical closing volume
properties, and is used to relieve stress and anxiety, and to improve digestive function. CF = cystic fibrosis
CHF = congestive heart failure
MAIN PROPERTIES: Nervine, tonic, mild sedative, stimulates bile secretion, mild bitter. CHO = carbohydrate
CI = cardiac index
76) WHITE WILLOW CLT = Clinical Laboratory Technician
Salix alba (Salicaceae) CML = chronic myelogenous leukemia
White willow is an excellent remedy for arthritic and rheumatic pain, affecting the joints like CN = cranial nerves
knees and hips. CNS = central nervous system
CO = cardiac output
MAIN PROPERTIES: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, reduces fever, anti-rheumatic, astringent. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CP = chest pain, cleft palate
77) WORMWOOD CPD = cephalo-pelvic disproportion
Artemisia absinthium (Compositae) CPK = creatinine phosphokinase
Wormwood leave's primary uses is to stimulate the gallbladder, help prevent and release CPP = cerebral perfusion pressure
stones, and to adjust digestive malfunctions. It also increases bile secretion and is useful in CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation
expelling intestinal worms. It is taken in small doses and sipped, the intensely bitter taste CRCL = creatinine clearance
playing an important part in its therapeutic effect. In the past, wormwood was one of the main CRF = chronic renal failure
flavorings of vermouth (whose name derives from the German for wormwood). CRT = capillary refill time
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid
MAIN PROPERTIES: Aromatic bitter, stimulates secretion of bile, anti-inflammatory, eliminates CT = computerized tomography
worms, eases stomach pains, mild antidepressant. CVA = cerebral vascular accident, costovertebral angle
CVP = central venous pressure
78) WILD THYME D5W = 5% dextrose in water
Thymus serpyllum (Labiatae) DAT = diet as tolerated
Like its close relative thyme (Thymus vulgaris), wild thyme is strongly antiseptic and anti- DC = (dc) discontinue
fungal. It may be taken as an infusion or syrup to treat flu and colds, sore throats, coughs, DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
whooping cough, chest infections, and bronchitis. Wild thyme has anti-catarrhal properties and DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis
helps clear a stuffy nose, sinusitis, ear congestion and related complaints. It has been used to DM = diabetes mellitus
expel thread worms and roundworms in children, and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
thyme's antispasmodic action makes it useful and is used to settle wind and colic. Wild thyme DNR = do not resuscitate
is also used in herbal baths and pillows. DOA = dead on arrival
DOE = dyspnea on exertion
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, anti-fungal, antispasmodic. DPT = diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DTR = deep tendon reflexes
79) YARROW DVT = deep venous thrombosis
Achillea millefolium (Compositae) DX = diagnosis
It has long been taken as a strengthening bitter tonic and all kinds of bitter drinks have been EAA = essential amino acids
made from it. Yarrow helps recovery from colds and flu and is beneficial for hay fever. It is also EBL = estimated blood loss
helpful for menstrual problems and circulatory disorders. EBV = Epstein-Barr Virus
ECF = extracellular fluid, extended care facility
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter tonic, increases sweating, lowers blood ECG = electrocardiogram
pressure, reduces fever, mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic. ECT = electroconvulsive therapy
EENT = eye, ear, nose and throat
80) YLANG -YLANG EFAD = essential fatty acid deficiency
Canananga odorata syn. Canangium odoratum (Annonaceae) EMG = electromyogram
Their scent is thought to have aphrodisiac qualities. The flowers and essential oil are sedative EMV = eyes, motor, verbal response (Glasgow coma scale)
and antiseptic. The oil has a soothing effect, and its main therapeutic uses are to slow an ENT = ears, nose, and throat
excessively fast heart rate and to lower blood pressure. With its reputation as an aphrodisiac, EOM = extraocular muscles
ylang-ylang may be helpful in treating impotence. ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD = end stage renal disease
MAIN PROPERTIES: Antiseptic, aromatic, regulates blood pressure. ET = endotracheal tube
ETT = endotracheal tube
EUA = examination under anesthesia
A /G = albumin/globulin ratio FBS = fasting blood sugar
FDA = Food & Drug Administration
FEV = forced expiratory volume KORSAKOFF SYNDROME: Loss of short-term memory in chronic alcoholism, caused by
FFP = fresh frozen plasma degeneration of mamillary bodies.
FNP = Family Nurse Practitioner
GB = gallbladder
GC = gonorrhea MALABSORPTION SYNDROME: Impaired absorption of dietary substance - diarrhea,
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease weakness, weight loss, or symptoms from specific deficiencies.
GFR = glomerular filtration rate
GI = gastrointestinal
GSW = gun shot wound RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME: Need to stretch legs at night before going to sleep; twitch in
GTT = glucose tolerance test legs causing insomnia.
GU = genitourinary
HB = hemoglobin SIGNS
HBP = high blood pressure 01. PTB – low-grade afternoon fever.
HCG = human chorionic gonadotropin 02. PNEUMONIA – rusty sputum.
HCO3 = bicarbonate 03. ASTHMA – wheezing on expiration.
HCT = hematocrit 04. EMPHYSEMA – barrel chest.
HD = hemodialysis 05. KAWASAKI SYNDROME – strawberry tongue.
HDL = high density lipoprotein 06. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA – red beefy tongue.
HEENT = head, eyes, ears, nose, throat 07. DOWN SYNDROME – protruding tongue.
08. CHOLERA – rice watery stool.
DOWN SYNDROME: 09. MALARIA – stepladder like fever with chills.
Trisomy 21. Mental retardation, characteristic facial features, Simeon crease in hand. 10. TYPHOID – rose spots in abdomen.
11. DIPTHERIA – pseudo membrane formation
12. MEASLES – koplik’s spots.
MARFAN SYNDROME: Connective Tissue disorder 13. SLE – butterfly rashes.
* Arachnodactyly: Abnormally long digits and extremities 14. LIVER CIRRHOSIS – spider like varices.
* Subluxation of lens 15. LEPROSY – lioning face.
* Dissecting aortic aneurism 16. BULIMIA – chipmunk face.
17. APPENDICITIS – rebound tenderness.
18. DENGUE – petechiae or (+) Herman’s sign.
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME: Unexplained death in sleeping infants. 19. MENINGITIS – Kernig’s sign (leg flex then leg pain on extension), Brudzinski sign (neck
flex = lower leg flex).
20. TETANY – hypocalcemia (+) Trousseau’s sign/carpopedal spasm; Chvostek sign (facial
TURNER'S SYNDROME: XO monosomy. spasm).
* Dwarfism 21. TETANUS – risus sardonicus.
* Webbed neck 22. PANCREATITIS – Cullen’s sign (ecchymosis of umbilicus); (+) Grey turners spots.
* Valgus of elbow. 23. PYLORIC STENOSIS – olive like mass.
* Amenorrhea 24. PDA – machine like murmur.
25. ADDISON’S DISEASE – bronze like skin pigmentation.
26. CUSHING’S SYNDROME – moon face appearance and buffalo hump.
WILSON SYNDROME: Congenital defect in Ceruloplasmin, leading to buildup of copper 27. HYPERTHYROIDISM/GRAVE’S DISEASE – exopthalmus.
mental retardation, cirrhosis, hepatolenticular degeneration. 28. INTUSSUSCEPTION – sausage shaped mass, Dance Sign (empty portion of RLQ)
29. MS – Charcot’s Triad (IAN)
30. MG – descending muscle weakness
AMENNORRHEA-GALACTORRHEA SYNDROME: Non-physiologic lactation, resulting from 31. Guillain Barre Syndrome – ascending muscle weakness
endocrinologic causes or from a pituitary disorder. 32. DVT – Homan’s Sign
33. CHICKEN POX – Vesicular Rash (central to distal) dew drop on rose petal
34. ANGINA – Crushing stubbing pain relieved by NTG
CUSHING'S SYNDROME: Hypersecretion of cortisol secondary symptoms and characteristics: 35. MI – Crushing stubbing pain which radiates to left shoulder, neck, arms, unrelieved by NTG
* Fatness of face and trunk with wasting of extremities 36. LTB – inspiratory stridor
* Buffalo hump 37. TEF – 4Cs’ Coughing, Choking, Cyanosis, Continous Drooling
* Bone decalacification 38. EPIGLOTITIS – 3Ds’ Drooling, Dysphonia, Dysphagia
* Corticoid diabetes 39. HODGEKIN’S DSE/LYMPHOMA – painless, progressive enlargement of spleen & lymph
* Hypertension tissues, Reedstenberg Cells
40. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS – Hallmark: sore throat, cervical lymph adenopathy,
fever
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME: Abnormal sensation in breasts, abdominal pain, thirst, 41. PARKINSON’S – Pill-rolling tremors
headache, pelvic congestion, nervous irritability. 42. FIBRIN HYALIN – Expiratory Grunt
Ocassionally nausea and vomiting. 43. CYSTIC FIBROSIS – Salty skin
44. DM – polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia
45. DKA – Kussmauls breathing (Deep Rapid RR)
GUILLAN-BARRE SYNDROME: Infectious Polyneuritis of unknown cause. 46. BLADDER CA – painless hematuria
47. BPH – reduced size & force of urine
48. PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS – Nikolsky’s sign (separation of epidermis caused by rubbing of
REYE'S SYNDROME: Loss of consciousness and seizures in kids, after a viral infection the skin)
treated by aspirin. 49. RETINAL DETACHMENT – Visual Floaters, flashes of light, curtain vision
50. GLAUCOMA – Painfull vision loss, tunnel/gun barrel/halo vision (Peripheral Vision Loss)
51. CATARACT – Painless vision loss, Opacity of the lens, blurring of vision
REITER'S SYNDROME: Symptom cluster. Etiology is thought to be Chlamydial or post- 52. RETINO BLASTOMA – Cat’s eye reflex (grayish discoloration of pupils)
chlamydial. 53. ACROMEGALY – Coarse facial feature
Urethritis 54. DUCHENNE’S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY – Gowers’ sign (use of hands to push one’s self
Iridocyclitis (Conjunctivitis) from the floor)
Arthritis 55. GERD – Barretts esophagus (erosion of the lower portion of the esophageal mucosa)
Skin lesions like karatoderma blenorrhagicum 56. HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY – Flapping tremors
Also can see fatty liver or liver necrosis. 57. HYDROCEPHALUS – Bossing sign (prominent forehead)
58. INCREASE ICP – HYPERtension BRADYpnea BRADYcardia (Cushing’s Triad)
59. SHOCK – HYPOtension TACHYpnea TACHYcardia
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME: Erythema Multiforme complication. 60. MENIERE’S DSE – Vertigo, Tinnitus
Large areas of skin slough, including mouth and anogenital membranes. 61. CYSTITIS – burning on urination
Mucous membranes: stomatitis, urethritis, conjunctivitis. 62. HYPOCALCEMIA – Chvostek & Trosseaus sign
Headache, fever, malaise. 63. ULCERATIVE COLITIS – recurrent bloody diarrhea
64. LYME’S DSE – Bull’s eye rash
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME: Caused by superabsorbent tampons. Infection with Staph
Aureus and subsequent toxicity of exotoxin TSST systemic anaphylaxis. ABG
* Fever, vomiting, diarrhea Ph 7.35 - 7.45
* Red rash followed by desquamation PCO 2 35 – 45 mm Hg
HCO 3 22 – 27 mEq/ml
PO2 80 – 100 mm Hg
CARPAL-TUNNEL SYNDROME: Compression of Median Nerve through the Carpal Tunnel - SaO2 93 – 100%
pain and parasthesia over distribution of Median N.
RBC
Male 4.5 - 6.2 million/ cubic mm
HORNER'S SYNDROME: Loss or lesion of cervical sympathetic ganglion - Female 4.0 - 5.5 million/cubic mm
* Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
* Enophthalmos (caved in eyes) WBC
4,300 - 10,800/ cubic mm
Serum Alcohol
Platelets LEGAL .08 - .10
150,000 - 350,000/ cubic mm TOXIC! grater than 0.15 (50mg/100cc of blood)
greater than 8%
Hgb
Male 14 - 16.5 g/dL Female 12 - 15 g/ dL
Hct
Male 42 - 52%
Female 35 - 47%
PT (Warfarin/ Coumadin)
Male 9.6-11.8 secs
Female 9.5-11.3 secs
Should be 1.5 to 2 times the Normal
PTT/ APTT (Heparin)
20-36 secs / 30-45 secs
Should be 1.5 to 2.5 times the Normal
INR
2 – 3 Standard Warfarin therapy
3 – 4.5 High dose Warfarin therapy
2-3 Atrial fibrillation, DVT and Pulmonary embolism
2.5-3.5 Prosthetic heart valves
Bleeding Time
3 - 7 mins.
8 - 15mins (Saunders)
Electrolytes
K 3.5 - 5.1 mEq/ L
Mg 1.6 - 2.6 mEq/ L
Ph 2.7 - 4.5 mEq/ L
Na 135 - 145 mEq/ L
Cl 98-107 mEq/ L
Ca 8.6 - 10 mg/dL
Potassium Chloride
With a dilution of not more than 1mEq/ 10ml
Maximum infusion rate of 5-10 mEq/ hr
NEVER to exceed 20 mEq/ hr at any circumstance
Blood Sugar
70 – 110 mg/dL
Glycosylated Hgb (glycohemoglobin)
less than 7.5% Good
7.6 - 8.9% Fair
greater than 9% Poor
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
0.7 - 6.8 mg/24 hrs
GFR
125 ml/min
Creatinine
0.8 - 1 mg/dL
0.6-1.3 mg/dL (Saunders)
BUN
10 – 20 mg/dL
8-25 mg/dL (Saunders)
UO
Adult: 30 cc/hr and 720 cc/24 hours
Pedia: 2cc/ kg/ hr
AST/ ALT
5-40 IU/L
Ammonia
9-33 µmol/L
35-65 mcg/ dl
Albumin
3 - 5 g/dL
Amylase
25-151 units/ L
Lipase
10-140 units/ L
Bilirubin (Total)
less than 1.5 mg/ dL
Pulmonary capillary mean wedge pressure
4-12 mmHg
Central Venous Pressure
2-6 mmHg
Plasma Osmolality
280-300 mOsm/kg