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FSEHS Resources
• Format for FSEHS written assignments:
http://www.fgse.nova.edu/oaa/pdf/fsehs_standard_
format.pdf

• Use Style Guide for format for FSEHS dissertations
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/sgad.pdf

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.)
Hot off the press!

• http://www.apa.org/books
What Students Need to Know
Title:
About APA

by
Student’s Name Laura Lucio Ramirez
Course code and CRN: CUR 526 24022
Title of course: Educational Research for Practitioners

Institution Nova Southeastern University
Month day, year May 1, 2007
Title:

Student’s Name

Info on Applied Dissertation

Institution
Year
• Page #s
2
• 12 pt
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
font
• Times New Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

Roman or page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

Courier tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within

• Double references but double spacing between references (see Publication

spaced Manual, p. 323).

• Indented Major headings are centered. The first word of the heading

• Left is capitalized as well as all major words. Articles, short

justified prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, however, are not

• No bolding capitalized (Falcao, 2005).

• No Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

underlining alike need to pay attention to using subheadings. For example,

• No bullets
• 1 inch
2
margins
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within

references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

• Exception: of the Publication Manual.)

1 ½ inch Major headings are centered. The first word of the heading

left margin is capitalized as well as all major words. Articles, short

for prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, however, are not

dissertation. capitalized (Falcao, 2005).

Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers

alike need to pay attention to using subheadings. For example,
Headings

Use Level 1 Headings for Title

Level 3 – Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and
Lower Case Side Heading

APA manual, p. 113
APA Headings
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments Level 1
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within

references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider
Issues to Consider Level 3
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

There are exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to

be considered. Students and teachers need to know how to use

APA manual, p. 113
APA headings APA Headings
should not 2
be confused APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments Level 1
with Word’s Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

formatting page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

levels. tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within

references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

Issues to Consider
Issues to Consider Level 3
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of

the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

There are exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to

be considered. Students and teachers need to know how to use

APA manual, p. 113
Biased and Pejorative Language
1. Homosexuals
or
2. Gay men and lesbians 
Biased and Pejorative Language
1. Homosexuals
or
2. Gay men and lesbians 

1. People who have to stay at home 
or
2. Home bound
Biased and Pejorative Language
1. Homosexuals
or
2. Gay men and lesbians 

1. People who have to stay at home 
or
2. Home bound

1. An American boy’s infatuation with football
or
2. An American child’s infatuation with football

Two types of citations
Parenthetical citation – in text:

McPherson (2007) raised issues
of motivation in reading.
Parenthetical citation – in text:

McPherson (2007) raised issues
of motivation in reading.

Parenthetical citation with direct quote in text:

McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of
motivation” (p. 71).
Parenthetical citation – in text:

McPherson (2007) raised issues
of motivation in reading.

Parenthetical citation with direct quote in text:

McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of
motivation” (p. 71).

Reference citation -- in reference list:

McPerson, K. (2007). Harry Potter and the goblet of
motivation. Teacher Librarian, 34(4), 71.
Parenthetical citation – in text:

McPherson (2007) raised issues
of motivation in reading.

Parenthetical citation with direct quote in text:

McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of
motivation” (p. 71).

Reference citation -- in reference list:

McPerson, K. (2007). Harry Potter and the goblet of
motivation. Teacher Librarian, 34(4), 71. doi:
10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Parenthetical citations in the text are by
author and year of publication:

Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).

A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....

The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) .
n.d. – no date

See APA manual, pp. 207-213.
When citing a specific part of a resource or
using a direct quote, provide the page number:
“… victims of cyberterrorism” (Windhorst, 2004, p. 237) .

Krankenstein (2006) reported that "empirical research verified
compliance" (p. 48).

Lynch (2007) stated, “The findings are not valid” (p. 22) but
later maintained that other studies reached different conclusions.

See APA, pp. 213-214
1. The theory (Smith, Brown and Jones, 2002)
or
2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002) 
1. Two experiments (Riggs, 2002; Barnes, 2007) 
or
2. Two experiments (Riggs, 2002, & Barnes, 2007)

1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information
Literacy Model needed to be implemented”.
or
2. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34).

or
3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Module need to be implemented.” (34)
APA manual, pp. 117,118,121
Direct quote for less than 40 words:

The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and “should summarize

the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34).

Block quote (more than 40 words): Note where the periods go!

Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)

Callahan (2001), however, says ….

(NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)
Paraphrasing
Direct quote
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).

APA manual, p. 349
Paraphrasing
Direct quote
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).

More than 50% reworded
Paraphrased
When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January
of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education
reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
(Smith, 2004).

APA manual, p. 349
Abbreviations

Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD)
American Library Association (ALA)
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)
Fischler School of Education and
Human Services (FSEHS)
Nova Southeastern University (NSU)

NOTE: If possible, do not start a sentence with an
abbreviation or acronym.

APA manual, pp. 104-111
APA Web Site: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html Dictionary

• Electronic Media Spelling • Abbreviations accepted as
Guide words:
–
– e-journal IQ
– REM
– e-mail – ESP
– Internet – AIDS

– online • Use there is a choice of
– PDF spellings, use first spelling
– URL listed.
– Web • Compound words like
follow up, follow-up, or followup
Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125

• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:

343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:

A total of six experiments went awry.

Exceptions
• Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison:
3 of 15 students
The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people.
Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125
• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes

The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work.
3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m.

• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money
April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5

• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the
sentence.

Two hours is more than enough time.

• Exception -- school years

The students spent three years in school.
Numbers, cont.
More exceptions:

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
Table 5,
Session 3
Grade 7

• Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise
measurements:
eight items
nine pages

• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartiles
Twenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.

APA manual, pp. 122-125
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• The first-grade students …
(hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91)
but
The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• The first-grade students …
(hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91)
but
The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)

• The 6th-grade did better than the 10th-grade.
1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
or

2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.
or

2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. 
or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
1. The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade. 
or
2. The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade.
or
3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.
Compound-Adjectives

• Role playing • Role-playing technique
• High anxiety • High-anxiety situations
• Seventh grade • Seventh-grade students

but

• Type II error
• Post hoc comparisons

APA manual, pp. 89-94
Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.

APA manual, pp. 78-79
Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.

APA manual, pp. 78-79
Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
But:
• Not to separate a compound predicate
Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
APA manual, pp. 78-79
1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria, but the seventh graders
got to play outside.

Correct
2. Jung and Skinner used different models of human behavior.

Correct
3. Freud, Piaget and Dewey all had profound effects on thinking
in the 20th century.

Incorrect
4. First-year students in the Ed.D. program must complete the
DSO, and attend the summer conference.

Incorrect
Only One Space after Punctuation
• Periods at the end of a sentence:
Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated
that …

• Between initials in citation in reference list

Brown, J. D. (2003). The…

• Exception – internal periods in abbreviations
9 a.m. e.g. i.e. U.S.

APA manual, pp. 290-291
Only One Space after Punctuation
• Periods at the end of a sentence:
Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated
that …

• Between initials in citation in reference list

Brown, J. D. (2003). The…

• Exceptions – internal periods in abbreviations
9 a.m. e.g. i.e. U.S.

APA manual, pp. 290-291
Writing Style: Usage Problems
• Use since when you mean from a time
Use because when you mean as a result

Since 2005, the Fischler School of Education has
provided APA training at the summer conference.

Because NSU was adhering to the SACS
standards, library training was provided at the
DSO.

APA manual, p. 57
Writing Style: Usage Problems
• Use “while” when you mean at the same time.
Otherwise, use “whereas” or “although”
While one group was attending the IRB presentation,
the second group had a break.

Although one group learned about the regulations, the
other group did not receive that information.

APA manual, p. 56
Pitfalls
• No first person – I, we, my
• No second person – you, your
• Use the plural with the word “data”:
– Data are available on a variety of topics.
– These data can be found ….
• Use exact dates rather than relative phrases like
three years ago, currently, or last five years.
• Do NOT (don’t) use contractions.
Using Microsoft Word’s formatting for
Hanging Indentations

• Go to Format.
• Select Paragraph.
• In Indents and Spacing
• Go to the Special section.
• Select Hanging.
How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online

Author(s)