Thorne, B.M., & Henley, T. B. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of psychology (3rd ed.).
New York: Houghton Mifflin.
CHAPTER ONE:
1. One of the reasons for taking a course in history is that “Those who do not know history are
doomed to repeat it.” Who said this?
[A] George Santayana
[B] Thomas Kuhn
[C] William James
[D] E. G. Boring
2. In 1954, Hastorf and Cantril showed students from Dartmouth and Princeton film clips of the
football game between the two schools. Their study showed that
[A] the injury to the Princeton quarterback was accidental
[B] students who viewed the film were objective in their assessments of it
[C] Dartmouth players intentionally injured the Princeton quarterback
[D] a person‟s perspective may alter that person‟s perceptions
3. The tendency to analyze the past in terms of the time in which we live is called
[A] presentist bias
[B] Zeitgeist bias
[C] personalistic bias
[D] contemporary bias
4. Historian of psychology E. G. Boring got his restricted view of Wilhelm Wundt from
[A] E. B. Titchener
[B] Wilhelm Wundt himself
[C] Thomas Kuhn
[D] George Santayana
5. The idea that discoveries and the people who make them are importantly influenced by the
historical context is called the
[A] Zeitgeist view of history
[B] personalistic view of history
[C] paradigm shift view of history
[D] presentist view of history
6. The independent discovery of calculus at about the same time by Leibniz and Newton
provides evidence for the
[A] personalistic theory of history
[B] paradigm shift theory of history
[C] great person theory of history
[D] Zeitgeist theory of history
7. The person who argued persuasively for the Zeitgeist theory of history was
[A] E. B. Titchener
[B] E. G. Boring
[C] John B. Watson
[D] Robert I. Watson
8. Charles Darwin was stimulated to publish his theory of evolution by a similar theory devised
by
[A] John Locke
[B] Isaac Newton
[C] Wilhelm Wundt
[D] Alfred Wallace
9. According to Neisser‟s research, we tend to remember information about ourselves in ways
that
[A] support our self-image
[B] help us gain advantages over others
[C] confirm our altruism
[D] support the personalistic view of history
10. Several researchers have traced the term psychology to
[A] Wilhelm Wundt
[B] Descartes
[C] Marcus Marulus
[D] Melanchthon
11. The historian of psychology who implemented the first degree program in the history of
psychology was
[A] G. S. Hall
[B] E. G. Boring
[C] R. I. Watson
[D] E. R. Hilgard
12. Psychology in America: A Historical Survey was written by
[A] E. G. Boring
[B] G. S. Hall
[C] E. R. Hilgard
[D] R. I. Watson
13. Cambridge ethologist Nicholas Humphrey believes that consciousness evolved for the
capacity to
[A] make tools
[B] invent language
[C] discover and use fire
[D] do psychology
14. The famous line, “Psychology has a long past, but only a short history,” was written by
[A] G. S. Hall
[B] E. G. Boring
[C] H. Ebbinghaus
[D] W. Wundt
15. Psychology‟s “short history” referred to its founding as a scientific discipline in the
[A] latter part of the 18th century
[B] first half of the 19th century
[C] latter half of the 19th century
[D] first decade of the 20th century
16. Materialism is a form of
[A] dualism
[B] double aspectism
[C] epiphenomenalism
[D] monism
17. The view that reality ultimately exists in the mind is called
[A] immaterialism
[B] materialism
[C] interactionism
[D] parallelism
18. The chief proponent of the idea that the physical world is irrelevant without a mind to
perceive it was
[A] Leibniz
[B] Hobbes
[C] Descartes
[D] Berkeley
19. The view that mind and body are separate but each can influence the other is called
[A] subjective idealism
[B] interactionism
[C] psychophysical parallelism
[D] materialism
20. The analogy of two perfectly constructed clocks started simultaneously is the key to
understanding the mind body position called
[A] interactionism
[B] immaterialism
[C] psychophysical parallelism
[D] epiphenomenalism
21. The mind body solution that holds that mind and body are like two sides of a coin is called
[A] epiphenomenalism
[B] immaterialism
[C] double aspectism
[D] parallelism
22. Double aspectism was originally proposed by
[A] Hobbes
[B] Spinoza
[C] Leibniz
[D] Descartes
23. The idea that the brain‟s activity produces mind as a sort of by-product is called
[A] immaterialism
[B] double aspectism
[C] parallelism
[D] epiphenomenalism
24. The search for increasingly more basic explanations of psychological phenomena is called
[A] materialism
[B] reductionism
[C] nurturism
[D] nativism
25. Which of the following is generally classified as a nurturist?
[A] William McDougall
[B] Socrates
[C] René Descartes
[D] John Watson
26. A collection of ideas defining what is psychological and the methods that will be used to
study the psychological is called a
[A] system of psychology
[B] complex of psychology
[C] domain of psychology
[D] school of psychology
27. Which of the following terms refers to the study of large groups in order to uncover
differences between people?
[A] synthetic
[B] nomothetic
[C] idiographic
[D] historiographic
28. ____________ advocated a science based on observable facts and their logical relations to
each other.
[A] Positivism
[B] Associationism
[C] Subjectivism
[D] Interactionism
29. The central tenet of _____________ is that psychologists should only study things they can
define in terms of how they are measured.
[A] scientism
[B] interactionism
[C] operationism
[D] associationism
30. Predictions about a theory that risk overturning the theory are called
[A] risky predictions
[B] logical predictions
[C] objective predictions
[D] operational predictions
31. The philosopher of science who developed a principle of falsifiability concerning scientific
theories was
[A] Stevens
[B] Kuhn
[C] Popper
[D] Bridgmann
32. Up until World War I, the New York Times‟s commentary focused on the work of which of
the following psychologists?
[A] William James
[B] Wilhelm Wundt
[C] Hugo Münsterberg
[D] E. B. Titchener
33. Clever Hans was
[A] an idiot savant
[B] a horse “genius”
[C] a child musical prodigy
[D] a cat with perfect musical pitch perception
34. Clever Hans‟s apparent ability was considered important support for
[A] Stumpf‟s phenomenology of tones
[B] Stumpf‟s theory of space perception
[C] the mental continuity stressed by Darwinian evolution
[D] advocates of psychic ability
35. Clever Hans‟s “secret” was discovered by
[A] von Osten
[B] Lotze
[C] Pfungst
[D] Stumpf
36. The key to Hans‟s ability to answer questions was
[A] slight movements by questioners
[B] faint noises made by questioners
[C] high intelligence
[D] the scent of the questioner
37. Which of the following learning phenomena was not demonstrated in the study of Clever
Hans?
[A] reflex conditioning
[B] instrumental conditioning
[C] the effect of partial reinforcement
[D] conditioning without awareness
38. Why should you study the history of psychology? List and defend as many reasons as you
can think of.
39. What are some of the problems with autobiographical information? Why are we not always
able to accept the writings of the people involved in psychology‟s history at face value?
40. Define and contrast the Zeitgeist and the great person theories of history. Which of the
approaches do you think there is more evidence to support? Provide some of this evidence.
41. Briefly discuss each of the following recurring issues in psychology: the mind-body problem,
reductionism versus nonreductionism, the nature-nurture controversy.
42. Discuss as many of psychology‟s intersections with science as you can.
43. What was the point of the Clever Hans story? Why was the horse‟s apparent genius
considered important at the time Hans was investigated? What learning principles did Pfungst‟s
investigation anticipate?
CHAPTER TWO
44. The basic categories, questions, and foundations for much of Western thought were first
articulated by the
[A] Greeks
[B] Romans
[C] Egyptians
[D] Phoenicians
45. Scholars in many disciplines recognize the pre-Socratic Greeks as the authors of
[A] the first accurate treatment of the mathematics of statistics
[B] the oldest body of ideas clearly related to philosophy and science
[C] the Bible
[D] the first identifiable textbook of psychology
46. Distinctions between categories such as living and dead, plant and animal, and real and
imaginary
[A] originated in the speculations of the pre-Socratic philosophers
[B] were not made by the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers
[C] were first made by the Romans
[D] first appeared in the writings of the Greek naturalistic physicians
47. The first Greek philosopher is often considered to be
[A] Pythagoras
[B] Thales
[C] Pericles
[D] Aristotle
48. The Greek philosopher who proposed the first natural explanation for the universe was
[A] Plato
[B] Thales
[C] Parmenides
[D] Pythagoras
49. The so-called Golden Age of Greece is said to have begun with the birth of Pericles and to
have ended with the death of the philosopher
[A] Aristotle
[B] Socrates
[C] Zeno of Elea
[D] Plato
50. The Greek philosopher who founded a society in which philosophy and particularly
mathematics constituted a lifestyle aimed at salvation was
[A] Pythagoras
[B] Socrates
[C] Thales
[D] Plato
51. Which of the following philosophers was most influenced by the mystical figure of
Pythagoras?
[A] Plato
[B] Democritus
[C] Aristotle
[D] Protagoras
52. The word “philosophy” may have been the creation of
[A] Thales
[B] Democritus
[C] Pythagoras
[D] Heraclitus
53. The philosopher who was known in antiquity as “the obscure” and “the riddler” because of
his tendency to express himself indirectly was
[A] Heraclitus
[B] Leucippus
[C] Zeno of Elea
[D] Pythagoras
54. For Heraclitus, the essence of all things was
[A] fire
[B] air
[C] earth
[D] water
55. Which of the following Greek philosophers was so fascinated by change that he made the
statement that is often paraphrased, “You can never step into the same river twice.”
[A] Pythagoras
[B] Parmenides
[C] Socrates
[D] Heraclitus
56. The theory holding that complex systems create unpredictability and that random events have
an order of their own is
[A] chaos theory
[B] atomism
[C] Pythagorean theory
[D] the theory of nous
57. For Heraclitus, there was unity in
[A] opposites
[B] similarities
[C] change
[D] fire
58. For the Pythagoreans, to explain something meant to provide
[A] a mechanical account of it
[B] a divine account of it
[C] a psychological account of it
[D] a mathematical account of it
59. Using reason, Parmenides argued that
[A] change does not exist
[B] reality does not exist
[C] there are only atoms and the void
[D] all is changing
60. Zeno‟s paradoxes were designed to support his mentor,
[A] Parmenides
[B] Democritus
[C] Heraclitus
[D] Plato
61. Because our senses deceive us, Zeno concluded it was more profitable to seek truth through
[A] reason
[B] prayer
[C] observation
[D] experimentation
62. The philosophy of atomism was created to refute
[A] the idea that there is constant change
[B] the idea that the senses can be trusted
[C] the theory of the mathematical basis for everything
[D] the theory of the unchanging, indivisible One
63. The theory of atomism was developed in greatest detail by
[A] Parmenides
[B] Leucippus
[C] Democritus
[D] Zeno
64. The idea that the universe is made of tiny, indivisible particles is called
[A] determinism
[B] primary and secondary qualities
[C] atomism
[D] Zeno‟s paradox
65. Qualities of an object that depend for their existence on a perceiver are called
[A] secondary qualities
[B] atomic qualities
[C] primary qualities
[D] perceived qualities
66. Democritus believed that all sensations are reducible to
[A] sight
[B] hearing
[C] smell
[D] touch
67. Which of the following labels cannot be applied to Democritus?
[A] nurturist
[B] immaterialist
[C] reductionist
[D] determinist
68. Democritus believed that happiness comes from
[A] sensual pleasure
[B] religion
[C] gaining knowledge
[D] things
69. The philosophical position holding that absolute knowledge is impossible and inquiry must
employ a process of doubting in order to attain even relative certainty is called
[A] skepticism
[B] relativism
[C] atomism
[D] materialism
70. In contrast to Parmenides, Protagoras believed that sensation is the
[A] only way to achieve absolute moral convictions
[B] primary route to an afterlife
[C] avenue to truth
[D] source of knowledge
71. One of the most famous of the Sophists was
[A] Protagoras
[B] Socrates
[C] Parmenides
[D] Democritus
72. The theory that conceptions of truth and moral values depend on their possessors is called
[A] relativism
[B] atomism
[C] materialism
[D] skepticism
73. Although he was one of the Sophists‟ most constant critics, many of his contemporaries
considered
[A] Plato a Sophist
[B] Socrates a Sophist
[C] Aristotle a Sophist
[D] Pericles a Sophist
74. We know about Socrates mostly from the writings of
[A] Protagoras
[B] Plato
[C] Aristophanes
[D] Xenophon
75. The belief that there are universal Ideas underlying what we know through our senses is the
[A] theory of Atoms
[B] theory of Forms
[C] theory of Reason
[D] theory of Sophistry
76. To uncover the truth of an issue, Socrates employed
[A] dialectic
[B] sophistry
[C] observation
[D] his daimon
77. When Socrates said that “knowledge is virtue,” he was referring to
[A] knowledge of beauty
[B] knowledge of mathematics
[C] knowledge of morality
[D] knowledge of self
78. For Socrates, a beautiful flower is an example of
[A] sophistry
[B] dialectic
[C] the universal
[D] the particular
79. Plato‟s school was called the
[A] Academy
[B] Peripaté
[C] Lyceum
[D] Organon
80. Plato‟s famous parable of men chained in a cave is designed to show that
[A] all knowledge is innate
[B] the world of Opinion is just as valid as the world of Knowledge
[C] the particulars are to the universals as the shadows of objects are to the objects that cast them
[D] experimentation is a good way to learn about the Forms
81. Plato‟s tripartite soul consisted of
[A] reason, instincts, and appetite
[B] reason, intelligence, and appetite
[C] reason, spirit, and intelligence
[D] reason, spirit, and appetite
82. The Greek forerunner of the many rationalists who have argued for innate knowledge was
[A] Plato
[B] Democritus
[C] Leucippus
[D] Aristotle
83. The Greek philosopher who served as tutor to the boy who became Alexander the Great was
[A] Plato
[B] Aristotle
[C] Socrates
[D] Protagoras
84. The syllogism was developed by
[A] Plato
[B] Democritus
[C] Socrates
[D] Aristotle
85. Aristotle‟s four basic causes were
[A] material, formal, efficient, and final
[B] material, formal, efficient, and creative
[C] inductive, formal, efficient, and creative
[D] deductive, formal, efficient, and final
86. The idea that everything is directed toward a definite end and a final purpose is called
[A] teleology
[B] anaima
[C] scala naturae
[D] entelechy
87. The built-in goal or function of something is its
[A] entelechy
[B] anaima
[C] daimon
[D] teleology
88. Aristotle located psyche in the
[A] liver
[B] brain
[C] bladder
[D] heart
89. Aristotle‟s three different grades of psyche were
[A] nutritive, rational, and instinctual
[B] sensitive, rational, and instinctual
[C] nutritive, sensitive, and rational
[D] vegetative, sensitive, and instinctual
90. In describing recall, Aristotle identified three principles of association, which were
[A] similarity, accommodation, and contiguity
[B] contrast, accommodation, and contiguity
[C] similarity, contrast, and accommodation
[D] similarity, contrast, and contiguity
91. Mary watches a sad play and afterward feels purged of her negative emotions. According to
Aristotle, she has experienced the phenomenon of
[A] psychodrama
[B] psychological purgation
[C] catharsis
[D] entelechy
92. Greek medicine was largely tied to religion at the time of
[A] Galen
[B] Pyrrho
[C] Asclepius
[D] Alcmaeon
93. One of the most important Hippocratic works is On the Sacred Disease, which is a treatise on
[A] postpartum depression
[B] phobias
[C] hysteria
[D] epilepsy
94. Hippocrates‟ four humors were
[A] black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm
[B] black bile, yellow bile, green bile, and phlegm
[C] yellow bile, red bile, water, and blood
[D] phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, and red bile
95. Hippocrates believed that epilepsy is caused by
[A] the mind being stolen by the gods
[B] excessive fever
[C] a wandering uterus
[D] a humoral imbalance
96. Anastasia has a paralyzed left arm, but her physician, Hippocrates, can find no organic basis
for her symptom. Although he may not tell her, he believes her illness is caused by
[A] brain damage
[B] a wandering uterus
[C] an unwanted pregnancy
[D] an imbalance in the humors
97. Galen believed that the brain‟s ventricles contain
[A] mineral spirits
[B] water
[C] vegetable spirits
[D] animal spirits
98. Galen connected Hippocrates‟ four humors with temperaments to form a primitive theory of
[A] mental illness
[B] personality
[C] social psychology
[D] motivation
99. How did the ideas of Parmenides influence Plato? What did Zeno of Elea use to defend the
ideas of Parmenides? Give an example and tell how it can be refuted.
100. Who were the Sophists and why was Socrates sometimes considered a Sophist?
101. What was the method Socrates used to try to uncover the truth of an issue? Give an example
of how you might apply the Socratic method with one of your friends to enable him or her to
identify the true meaning of psychology.
102. Compare and contrast Plato and Aristotle. Whose approach to learning about things would
fit in better with the world today?
103. In what way can it be argued that Aristotle had a negative influence on the development of
science? On the development of comparative psychology (the study of animal behavior)?
104. Discuss rational medicine during Greece‟s Golden Age and in the time of Galen.
CHAPTER THREE
105. After Aristotle, the head of the Lyceum was
[A] Pyrrho
[B] Galen
[C] Theophrastus
[D] Demosthenes
106. The school of Skepticism was founded by
[A] Diogenes
[B] Pyrrho
[C] Antisthenes
[D] Theophrastus
107. The idea that we are never in a position to have definitive beliefs about anything is the
central view of the school of
[A] Epicureanism
[B] Skepticism
[C] Stoicism
[D] Cynicism
108. Although today the word “epicure” is used to describe a person fond of luxury and sensuous
pleasure, Epicurus himself believed that true pleasure is to be found in
[A] the practice of religion
[B] wine, women, and song
[C] simplicity and moderation
[D] physical exercise and the stress of competition
109. Which of the schools taught that the world functions according to a divine plan and that
because life‟s events cannot be changed, it is best just to accept them?
[A] Cynicism
[B] Stoicism
[C] Hedonism
[D] Skepticism
110. Which of the following school‟s adherents dropped out of society because they saw it filled
with hypocrisy, envy, greed, and hate?
[A] Skepticism
[B] Cynicism
[C] Stoicism
[D] Epicureanism
111. Marcus Aurelius was an adherent of the school of
[A] Stoicism
[B] Epicureanism
[C] Cynicism
[D] Skepticism
112. For St. Paul, the solution to the conflict between the corrupt body and the divine soul lay in
[A] the use of reason
[B] logic
[C] self-acceptance
[D] faith in God
113. The school that tried to combine Plato‟s views with Christianity‟s ethical concepts was
called
[A] the Academy
[B] Scholasticism
[C] Neoplatonism
[D] Platonic Theology
114. The method for studying the mind by looking within–introspection–was introduced by
[A] Boethius
[B] St. Paul
[C] St. Augustine
[D] Plotinus
115. St. Augustine considered science and philosophy not in the service of theology
[A] empirically valid
[B] impossible
[C] suspect
[D] crucial for developing true knowledge
116. Initially directed toward Egypt, the _____________ Crusade was diverted by the Venetians
in order to loot and plunder Constantinople.
[A] First
[B] Second
[C] Third
[D] Fourth
117. From the late 11th century through most of the 13th century, Western Europeans were
exposed to “lost” classical knowledge because of
[A] the Crusades
[B] the Wars of the Roses
[C] the Protestant Reformation
[D] the invasions of the Gauls
118. The Consolation of Philosophy was written by
[A] St. Paul
[B] St. Augustine
[C] Boethius
[D] Alcuin.
119. The founder of the Palatine school, which may have been the conceptual model for the
University of Paris, was
[A] Erigena
[B] Alcuin
[C] Dionysius
[D] Boethius
120. The master of the Palatine school under Charles the Bald who attempted to fuse
Neoplatonism with Christian doctrines and to reconcile faith and reason was
[A] Boethius
[B] Avicenna
[C] Alcuin
[D] Erigena
121. Mohammed was raised by relatives and trained to be a
[A] merchant
[B] physician
[C] lawyer
[D] religious leader
122. Much of the Arabic physician Avicenna‟s work involved
[A] making Aristotle compatible with the prevailing theology
[B] making Plato compatible with the prevailing theology
[C] making the teachings of Muhammad compatible with the prevailing philosophy
[D] making Dionysius compatible with the prevailing theology
123. For Avicenna, in the beginning, humans have only
[A] an Intelligence
[B] a final Intelligence
[C] an Agent Intellect
[D] a possible intellect
124. The Arabic philosopher who denied immortality and had little respect for theology was
[A] Avicenna
[B] Maimonides
[C] Averroës
[D] ibn Sina
125. “The philosopher of the Arabs” was
[A] Averroës
[B] Maimonides
[C] al-Kindi
[D] Avicenna
126. The author of The Guide of the Perplexed, a treatise on the relation between reason and
faith, was
[A] Averroës
[B] Thomas Aquinas
[C] Avicenna
[D] Maimonides
127. The ontological argument for God‟s existence states that
[A] God‟s existence is evident through His works (i.e., the universe)
[B] God‟s existence is evident through the fact that nothing greater than He can be thought
[C] God‟s existence is evident through humankind‟s knowledge of Him
[D] God‟s existence is evident through the fact that good and evil exist in the world
128. The founder of scholasticism, a system based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the
early Christian thinkers, was
[A] St. Anselm
[B] St. Thomas Aquinas
[C] St. Augustine
[D] Averroës
129. Nominalists believe that
[A] universals do not exist in any form
[B] universals have independent existence
[C] universals exist in name only
[D] universals can be found only in a life in the Church
130. On the nominalist-realist debate, Peter Abélard endorsed a position that has come to be
called
[A] moderate nominalism
[B] extreme realism
[C] moderate realism
[D] extreme nominalism
131. Whose love affair with one of his pupils, Héloïse, resulted in his castration?
[A] Roger Bacon
[B] St. Aquinas
[C] St. Anselm
[D] Peter Abélard
132. St. Thomas Aquinas‟s main contribution was to
[A] reintroduce Avicenna‟s Agent Intellect to the religious scholars of his period
[B] reintroduce St. Augustine‟s method of “looking inward” as a technique to understand the
mind,
[C] reintroduce the West to Aristotle‟s psychology through the filter of Christianity
[D] reintroduce the West to Platonic philosophy through Christianity‟s filter
133. Arguing for the supremacy of the will, Duns Scotus‟s view became known as
[A] scholasticism
[B] hedonism
[C] voluntarism
[D] monasticism
134. The originator of the idea that if two explanations are equally plausible, the simplest
explanation is to be preferred was
[A] Duns of Scotus
[B] Roger Bacon
[C] Robert Grosseteste
[D] William of Ockham
135. In psychology, William of Ockham is known for
[A] Ockham‟s canon
[B] Ockham‟s law
[C] Ockham‟s thesis
[D] Ockham‟s razor
136. The 13th-century English scholar who gained such a reputation for knowledge that some
called him Doctor mirabilis (wonderful doctor) was
[A] Roger Bacon
[B] John Duns Scotus
[C] Raymond Lull
[D] Robert Grosseteste
137. The 13th-century mystic and theologian who aimed to build a device “programmed” with
certain elementary concepts and then to use this device to generate all knowledge was
[A] John Duns Scotus
[B] Robert Grosseteste
[C] Roger Bacon
[D] Raymond Lull
138. Name and briefly discuss the text-identified schools of thought that flourished in the
Greco-Roman period. Which best fits your worldview?
139. Define and compare Neoplatonism with scholasticism. Identify some principal adherents of
each school.
140. What was the nominalism-realism debate? What position did Abélard choose? What was
William of Ockham‟s position on the debate and why did he select it? For what is Ockham
known in psychology today?
141. List and briefly discuss the various Crusades that took place in the late 11th through the
13th century. What was the main purpose of each Crusade? What was the most important
accomplishment of the Crusades from our perspective?
142. What is Ockham‟s razor? How is it usually applied in psychology? In considering the
behavior of your favorite pet, do you think you should apply Ockham‟s razor in your efforts to
explain the animal‟s behavior?
CHAPTER FOUR
143. Which of the following was not characteristic of Renaissance humanism?
[A] support of Aristotle as an authority on science
[B] historical interest
[C] a desire to make religion less ceremonial
[D] curiosity about human abilities and accomplishments
144. Perhaps more than any other development, the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance was
fueled by
[A] the art of painters such as Michelangelo and da Vinci
[B] the Bible
[C] printing
[D] discoveries in astronomy
145. The writings of which 14th-century Italian poet and scholar-aided challenges to Aristotelian
dogma?
[A] Francesco Petrarca
[B] Niccolò Machiavelli
[C] Giovanni Pico
[D] Juan Luis Vives
146. The use of deceit and duplicity to achieve goals is associated with the name of
[A] Juan Luis Vives
[B] Francesco Petrarca
[C] Giovanni Pico
[D] Niccolò Machiavelli
147. Martin Luther is most known for
[A] revealing Aristotle‟s scientific errors
[B] his work on human dignity
[C] founding the Protestant Reformation
[D] his efforts to dispel the myth of better life through alchemy
148. The early Renaissance social philosopher who, among other things, tried to dispel the myth
of better life through alchemy was
[A] Erasmus
[B] Pico
[C] Petrarch
[D] Machiavelli
149. The astronomer who probably first saw his work on a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe
on his deathbed was
[A] Kepler
[B] Copernicus
[C] Galileo
[D] Bruno
150. Burned at the stake in 1600, the Italian philosopher who believed in an infinity of suns like
ours, each possibly inhabited by sentient beings, was
[A] Brahe
[B] Copernicus
[C] Galileo
[D] Bruno
151. Galileo called the qualities of an object that reside in the observer
[A] innate qualities
[B] residual qualities
[C] primary qualities
[D] secondary qualities
152. The Italian astronomer who supported Copernicus and was forced to recant his teaching was
[A] Bruno
[B] Galileo
[C] Spumoni
[D] Brahe
153. The Englishman who almost singlehandedly created the inductive scientific method was
[A] John Locke
[B] Francis Bacon
[C] William Harvey
[D] Isaac Newton
154. The physicist and mathematician who proposed that white light is a mixture of all colors
was
[A] Francis Bacon
[B] William Harvey
[C] Johann Kepler
[D] Isaac Newton
155. The English mathematician who became embroiled in a controversy over the discovery of
calculus was
[A] Roger Bacon
[B] Harvey
[C] Newton
[D] Francis Bacon
156. Following three visions, Descartes conceived of a system of true knowledge modeled on
mathematics and supported by
[A] theology
[B] rationalism
[C] experimentation
[D] personal observation
157. Descartes‟ search for something of which he could be absolutely certain led him to the idea
that
[A] Deus sive Natura
[B] Esse est percipi
[C] Senso ergo sum
[D] Cogito ergo sum
158. Descartes‟ solution to the mind-body problem is that there is
[A] only body
[B] a mind-body interaction
[C] only mind
[D] a separation of mind and body, but the two do not interact
159. As the point of contact between the mind and the body, Descartes chose the
[A] heart
[B] brain as a whole
[C] pineal gland
[D] pituitary gland
160. Descartes recognized innate ideas and
[A] derived ideas
[B] correct ideas
[C] covert ideas
[D] memorial ideas
161. For Descartes, sensory stimulation causes fibers in the nerves to open pores in the brain,
which releases animal spirits to flow into muscles and cause movement. This is the essence of
[A] innate behaviors
[B] reflex action
[C] learned reactions
[D] derived ideas
162. The main problem with Descartes‟ view of the mind-body relationship is in accounting for
how
[A] the material body affects the immaterial mind
[B] the material body affects the material mind
[C] the immaterial body affects the immaterial mind
[D] the immaterial body affects the material mind
163. By denying mind to animals, Descartes could rationalize
[A] hedonism
[B] agnosticism
[C] hemisection
[D] vivisection
164. For Gassendi, existence was revealed by
[A] movement
[B] mental pleasure
[C] God
[D] thinking
165. In Man a Machine, Julien de La Mettrie argued for
[A] continuity in the animal kingdom
[B] the separation of mental and physical states
[C] discontinuity in the animal kingdom
[D] the knowledge of good and evil in humans but not in animals
166. From an attack of fever, La Mettrie became convinced
[A] that God is the author of miracles
[B] that bodily changes do not always affect the mind
[C] that hallucinations can occur in normal people
[D] that different states of the mind are always related to bodily states
167. Modern ape-language studies have shown
[A] that pigmy chimpanzees can learn to use computer keyboard symbols to produce human-like
language
[B] that apes can learn sign language in human fashion
[C] that it is unlikely that an ape can learn human language
[D] that chimpanzees can learn to talk
168. For revealing doubts about his religious teachings, Spinoza was
[A] excommunicated from his synagogue
[B] forced to become a Jew
[C] sentenced to death by the Inquisition
[D] forced to become a Catholic
169. Like Descartes, Spinoza thought he could achieve knowledge of reality by using the method
of
[A] geometry
[B] logic
[C] experimentation
[D] observation
170. Spinoza equated God with nature, a view called
[A] pantheism
[B] psychotheism
[C] atheism
[D] monotheism
171. Which of the following is not one of Spinoza‟s three levels of knowledge?
[A] abstraction
[B] reason
[C] imagination
[D] intuition
172. Spinoza‟s belief that behavior is determined by mental causes is called
[A] psychodeterminism
[B] mental behaviorism
[C] psychic behaviorism
[D] psychic determinism
173. Spinoza‟s belief that behavior is determined by mental causes makes him a forerunner of
[A] behaviorism
[B] mentalism
[C] psychoanalysis
[D] Gestalt psychology
174. Which of the following explained mind-body interaction through the intervention of God?
[A] Malebranche
[B] Spinoza
[C] Leibniz
[D] Descartes
175. Malebranche‟s mind-body position is called
[A] occasionalism
[B] interactionism
[C] double aspectism
[D] parallelism
176. Which of the following is not one of Leibniz‟s kinds of monads?
[A] simple
[B] rational
[C] complex
[D] sentient
177. In Leibniz‟s view, although monads are independent of each other, they operate according
to
[A] a plan known only to God
[B] a pre-established harmony
[C] an ultimately knowable scheme
[D] a type of occasionalism
178. Leibniz called perceptions that never reach consciousness
[A] petite imperceptions
[B] petite perceptions
[C] apprehensions
[D] apperceptions
179. Leibniz built a mathematical calculator capable of
[A] handling extremely large numbers
[B] multiplication and division
[C] verifying the existence of monads
[D] calculating all knowledge of his day
180. Leibniz‟s solution to the mind-body problem is called
[A] occasionalism
[B] psychophysical parallelism
[C] epiphenomenalism
[D] dualistic interactionism
181. Why was modern astronomy so important in the development of the Renaissance? Trace the
principals and leading discoveries in astronomy from the 15th through the 17th centuries.
182. Why is Descartes considered so important for philosophy? What was his method for
generating knowledge and what was his conclusion on the mind-body problem? What was the
biggest difficulty with Descartes‟ conclusion?
183. In what way did La Mettrie go beyond Descartes? What event in La Mettrie‟s life
convinced him that the mind was just the workings of the brain?
184. How did Spinoza and Leibniz try to get around the difficulty with Descartes‟ solution to the
mind-body problem? What are their positions on the mind-body issue called? Describe the
mind-body solutions of Spinoza and Leibniz.
185. What did Leibniz mean by saying that God had created the best of all possible worlds?
Given all the evil in the world, in what sense is this the best world possible?
CHAPTER FIVE
186. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz all developed their systems through the use of extreme
[A] rationalism
[B] empiricism
[C] associationism
[D] skepticism
187. The search for knowledge through experience is the essence of
[A] rationalism
[B] romanticism
[C] associationism
[D] empiricism
188. Hobbes‟s most famous work was
[A] Principia
[B] Two Treatises of Government
[C] Leviathan
[D] An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
189. Hobbes‟s solution to the mind-body problem is called
[A] psychophysical parallelism
[B] occasionalism
[C] epiphenomenalism
[D] interactionism
190. Like Descartes and Spinoza, Hobbes sought to combine philosophy and
[A] mathematics
[B] medicine
[C] experience
[D] literature
191. Hobbes believed that all knowledge arises from
[A] thought
[B] God
[C] sensations
[D] innate ideas
192. In order to explain how one thought leads to another thought, Hobbes invoked the principle
of
[A] similarity
[B] recency
[C] contiguity
[D] contrast
193. Hobbes saw human nature as basically
[A] animal-like
[B] touched with the spark of divinity
[C] good but in need of improvement
[D] aggressive and selfish
194. From the famous chemist Robert Boyle, John Locke learned how to approach problems
[A] experimentally
[B] observationally
[C] rationally
[D] empirically
195. Locke‟s most important publication for psychology is
[A] An Essay Concerning Human Understanding,
[B] An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
[C] Two Treatises of Government,
[D] Some Thoughts Concerning Education,
196. For Locke, the mind initially is like
[A] sand on a beach
[B] a framed picture
[C] veined marble
[D] white paper
197. According to Locke, the two sources of ideas in the mind are from
[A] sensations and instincts
[B] sensations and impressions
[C] reflections and learning
[D] sensations and reflections
198. Perception of our mind‟s operations, working on ideas from sensations, was Locke‟s
definition of
[A] sensation
[B] complex ideas
[C] perception
[D] reflection
199. For Locke, ideas that cannot be further subdivided are
[A] simple ideas
[B] innate ideas
[C] derived ideas
[D] basic ideas
200. Ideas created by reflection cannot be
[A] innate
[B] complex
[C] derived
[D] simple
201. Chester was born blind but was given sight at the age of 21 through corneal transplants and
cataract surgery. Locke would predict that Chester would
[A] be unable to recognize objects visually upon first exposure
[B] be able to recognize objects visually upon first exposure
[C] have innate visual ideas that would facilitate learning to recognize objects visually
[D] never be able to recognize objects visually
202. Locke believed that his three bowl experiment demonstrated that
[A] temperature is a secondary quality
[B] temperature is a derived quality
[C] temperature is a primary quality
[D] temperature is an innate quality
203. Which of the following was not one of Locke‟s degrees of knowledge?
[A] sensitive
[B] rational
[C] intuitive
[D] demonstrative
204. When the mind immediately perceives the agreement or disagreement of two ideas, this is
an example of
[A] rational knowledge
[B] demonstrative knowledge
[C] intuitive knowledge
[D] sensitive knowledge
205. Leibniz‟s main point of disagreement with Locke‟s Essay concerned whether or not the
mind contains
[A] sensations
[B] innate ideas
[C] derived ideas
[D] reflections
206. Locke‟s suggestions for training a child not to fear frogs is quite similar to a method that
today we call
[A] progressive relaxation
[B] systematic desensitization
[C] phobic hierarchical elimination
[D] taste aversion conditioning
207. Although he did not use our modern names for them, which of the following cues to depth
perception did Berkeley not recognize?
[A] convergence
[B] retinal disparity
[C] interposition
[D] relative size
208. For Berkeley, depth perception is
[A] based on properties inherent in objects themselves
[B] acquired through experience
[C] innate
[D] proof of God‟s existence
209. In A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, Berkeley came to the
startling conclusion that
[A] all of our knowledge of objects is innate
[B] things exist only in being perceived by a mind
[C] God puts all knowledge in our minds
[D] there are only primary qualities of objects
210. Berkeley‟s major philosophical position is summarized in the Latin phrase
[A] esse est percipi.
[B] Deus sive Natura
[C] cogito ergo sum
[D] senso ergo sum
211. For Berkeley, all object qualities were
[A] aesthetic qualities
[B] secondary qualities
[C] primary qualities
[D] quantitative qualities
212. For Hume, all the mind‟s contents come from experience through
[A] sensations
[B] reflections
[C] impressions
[D] observations
213. Which of the following was not one of Hume‟s original principles for the association of
ideas?
[A] contrast
[B] cause or effect
[C] contiguity
[D] resemblance
214. For Hume, the ultimate principle allowing us to draw inferences from our experiences was
[A] nature, as seen through God
[B] causality
[C] habit
[D] reasoning
215. Like Berkeley, but unlike Locke, Hume believed there are only
[A] secondary qualities
[B] simple ideas
[C] complex ideas
[D] primary qualities
216. According to Hume, we believe in the reality of external objects because
[A] of the infinite mind of God
[B] to do otherwise leads to madness
[C] of the ultimate principle of causality
[D] of the constancy and coherence of our impressions
217. Which of the following was stimulated to philosophical activities by reading Hume?
[A] Hartley
[B] La Mettrie
[C] Leibniz
[D] Kant
218. Two major influences on Hartley‟s Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty and His
Expectations were
[A] Locke and Hume
[B] Hobbes and Hume
[C] Locke and Newton
[D] Hume and Newton
219. A physician, Hartley considered the physical manifestation of ideas to be
[A] the opening of pores in the brain
[B] the formation of larger connections between the nerves
[C] miniature vibrations in the brain‟s medullary particles
[D] the movement of animal spirits in the nerves
220. You continue to see a candle flame for some brief time after you have blown out the candle.
For Hartley, this is an illustration of
[A] learning through association
[B] a positive afterimage
[C] the stationary quality of vibratiuncles
[D] the continuation of innate ideas
221. Because of his theorized basis for sensations and ideas, Hartley can be said to have
anticipated
[A] sensation and perception
[B] physiological psychology
[C] psychophysics
[D] Gestalt psychology
222. The social movement that taught that the goal of all behavior and legislation should be to
achieve the greatest good for the largest number of people was called
[A] Epicureanism
[B] Rationalism
[C] Hedonism
[D] Utilitarianism
223. In Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, James Mill followed his predecessors in
making the basic elements of the mind
[A] innate ideas
[B] sensations and ideas
[C] primary and secondary qualities
[D] habits
224. James Mill believed that all associations occur from the principle of
[A] contrast
[B] cause and effect
[C] contiguity
[D] resemblance
225. To Aristotle‟s five senses, James Mill added muscular sensations, sensations of
disorganization in any body part, and
[A] sensations from the alimentary canal (e.g., the stomach)
[B] sensations from the bladder
[C] intuitive sensations
[D] sensations from the heart
226. For James Mill, relative to associations that are difficult to form, easily formed associations
[A] have the same strength
[B] are weaker
[C] are sometimes weaker, sometimes stronger
[D] are stronger
227. According to James Mill‟s mental compounding model, the uniting of two complex ideas
produces
[A] another complex idea
[B] a hypercomplex idea
[C] a decomplex idea
[D] a duplex idea
228. When he was a child, John Stuart Mill considered himself
[A] a good playmate to his friends at school
[B] somewhat backward in his studies
[C] an incredible genius
[D] well loved by his father
229. John Stuart Mill attributed his bouts of depression to
[A] genetic weakness
[B] his alcoholism
[C] the early death of his mother
[D] his father‟s efforts to educate him
230. Like David Hume, John Stuart Mill considered that, relative to the ideas they give rise to,
impressions are
[A] weaker
[B] sometimes stronger, sometimes weaker
[C] stronger
[D] innate
231. John Stuart Mill‟s major addition to psychology was
[A] a mental compounding idea
[B] a neurological basis for emotions
[C] a form of analytical introspection
[D] a mental chemistry idea
232. John Stuart Mill envisioned a science of the formation of character that he called
[A] sociology
[B] ethnology
[C] psychology
[D] ethology
233. Perhaps Bain‟s most original contribution to psychology was his discussion of the origin
and development of
[A] pleasure and pain
[B] voluntary behavior
[C] reflexive behavior
[D] instincts
234. Bain combined hedonic effects with spontaneous behavior to produce what Thorndike
formalized in the
[A] law of hedonism
[B] law of effect
[C] law of spontaneity
[D] law of exercise
235. A historical connection can be traced between Bain and Thorndike through
[A] David Hartley
[B] George Romanes
[C] Charles Darwin
[D] Lloyd Morgan
236. Bain is often considered the first physiological psychologist because he
[A] applied known physiological mechanisms to his explanations of how the mind works
[B] developed experimental brain surgery to investigate psychological questions
[C] traced the physiology of simple reflexes
[D] traced the pathways of nerve conduction in sheep
237. In 1876, Bain founded a journal that may be considered the world‟s first journal of
psychology. He called it
[A] Psychical Studies
[B] Psychology
[C] Psyche
[D] Mind
238. Condillac used his “sentient statue” model to argue that all forms of thought could be
derived from
[A] contiguity
[B] sensations
[C] reflections
[D] instincts
239. To Condillac‟s sentient statue, Bonnet added
[A] the sense of smell
[B] physiology
[C] the awareness of pleasure and pain
[D] philosophy
240. The French physician whose interest in the mind-body problem was aroused when he was
given the task of determining whether or not the heads of guillotine victims were conscious was
[A] Taine
[B] Ribot
[C] Destutt de Tracy
[D] Cabanis
241. Although he is considered primarily a mechanist and an empiricist, the writings of Cabanis
contain elements of
[A] vitalism and pantheism
[B] vitalism and monotheism
[C] vitalism and panpsychism
[D] panpsychism and pantheism
242. The French empiricist sometimes called the French Bain is
[A] Maine de Biran
[B] Taine
[C] Destutt de Tracy
[D] Ribot
243. Whose journal, Revue Philosophique, was the French equivalent of Bain‟s Mind?
[A] Taine
[B] Maine de Biran
[C] Cabanis
[D] Ribot
244. Positivism originated in the ideas of
[A] Herbart
[B] Lotze
[C] Comte
[D] Clotilde de Vaux
245. The variation of empiricism based on observable scientific facts and their logical relations
to each other was called
[A] associationism
[B] nervism
[C] positivism
[D] scientism
246. After the death of the love of his life, Comte alienated many of his admirers with his efforts
to establish his positive philosophy as
[A] a form of psychology
[B] a new form of mathematics
[C] an exact science
[D] a religion
247. Positivism seeks to replace not only religion, but philosophy itself, with
[A] metaphysics
[B] mathematics
[C] introspection
[D] science
248. By seeking explanations of phenomena at progressively more basic levels, positivism is
[A] reductionistic
[B] scientific
[C] a branch of physics
[D] nonreductionistic
249. In his Law of Three Stages, Comte spoke of the following stages, in order:
[A] metaphysical, scientific, and theological
[B] theological, metaphysical, and scientific
[C] scientific, theological, and metaphysical
[D] theological, scientific, and metaphysical
250. Comte‟s stage that implies experiment, observation, and the explanation of phenomena
through the laws of natural cause and effect is the
[A] empirical stage
[B] positivistic stage
[C] theological stage
[D] metaphysical stage
251. The science Comte placed at the apex of the sciences was
[A] chemistry
[B] psychology
[C] mathematics
[D] sociology
252. Unlike Comte, Mach saw as legitimate data from
[A] the observation of consciousness
[B] the analysis of dreams
[C] the study of the insane
[D] the vivisection of animals
253. Which of the following died shortly after publishing independently developed ideas about
the proper conduct of science that were quite similar to those of Mach?
[A] Moritz Schlick
[B] Richard Avenarius
[C] Rudolf Carnap
[D] Clotilde de Vaux
254. Carnap and Schlick‟s movement became known as
[A] logical positivism
[B] modern positivism
[C] romantic positivism
[D] Machian positivism
255. In psychology, both modern and logical positivism set the stage for the takeover of
psychology by
[A] structuralism
[B] behaviorism
[C] Gestalt psychology
[D] functionalism
256. Thomas Reid disagreed with Hume‟s thesis that the mind knows only its own processes and
can only infer the existence of anything outside itself, arguing that Hume‟s premise offended
[A] God‟s law
[B] Newton‟s theory of the universe
[C] Locke‟s doctrine of instincts
[D] common sense
257. Reid replaced the empiricist‟s view of the mind as a passive collection of ideas with a
[A] psychology of the association of ideas
[B] sensation-based, common-sense psychology
[C] faculty-based, action-oriented psychology
[D] mind filled with instincts
258. Reid‟s chief interpreter was
[A] Dugald Stewart
[B] John Stuart Mill
[C] Hermann Lotze
[D] Thomas Brown
259. Because of Scottish distaste with British associationism, Thomas Brown called his
association-like principle
[A] connotation
[B] connection
[C] suggestion
[D] mental compounding
260. Which of the following was not one of Brown‟s primary laws of his association-like
principle?
[A] resemblance
[B] contrast
[C] nearness in time and space
[D] duration of associations
261. Within experience, what two sources of ideas did Locke recognize? What was Locke‟s
position on innate ideas? How did Locke feel about William Molyneux‟s prediction about a blind
man being made to see?
262. What was Leibniz‟s main criticism of Locke‟s An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding? How valid was the criticism? How would Locke have defended his work?
263. In what way did Berkeley disagree with Locke? When his philosophical prescription esse
est percipi was attacked, how did Berkeley defend it? Why was Hume not able to accept
Berkeley‟s defense of the esse est percipi position?
264. How did Berkeley account for depth perception? What were his cues for depth perception?
265. What was Hume‟s thinking about causality? How were Thomas Reid and Immanuel Kant
influenced by Hume? What did Hartley add to Hume‟s psychology?
266. Describe James Mill‟s mental compounding psychology and tell what John Stuart Mill
added to it.
267. What is the law of effect and how was it anticipated by Bain? In what way is Bain a better
candidate than either Descartes or Hartley for the title of the first physiological psychologist?
268. What role did each of the following play in the development of positivism: Comte; Mach;
Avenarius; Carnap, Schlick, and the Vienna Circle?
269. How did Thomas Brown try to reconcile Scottish common-sense psychology with British
associationism?
CHAPTER SIX:
270. The use of reason to develop knowledge is called
[A] rationalism
[B] positivism
[C] empiricism
[D] romanticism
271. Immanuel Kant was awakened from his “dogmatic slumbers” by reading
[A] Hobbes
[B] Hume
[C] Locke
[D] Berkeley
272. Psychologists holding that the mind actively structures sensory experiences into meaningful
perceptions and favoring more nativist than nurturist explanations have generally had their roots
in
[A] associationism
[B] empiricism
[C] common sense psychology
[D] rationalism
273. The book that brought Kant his greatest fame as a philosopher was
[A] Critique of Pure Reason
[B] An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
[C] Reason and Human Understanding
[D] Psychologia Empirica
274. The term “psychology” gained stature through its frequent use in Psychologia Empirica and
in Psychologia Rationalis, which were written by
[A] Johann Friedrich Herbart
[B] Christian von Wolff
[C] Georg Friedrich Hegel
[D] Rudolf Hermann Lotze
275. In rescuing causality from Hume‟s skepticism, Kant
[A] demonstrated the influence of Christian von Wolff
[B] made it part of the mind‟s inherent structure
[C] used empirical methods
[D] demonstrated that it was part of everyday experience
276. Kant considered the mind‟s structure
[A] to have been developed from sensations
[B] to be a priori
[C] to be molded by our perceptions
[D] to be part of the noumenal world
277. Kant aimed for a synthesis of the two systems of thought influencing him, rationalism and
[A] nativism
[B] romanticism
[C] empiricism
[D] nurturism
278. Our experiences are shaped by what Kant called our innate
[A] categories of thought
[B] phenomenal world
[C] categories of sensations
[D] noumenal world
279. For Kant, our experience of the outside world is filtered through the structure of our minds
to give us the
[A] noumenal world
[B] empirical world
[C] rational world
[D] phenomenal world
280. Kant called his supreme innate principle of morality the
[A] categorical imperative
[B] categorical utilitarianism
[C] categories of thought
[D] categories of understanding
281. Kant‟s categories of thought can be seen as analogous to the
[A] faculties of the Scottish School
[B] British empiricists‟ principles of association
[C] main principle of utilitarianism
[D] brain areas proposed by the phrenologists
282. Kant‟s idea that a person should act in such a way that the rule behind his or her actions
could serve as a universal law for all to follow is called the
[A] universal moral imperative
[B] universal morality rule
[C] categorical utilitarianism
[D] categorical imperative
283. Accepting Kant‟s categories of thought, Hegel gave them
[A] objective status
[B] dialectical movement
[C] dependent status in his theory of antithesis
[D] supreme importance
284. Hegel‟s evolutionary mechanism was called
[A] survival of the fittest
[B] dialectical movement
[C] thesis and synthesis
[D] the evolutionary imperative
285. The theoretical progression from all is change (Heraclitus) to nothing changes (Parmenides)
to some things change and some things do not (Plato) illustrates Hegel‟s idea of
[A] antithesis,
[B] the evolutionary imperative
[C] the categorical imperative,
[D] dialectical movement,
286. In Hegel‟s evolutionary movement, which of the following sequences is correct?
[A] thesis, synthesis, antithesis,
[B] antithesis, thesis, synthesis,
[C] synthesis, thesis, antithesis,
[D] thesis, antithesis, synthesis
287. Which of the following developed a materialistic version of Hegel that “turned Hegel on his
head”?
[A] Marx,
[B] Kierkegaard,
[C] Kant
[D] Mach,
288. Existentially oriented psychologists with interests in alienation and self-actualization
demonstrate a
[A] Hegelian influence
[B] Kuhnian influence
[C] Herbartian influence
[D] Kantian influence
289. A man many authorities consider the founder of educational psychology was
[A] Fichte
[B] Pestalozzi
[C] Herbart
[D] Lotze
290. The first person to write a textbook on psychology as a so named and independent
discipline was
[A] Hegel
[B] Lotze
[C] Herbart
[D] Kierkegaard
291. For Herbart, psychology was a science that was
[A] conducive to experimentation
[B] not related to mathematics
[C] grounded in experimental introspection
[D] not conducive to experimentation
292. For Herbart, the limit that an idea has to surpass before it becomes conscious is the
[A] limit of apperception
[B] threshold of mass
[C] mathematical threshold
[D] limen of consciousness
293. Herbart called a group of compatible ideas that forms in consciousness the
[A] threshold
[B] apperceptive mass
[C] petite perceptions
[D] limen of consciousness
294. Herbart‟s conception of ideas striving to enter consciousness but being prevented through
repression became a central feature of
[A] Hegel‟s dialectic
[B] Freud‟s psychoanalysis
[C] Watson‟s behaviorism
[D] Lotze‟s theory of space perception
295. The phrase “physiological psychology” first appeared in a book by
[A] Herbart
[B] Lotze
[C] G. E. Müller
[D] Fechner
296. Lotze‟s major direct contribution to psychology came in his theory of
[A] space perception
[B] limen of consciousness
[C] Gestalt pattern of touch
[D] introspective analysis of consciousness
297. According to Lotze, every tactual sensation produces a “sensory address,” which he called
[A] a limen of consciousness
[B] a local sign
[C] an introspective reality
[D] an apperceptive mass
298. For Lotze, the conscious perception of space
[A] is innate
[B] develops from experience and movement
[C] develops because of the static nature of local signs
[D] is one of the categorical imperatives
299. Romanticism in philosophy was a reaction against both
[A] empiricism and rationalism
[B] scholasticism and rationalism
[C] empiricism and positivism
[D] associationism and positivism
300. For understanding humankind, Herder stressed the importance of the
[A] empirical method
[B] romantic method
[C] historical method
[D] positivistic method
301. In his focus on the study of cultures, language, and myth, Herder particularly influenced
[A] Rousseau
[B] Comte
[C] Kant
[D] Wundt
302. Rousseau‟s writings began the romantic movement by stressing
[A] feelings and de-emphasizing reason
[B] reason and de-emphasizing feelings
[C] feelings and de-emphasizing sensations
[D] sensations and de-emphasizing feelings
303. Rousseau‟s belief in the natural goodness of humans and society‟s corrupting influence was
exactly the opposite of the views of
[A] Hobbes
[B] Herder
[C] Goethe
[D] Kant
304. Rousseau‟s book that became the bible of the French Revolution was
[A] The Social Contract
[B] Émile
[C] Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Amongst Men
[D] Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
305. Which of the following works so inflamed the political and religious establishment that
Rousseau was forced to flee from France?
[A] The Social Contract
[B] Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
[C] Émile
[D] Confessions
306. The romanticist who pursued science but unwisely attempted to refute Newton‟s idea that
white light is a mixture of all colors was
[A] Comte
[B] Schopenhauer
[C] Goethe
[D] Rousseau
307. Goethe was able to overcome his fear of heights by
[A] inventing psychoanalysis
[B] taking drugs
[C] climbing a church tower
[D] writing about it
308. The change from cone vision to rod vision in twilight is called the
[A] Hering shift
[B] Goethe shift
[C] Purkinje shift
[D] night shift
309. Schopenhauer‟s lectures at the University of Berlin did not succeed in getting his ideas
across because
[A] he was a terrible lecturer
[B] he scheduled them opposite the lectures of Hegel
[C] they were praised by Goethe, who had a negative reputation
[D] his ideas were too difficult to understand
310. In his later publications, Schopenhauer made extremely negative comments about
[A] Kant
[B] Avenarius
[C] Goethe
[D] Hegel
311. Comparing it with Baron von Münchausen‟s fictitious exploits, Schopenhauer vigorously
attacked
[A] immaterialism
[B] Hegelianism
[C] materialism
[D] romanticism
312. For Schopenhauer, there were at least two avenues of potential escape from the will‟s
dictates, aesthetics and
[A] reproduction
[B] pessimism
[C] asceticism
[D] empiricism
313. Schopenhauer‟s concept of will as a blind driving force is similar to
[A] the Jungian collective unconscious
[B] Wundt‟s use of voluntarism
[C] Goethe‟s use of instincts
[D] the Freudian id
314. For Schopenhauer, the will can defeat death through the ultimate martyrdom of
[A] suicide
[B] pessimism
[C] reproduction
[D] aesthetics
315. The transitional figure between romanticism and existentialism is often seen to be
[A] Vico
[B] Goethe
[C] Schopenhauer
[D] Nietzsche
316. Possibly Schopenhauer‟s greatest influence on psychology can be seen in
[A] Goethe‟s use of systematic desensitization
[B] Wundt‟s voluntarism
[C] Freud‟s writings
[D] Fechner‟s psychophysics
317. The philosophy that stresses the individual‟s isolation in a hostile universe and the
individual‟s freedom and responsibility for actions is
[A] associationism
[B] existentialism
[C] romanticism
[D] rationalism
318. Which of the following wrote Either/Or and The Concept of Dread?
[A] Goethe
[B] Schopenhauer
[C] Nietzsche
[D] Kierkegaard
319. The individual lives on the sensory level in the
[A] aesthetic plane
[B] ethical plane
[C] ethereal plane
[D] religious plane
320. According to Kierkegaard, one can attain the religious plane only through
[A] an act of contrition
[B] celibacy
[C] living a selfless life
[D] a leap of faith
321. For Nietzsche, the chief agents stifling the Dionysian creative force in the culture of his
time were Christianity and
[A] Marxism
[B] Hinduism
[C] Judaism
[D] the Islamic religion
322. What was Hume‟s argument about causality that stimulated Kant? How did Kant “rescue”
causality (and science) from Hume‟s skepticism?
323. What was Kant‟s categorical imperative?
324. What was Hegel‟s mechanism for evolution? Give an example to illustrate it.
325. Give as many reasons as you can to support Herbart and Lotze as possible “founders” of
modern psychology. In what sense were Herbart and Lotze similar to William James, another
potential candidate for the founder of psychology?
326. How did Herder influence Wundt‟s psychology?
327. What were some of Goethe‟s influences on psychology? In what way might modern
behavior therapy have been influenced by Goethe?
328. What did Schopenhauer mean by his opening statement in The World as Will and
Representation: “The world is my representation [idea]”? Why is Schopenhauer sometimes
considered “the ultimate philosopher of pessimism”?
329. Compare and contrast Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, the two founders of existential
philosophy.
CHAPTER SEVEN
330. Which of the following taught that the function of the brain was to cool the blood and that
the mind was in the heart?
[A] Hippocrates
[B] Herophilus
[C] Galen
[D] Aristotle
331. The anatomist who may have been the first to dissect the human body in order to compare it
with the anatomy of other animals was
[A] Galen
[B] Theophrastus
[C] Hippocrates
[D] Herophilus
332. The Church‟s model of mind focused on
[A] the cerebral lobes
[B] the ventricles
[C] the heart
[D] the liver
333. Whose dissection of the brain of an ox cast doubt on the Church‟s mind model?
[A] Galen
[B] da Vinci
[C] Whytt
[D] Descartes
334. The man who conceptualized the nervous system as a hydraulic system of hollow tubes
sending animal spirits to the muscles was
[A] Descartes
[B] Galen
[C] Herophilus
[D] da Vinci
335. Probably the best thing about Descartes‟ model of mind was that
[A] it broke completely with da Vinci‟s erroneous speculations
[B] it was based on extensive experimentation
[C] it was nearly correct
[D] it was easy to test and refute
336. Named for the person who first described it, the reflexive contraction of the pupil to light is
sometimes called
[A] da Vinci‟s reflex
[B] Galen‟s reflex
[C] Hall‟s reflex
[D] Whytt‟s reflex
337. Which was not a type of movement recognized by Marshall Hall?
[A] spinal movement
[B] respiratory movement
[C] voluntary movement
[D] involuntary movement
338. For Marshall Hall, reflex movement depended only on
[A] the spinal cord
[B] consciousness
[C] the muscles
[D] the brain
339. The pioneering work on electricity that introduced such terms as “electric force” and
“magnetic pole” was published by
[A] du Bois-Reymond.
[B] Gilbert
[C] Volta
[D] Galvani
340. The researcher who inadvertently made an organic battery out of two different metals and a
frog‟s leg and motor nerve was
[A] Volta
[B] Galvani
[C] Gilbert
[D] du Bois-Reymond
341. A change in the skin‟s electrical conductivity called the GSR is named for
[A] Galen
[B] Volta
[C] Gilbert
[D] Galvani
342. The first inorganic battery was made by
[A] Volta
[B] Gilbert
[C] du Bois-Reymond
[D] Galvani
343. When a galvanometer was applied to nervous tissue
[A] a frog‟s leg muscle contracted
[B] an electrical current was observed
[C] no electrical current was seen
[D] the tissue died
344. The researcher who formulated the idea that nervous tissue is charged with positive and
negative particles that reverse their positions with stimulation was
[A] Helmholtz
[B] Galvani
[C] du Bois-Reymond
[D] Volta
345. Which of Helmholtz‟s many contributions made it clear that he belonged in academia rather
than in the military?
[A] measurement of the speed of the nerve impulse
[B] place theory of pitch perception
[C] mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy
[D] invention of the ophthalmoscope
346. Which of the following believed in vitalism–the idea that life involves a vital principle
distinct from physical and chemical forces?
[A] Brücke
[B] Helmholtz
[C] Müller
[D] du Bois-Reymond
347. Conservation of energy was important for psychology because
[A] it raised further doubts that an immaterial mind can affect a material body
[B] it raised doubts about previous explanations for reflex action
[C] it demonstrated that nervous activity has an electrical component
[D] it made the trichromatic theory of vision more plausible
348. The theory that color sensations come from some pattern of stimulation of three different
receptor types in the eye is called the
[A] opponent-process theory
[B] Helmholtz-Békésy theory
[C] Helmholtz-Hering theory
[D] Young-Helmholtz theory
349. The primary importance of Helmholtz‟s measurement of the speed of the nerve impulse was
that it
[A] proved that nervous activity has an electrical component
[B] proved the mind-body connection
[C] suggested a new explanation for reflex activity
[D] demonstrated that at least one function of the nervous system was capable of being
investigated experimentally
350. Helmholtz‟s revision of Thomas Young‟s theory of color vision involves
[A] five colors
[B] four colors arranged in complementary pairs
[C] three colors
[D] two primary colors along with another two secondary colors
351. Which of the following was not one of Hering‟s receptor complexes?
[A] black-white
[B] red-yellow
[C] red-green
[D] blue-yellow
352. Hering‟s theory readily explains the observation that prolonged exposure to one color leads
to the perception of its complementary color, which is called a
[A] color defect
[B] positive afterimage
[C] opponent process
[D] negative afterimage
353. The researcher who won the Nobel Prize for his modern place theory of pitch perception
was
[A] Jameson
[B] Hurvich
[C] von Békésy
[D] von Frey
354. The Helmholtz-Hering debate was representative of the
[A] trichromatic-opponent debate
[B] mind-body debate
[C] localization-nonlocalization debate
[D] empiricist-nativist debate
355. The researcher who attempted to reconcile the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision with
Donders‟s tetrachromatic theory was
[A] Ladd-Franklin
[B] Hering
[C] Hurvich-Jameson
[D] König
356. The law stating that the dorsal roots of spinal nerves bring in sensory information and the
ventral roots take out motor impulses is called the
[A] law of specific nerve energies
[B] Bell-Magendie law
[C] Helmholtz-Hering law
[D] opponent-process law
357. The more definitive experiments on the functions of the spinal nerve roots were performed
by
[A] Helmholtz
[B] Magendie
[C] Bell
[D] Bernard
358. Anticipated by Bell, the doctrine of specific nerve energies was formulated by
[A] Johannes Müller
[B] François Magendie
[C] Ewald Hering
[D] Émil du Bois-Reymond
359. The central idea of the doctrine of specific nerve energies is that
[A] we are directly aware of specific objects in the external world
[B] we are directly aware only of mechanical stimulation of the optic nerve
[C] we are directly aware only of the sensation of pain
[D] we are directly aware only of the activity in our nerves
360. According to the doctrine of specific nerve energies, mechanical stimulation of the optic
nerve should result in
[A] a sensation of touch
[B] a sensation of pain
[C] an auditory sensation
[D] a visual sensation
361. What observation led Gall to conclude that the area of the brain behind the eyes was
important for memory?
[A] better memorizers wore thick glasses
[B] the accident of P. P. Gage
[C] the better memorizers among his schoolmates had protruding eyes
[D] Spurzheim had an extremely high forehead
362. Gall‟s most important disciple was
[A] Spurzheim
[B] Wells
[C] Fowler
[D] Combe
363. Which of the following was not a significant contribution of phrenology to the study of the
brain?
[A] it reinforced the idea of functional localization in the brain
[B] it reinforced the idea of the brain as the organ of the mind
[C] it elicited experimental studies to prove it wrong
[D] its specific conclusions about where functions are located in the brain
364. In his experimental attacks on phrenology, Flourens greatly refined the
[A] ablation method
[B] stimulation method
[C] clinical method
[D] staining method
365. Flourens found that when he damaged the medulla oblongata, his experimental animals
[A] became blind
[B] all died
[C] lost all will to move
[D] lost the ability to coordinate their movements
366. Within each of the nervous system‟s major parts, Flourens thought there was no
differentiation of function, a
[A] neural plasticity position
[B] localizationist position
[C] nonlocalizationist position
[D] phrenological position
367. Flourens found that voluntary movements and perception were abolished by damage to the
[A] cerebellum
[B] cerebral lobes
[C] spinal cord
[D] corpora quadrigemina
368. ________ may be viewed as having the better method but the wrong theory, whereas
_______ had the better theory but the wrong method.
[A] Spurzheim, Gall
[B] Flourens, Gall
[C] Gall, Spurzheim
[D] Gall, Flourens
369. After his accident, Gage became
[A] nicer and a better worker
[B] irreverent, profane, and vacillating
[C] a leading advocate of brain surgery for the mentally ill
[D] more careful around explosives
370. P. P. Gage‟s accident supported the idea of
[A] the brain as the organ of mind in humans
[B] neural plasticity
[C] phrenological localization
[D] nonlocalization of function
371. Which of the following is credited with discovering an area responsible for speech
production?
[A] Bouillaud
[B] Broca
[C] Wernicke
[D] Aubertin
372. Broca‟s area is found in the
[A] left frontal lobe
[B] right frontal lobe
[C] right temporal lobe
[D] left temporal lobe
373. Poor language comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech are characteristics of
damage to
[A] Wernicke‟s area
[B] Munk‟s area
[C] Jackson‟s area
[D] Broca‟s area
374. Wernicke‟s area is found in the
[A] left temporal lobe
[B] right temporal lobe
[C] left frontal lobe
[D] right frontal lobe
375. Which of the following do we associate with craniometry–the measurement of skulls?
[A] Munk
[B] Gage
[C] Wernicke
[D] Broca
376. Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, fibers interconnecting Broca‟s area with Wernicke‟s area,
produces a language deficit called
[A] conduction aphasia
[B] nonfluent aphasia
[C] expressive aphasia
[D] receptive aphasia
377. The researchers first credited with discovering motor cortex in the dog through the use of
electrical stimulation were
[A] Bartholow and Ferrier
[B] Wernicke and Penfield
[C] Fritsch and Hitzig
[D] Jackson and Munk
378. Which of the following demonstrated that damage to one occipital lobe produces blindness
in the visual field opposite the side of the lesion?
[A] Penfield
[B] Bartholow
[C] Ferrier
[D] Munk
379. The physician who stimulated the exposed brain of a human patient in 1874 was
[A] Bartholow
[B] Broca
[C] Jackson
[D] Penfield
380. Bartholow was severely criticized for his electrical stimulation research, but Penfield was
praised. The difference was that
[A] Bartholow was unaware of previous research in the same area
[B] Bartholow‟s findings were invalid
[C] Bartholow killed his patient
[D] Bartholow had no therapeutic rationale for what he did
381. The term “neuron” to describe the independent nerve unit was introduced by
[A] Santiago Ramón y Cajal
[B] Sir Charles Sherrington
[C] Wilhelm von Waldeyer
[D] Camillo Golgi
382. Which of the following used the Golgi stain to demonstrate that nerve cells are independent
units?
[A] Cajal
[B] Loewi
[C] Sherrington
[D] Golgi
383. Sherrington theorized the synapse and described many of its properties based on
[A] his work with the Golgi stain
[B] his electron microscopy work
[C] his studies of the nervous connections of frog hearts
[D] his studies of spinal reflexes in dogs
384. Synaptic transmission from the vagus nerve to the heart was found to be chemical by
[A] Golgi
[B] Sherrington
[C] Cajal
[D] Loewi
385. Vagusstoff, the chemical released from the vagus nerve to the heart, was later found to be
[A] adrenalin
[B] serotonin
[C] acetylcholine
[D] dopamine
386. Much of what we know about axonal transmission was learned from experiments on
[A] the spinal reflex of the dog
[B] the giant axon of the squid
[C] the axon of the giant squid
[D] the siphon mantle of Aplysia
387. Weber‟s special interest lay in the senses of
[A] touch and gustation
[B] touch and pain
[C] touch and kinesthesis
[D] touch and olfaction
388. Which of the following is NOT true of Weber‟s work on the two-point threshold?
[A] It showed that for every change in stimulation, there is a corresponding change in sensation.
[B] It was a systematic demonstration of the threshold concept.
[C] It demonstrated that every change in stimulation does not automatically result in a change in
sensation.
[D] He found that sensitivity varies greatly for different parts of the body.
389. In his studies of weight judgments, Weber called the smallest difference in weights that
could be reliably detected the
[A] smallest noticeable threshold
[B] two-point threshold
[C] just noticeable difference
[D] smallest reliable difference
390. Weber found that the barely noticeable differences were
[A] a constant ratio of the standard stimulus
[B] more valid at the extremes and less valid in the middle
[C] all the same for different sensory modalities
[D] valid in the middle of the range he was studying but not at the extremes
391. Using the pseudonym Dr. Mises, Fechner lampooned the medical profession with the paper
titled
[A] “How to Deliver a Baby”
[B] “Proof That the Moon Is Made of Iodine”
[C] “The Comparative Anatomy of Angels”
[D] “How to Make a Bandage”
392. The publication for which Fechner is most famous in psychology is
[A] Elements of Psychophysics
[B] Preparatory School of Aesthetics
[C] Zend-Avesta, or Concerning Matters of Heaven and the Hereafter
[D] Nanna, or Concerning the Mental Life of Plants,
393. Which of the following is the mathematical expression Fechner called Weber‟s law?
[A] delta S/R = a constant
[B] delta R/R = S
[C] delta R/R = a constant
[D] delta k/R = S
394. Fechner‟s law is
[A] R = S log k
[B] S = R log R
[C] R = k log S
[D] S = k log R
395. A graph of Fechner‟s law shows that at low levels of intensity,
[A] large changes in a stimulus result in no change in the sensation
[B] large stimulus changes result in small changes in sensation
[C] small changes in a stimulus result in changes in the sensation
[D] small changes in a stimulus produce no changes in the sensation
396. In recent years, Fechner‟s logarithmic relation between stimulus intensity and sensation has
been modified into a power relation called
[A] Weber‟s law
[B] Fechner‟s law
[C] Stevens‟s law
[D] Boring‟s law
397. Which of the following was NOT one of Fechner‟s accomplishments?
[A] cut the corpus callosum to see if two streams of consciousness would result
[B] developed or systematized the psychophysical methods
[C] wrote a book that became the foundation of experimental aesthetics
[D] showed it was possible to measure the mind
398. What was the early Christian church‟s model of mind? From whose writings was it derived?
How did da Vinci‟s dissection of the brain of an ox result in evidence that cast doubt on the
Church‟s model?
399. Trace the ideas of the nervous system and electricity through the work of Galvani, Volta, du
Bois-Reymond, and Helmholtz. What was the importance of Helmholtz‟s measurement of the
speed of the nerve impulse?
400. Briefly discuss the two major theories of color vision developed in the 19th century. Give
some phenomena that Hering‟s theory explains better than the Young-Helmholtz theory.
401. What is the Bell-Magendie law? Briefly discuss the research that led to its formulation, and
tell why the name might more properly be the Magendie-Bell law.
402. What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies? Whose writings anticipated it and who
formalized it? Give a prediction of the doctrine and an example to illustrate the prediction.
403. Name the founder of phrenology, its chief propagandist, and its chief opponent. What were
some of phrenology‟s positive contributions to the study of brain function?
404. For each of the following, tell what Flourens concluded happened in an animal after it was
removed: cerebral lobes, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, medulla oblongata. What impressed
Flourens more than the action propre he found for each part he damaged? What was there about
the way he performed his ablations that led to the conclusions he reached?
405. Describe P. P. Gage‟s accident and tell its importance for knowledge of the physiological
basis of mind.
406. Describe the early localization of language functions in the human brain. What is
Wernicke‟s model?
407. Trace the early development of the electrical stimulation method to study brain function.
Describe Bartholow‟s “research” on Mary Rafferty. Why was Bartholow criticized whereas
Penfield was praised for similar research?
408. Trace the research that led to the victory of the neuron doctrine over the nerve network idea.
What is ironic about the work of Ramón y Cajal and Golgi‟s unchanging beliefs?
409. What led Sherrington to theorize the existence of the synapse? How did Loewi prove that
synaptic transmission, at least from the vagus nerve to the heart, is chemical?
410. What was Ernst Weber‟s role in the development of psychophysics? What did Fechner call
Weber‟s law, and what do we call Fechner‟s law? Use Fechner‟s law to describe the sensations
of a person exposed to increasing intensities of spots of light in a dark room.
CHAPTER EIGHT
411. Which of the following was probably NOT a reason psychology as an experimental science
arose in Germany?
[A] German universities encouraged “freedom of learning”
[B] German universities attracted the best students because, unlike universities in other countries,
exams were given at regular intervals during each semester
[C] German universities encouraged “freedom of teaching”
[D] A major innovation was original research as part of university training
412. Before attending Heidelberg University, Wundt was
[A] a mediocre student who frequently daydreamed in class
[B] an excellent student, ranking at or near the top in all his classes
[C] an average student who worked hard for the grades he received
[D] inconsistent in his performance, sometimes earning top grades and sometimes failing
413. Wundt studied the effect of salt intake on urine output under the supervision of
[A] Bunsen
[B] Müller
[C] du Bois-Reymond
[D] Helmholtz
414. From 1858 to 1864, Wundt worked in the newly established physiological institute at
Heidelberg, where he was an assistant to
[A] Helmholtz
[B] Müller
[C] Bunsen
[D] du Bois-Reymond
415. Wundt outlined his plans for psychology in his 1862 publication
[A] Outlines of Psychology
[B] Principles of Physiological Psychology
[C] Fundamentals of Experimental Psychology
[D] Contributions Toward a Theory of Sense Perception
416. Wundt‟s most important and influential book was
[A] Contributions Toward a Theory of Sense Perception
[B] Fundamentals of Experimental Psychology
[C] Principles of Physiological Psychology
[D] Outlines of Psychology
417. To Wundt, “physiological psychology” meant
[A] psychological neuroscience
[B] social psychology
[C] experimental psychology
[D] sensation and perception
418. The generally accepted date for the founding of psychology as a separate experimental
science is
[A] 1879
[B] 1875
[C] 1860
[D] 1892
419. The importance of Wundt‟s pendulum clock experiment was that with it he had
[A] shown that sensations are always accompanied by feelings
[B] experimentally measured a psychological process
[C] shown that some thoughts occur without images
[D] found that only one act of attention was necessary
420. Wundt initially planned to call his journal
[A] Psychological Studies
[B] Experiments in Psychology
[C] Philosophical Studies
[D] Studies in Sensation and Perception
421. Wundt believed that the direct experience of consciousness, which he called immediate
experience, provided the data for
[A] experimental psychology
[B] physics
[C] the Völkerpsychologie
[D] scientific metaphysics
422. Wundt thought that the higher mental processes
[A] were found only in adults
[B] could not be studied experimentally
[C] could be studied experimentally
[D] could not be proved to exist
423. Wundt published his work on the study of the higher mental processes in
[A] Philosophical Studies
[B] Natural Science and Cultural Science
[C] Experimental Studies of the Higher Mental Processes
[D] the Völkerpsychologie
424. Wundt called one of his methods for studying consciousness
[A] introspection
[B] internal perception
[C] self-analysis
[D] inner awareness
425. Which of the following was not a rule that Wundt followed with his technique of inner
analysis of consciousness?
[A] Observers were primed for the stimulus, in a state of strained attention.
[B] Observers were unaware of when the stimulus would occur.
[C] Observers needed extensive training.
[D] Observations had to be repeated many times.
426. About half of the studies in Wundt‟s laboratory from 1881 to 1903 were on the topic of
[A] sensation and perception
[B] feelings
[C] reaction time
[D] attention
427. The difference in observations between astronomers became known as the
[A] astronometric difference
[B] astronomer‟s formula
[C] personal equation
[D] observational difference
428. The physiologist who took over the reaction experiment from the astronomers was
[A] Donders
[B] Kinnebrook
[C] Maskelyne
[D] Bessel
429. Which of the following was not one of the assumptions of the mental chronometry method?
[A] Complicated reaction times are the sum of the reaction times for each of the different mental
acts involved.
[B] It takes time to perform mental acts.
[C] It is possible to determine the time required for a particular mental act by subtraction.
[D] Complex mental acts take at least twice as long as simple mental acts.
430. Which of the following of Wundt‟s students invented keys activated by lip movements or
by the sound of a subject‟s voice to study reaction times?
[A] Cattell
[B] Kraepelin
[C] Lange
[D] Külpe
431. Newt is reading a book. According to Wundt, the words on which his attention is focused
are
[A] apprehended
[B] synthesized
[C] perceived
[D] apperceived
432. Ludwig Lange compared simple reaction times when the subject attended either to the
expected stimulus or to the response to be made and generally found that
[A] the reaction time was sometimes longer and sometimes shorter when the focus was on the
stimulus
[B] reaction times were slightly longer when the focus was on the stimulus
[C] there were no differences in the reaction times
[D] reaction times were slightly longer when the subject focused on the response
433. Wundt made the voluntary nature of attention his model psychological phenomenon and
called his system
[A] attentionalism
[B] affectionalism
[C] voluntarism
[D] structuralism
434. Wundt believed that apperceived ideas could be combined in novel ways by a
[A] dynamic combination
[B] chemical fusion
[C] mental chemistry
[D] creative synthesis
435. In a typical Wundt experiment, random letters are flashed briefly on the screen, and the
subject is asked to recall as many of the letters as possible. Wundt was trying to measure the
[A] apprehension span
[B] digit span
[C] apperception span
[D] comprehension span
436. The psychiatrist and student of Wundt who applied Wundt‟s attentional theory to
schizophrenia was
[A] Lipps
[B] Witmer
[C] Kraepelin
[D] Külpe
437. Wundt based his theory of feelings on his internal perceptions to
[A] the sound of classical music
[B] the sight of an attractive person
[C] the smell of a rose
[D] the sound of a metronome
438. Wundt developed a three-dimensional theory of feelings. Which of the following was not
one of the theory‟s dimensions?
[A] pleasurable-unpleasurable
[B] strain-relaxation
[C] arousing-subduing
[D] active-passive
439. Leipzig research tried to relate the three dimensions of feelings to unique response patterns
using the
[A] response-pattern method
[B] chronometric method
[C] method of expression
[D] factor-analytic method
440. Wundt‟s American student who founded the world‟s first psychological clinic was
[A] Scripture
[B] Judd
[C] Witmer
[D] Cattell
441. Wundt‟s student best remembered for his empathy theory of aesthetic enjoyment was
[A] Judd
[B] Titchener
[C] Lipps
[D] Witmer
442. The main thing Wundt‟s American students brought with them from Leipzig was
[A] specific content knowledge of psychology
[B] a desire to found psychological clinics
[C] a commitment to psychological research
[D] a strong desire to use introspection to analyze their own consciousness
443. According to the modern reappraisal of Wundt, he was
[A] the proponent of a dual psychology, with one foot in the natural science camp and the other
leading to a social psychology
[B] the founder of structuralism and committed to the use of introspection
[C] a major proponent of psychology wholly as a social science
[D] a major proponent of psychology wholly as a natural science
444. Compared to the era in which psychology was dominated by behaviorism, Wundt in the
cognitive era is
[A] equally well understood
[B] incomprehensible now just as he was then
[C] better understood
[D] less well understood
445. On the issue of a reductionistic approach to psychology (interpreting psychical processes
physically), Wundt was
[A] completely in agreement
[B] partially in agreement
[C] adamantly opposed
[D] without opinion
446. The first experimental journal devoted primarily to psychology was
[A] Psychological Studies
[B] Mind
[C] Philosophical Studies
[D] Experimental Psychology
447. Wundt‟s student best known as the owner of the Psychological Review Company was
[A] Witmer
[B] Scripture
[C] Pace
[D] Warren
448. Titchener spent his career at
[A] Cornell
[B] Stanford
[C] Oxford
[D] Harvard
449. In which way did Titchener differ from Wundt?
[A] He was never able to have sole responsibility over a journal
[B] He used experimental demonstrations in his elementary lectures
[C] He required his staff to attend his elementary lectures
[D] He ruled his laboratory autocratically
450. The journal with which Titchener was closely associated throughout his career was
[A] Psychological Review
[B] American Journal of Psychology
[C] Philosophical Studies
[D] Psychological Bulletin
451. Titchener‟s first Ph.D. student was
[A] Karl Dallenbach
[B] Celestia Parrish
[C] E. G. Boring
[D] Margaret Floy Washburn
452. Titchener called his informal club of psychology laboratory directors
[A] The Experimentalists
[B] The Psychonomic Society
[C] The Researchers
[D] The Society of Experimental Psychologists
453. Titchener believed that Wundt‟s distinction between immediate experience and mediate
experience meant that psychology
[A] could never be a natural science
[B] could only be studied as Wundt studied it in the Völkerpsychologie
[C] could never study the higher mental processes experimentally
[D] required the use of experimental introspection
454. In his science of psychology, Titchener was primarily interested in
[A] the developing child mind
[B] the animal mind
[C] the abnormal human mind
[D] the human adult mind
455. According to Titchener, describing the stimulus itself rather than reporting the immediate
sensations or feelings the stimulus produces means that you have committed the
[A] stimulus error
[B] descriptive error
[C] experiential error
[D] introspective error
456. For Titchener, the three basic elements of consciousness were
[A] sensations, perceptions, and affections
[B] sensations, images, and perceptions
[C] sensations, conductions, and feelings
[D] sensations, images, and affections
457. According to Titchener, which of the following numbers is closest to the total number of
different human sensations?
[A] 32,000
[B] 12,000
[C] 44,000
[D] 20
458. How did Titchener‟s theory of feelings differ from Wundt‟s?
[A] Titchener found two dimensions.
[B] Titchener found only one dimension
[C] Titchener found four dimensions.
[D] There was no difference.
459. Which was not one of Titchener‟s basic attributes of a mental element?
[A] quality
[B] duration
[C] intensity
[D] quantity
460. Titchener made attention an attribute of sensations, equating it with
[A] duration
[B] intensity
[C] clearness
[D] extensity
461. According to Titchener, meaning is always just
[A] process
[B] context
[C] attensity
[D] content
462. Which of the following statements better fits Titchener than Wundt?
[A] He distinguished between immediate and mediate experience
[B] He used the method of internal perception in a circumscribed manner
[C] He believed it was possible to study the higher mental processes directly
[D] He stressed the voluntary operation of the mind
463. Titchener‟s primary contribution was
[A] the strict, empirical, experimental approach he brought to American psychology
[B] his founding of the experimental laboratory at Cornell
[C] his training of female psychologists
[D] his rigorous introspective technique
464. The first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology was
[A] Margaret Washburn
[B] Mary Calkins
[C] Celestia Parrish
[D] Nancy Bayley
465. Titchener rejected the idea of imageless thoughts because
[A] he thought they were an artifact of improper introspection
[B] he did not believe thinking could be studied in the laboratory
[C] they were theoretically impossible in his system
[D] they had only been experienced by women
466. Because of his training and interests, Brentano was particularly knowledgeable about
[A] Kant
[B] Descartes
[C] Plato
[D] Aristotle
467. Brentano‟s fame for psychology was established by the publication of
[A] Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
[B] Principles of Act Psychology
[C] Psychology from a Perceptual Perspective
[D] Principles of Physiological Psychology
468. Brentano resigned from the priesthood and from the University of Würzburg because of the
[A] doctrine of papal infallibility
[B] desire to marry a former nun
[C] Protestant Reformation
[D] loss of religious convictions
469. Brentano‟s psychology was empirical in the sense that it was based on
[A] experimentation
[B] rational deduction
[C] experience
[D] inductive reasoning
470. For Brentano, the act has immanent objectivity, which means that
[A] it contains an object within itself
[B] it is related to objective self-evaluation
[C] it deals with objects of our desires
[D] it treats objects as subjective reality
471. If you see a red apple, the act, or psychic phenomenon, is
[A] seeing
[B] the color red
[C] your visual apparatus
[D] the apple
472. Brentano‟s psychology was an act psychology, whereas Wundt‟s was a psychology of
[A] content
[B] feelings
[C] being
[D] experiences
473. Which of the following was not one of Brentano‟s categories of mental acts?
[A] recreating
[B] judging
[C] loving and hating
[D] ideating
474. As the “primary and essential source of psychology,” Brentano chose
[A] internal perception
[B] mental testing
[C] introspection
[D] external observation
475. According to Brentano, we cannot use inner observation to study mental states such as
anger directly because
[A] many people do not have such mental states
[B] such mental states are too hard to create
[C] in the attempt, we change what we are trying to study
[D] the mental states last long after our study is over
476. Although they used the same terminology, Brentano‟s inner perception technique was
decidedly different from that of
[A] Husserl
[B] Stumpf
[C] Wundt
[D] Titchener
477. For Brentano, the defining feature of consciousness was its
[A] objectivity
[B] intentionality
[C] individuality
[D] continuity
478. For Brentano, the recognition of intentionality as the central element of consciousness
represented a restoration of Aristotle‟s concept of
[A] material cause
[B] formal cause
[C] efficient cause
[D] final cause
479. Which of the following areas of psychology did Brentano least influence?
[A] functionalism
[B] Gestalt psychology
[C] behaviorism
[D] cognitive psychology
480. Which of the following was NOT a student of Brentano?
[A] Külpe
[B] Freud
[C] Stumpf
[D] von Ehrenfels
481. One key to appreciating the contributions of Stumpf is to recognize his lifelong interest in
[A] sports
[B] writing
[C] chemistry
[D] music
482. Stumpf‟s first book was on the subject of
[A] musical tones
[B] Clever Hans
[C] space perception
[D] the mapping of sensory fields
483. Stumpf‟s theory of space perception was
[A] something with which Wundt quickly took exception
[B] based entirely on experience with “local signs,”
[C] nativistic
[D] identical to that of his teacher, Lotze
484. Stumpf combined his interests in psychology and music in
[A] The Psychology of Music
[B] Musical Prodigies
[C] The Study of Phonograms
[D] Tone Psychology
485. Stumpf had a quarrel with Wundt that began when Stumpf criticized the work of one of
Wundt‟s students on
[A] tonal distances
[B] the study of feelings with the method of expression
[C] motorial reaction times
[D] psychophysics
486. The Archive for Phonograms was founded by
[A] Husserl
[B] Stumpf
[C] Brentano
[D] Meinong
487. Stumpf‟s second class of experiences (the functions) was really Brentano‟s
[A] inner observations
[B] acts
[C] Aristotelian causes
[D] contents
488. Because of his influence on students such as Koffka, Köhler, and Lewin, we can view
Stumpf as an important link between Brentano and
[A] functionalism
[B] cognitive psychology
[C] Gestalt psychology
[D] behaviorism
489. Beyond Stumpf, another important contributor to the psychology of music was
[A] Seashore
[B] Pfungst
[C] Ebbinghaus
[D] Husserl
490. The man Husserl considered his “one and only teacher” was
[A] G. E. Müller
[B] Stumpf
[C] Brentano
[D] Katz
491. Husserl‟s best-known pupil was
[A] Heidegger
[B] Ebbinghaus
[C] Malvine
[D] Wittgenstein
492. For Husserl, phenomenology was
[A] the science of examining the data of conscious experience
[B] a science that logically followed psychology
[C] the cognition of essence
[D] the study of the elements of experiences
493. Husserl‟s critics have argued that he should be of no interest to psychologists because
[A] Husserl saw no logical relation between phenomenology and psychology
[B] Husserl believed that a science of psychology was impossible
[C] Husserl thought the only meaningful psychology was structuralism
[D] Husserl saw phenomenology as a separate science that preceded psychology
494. The purpose of Wessensschau is to apprehend something‟s essence through a consideration
of
[A] emotionality
[B] immanent objectivity
[C] phenomena
[D] intentionality
495. Phenomenology is most closely connected with
[A] positivistic associationism
[B] cognitive science
[C] structuralism
[D] behaviorism
496. The famous book that started Ebbinghaus on his program of memory research was
[A] Wundt‟s Principles of Physiological Psychology
[B] Brentano‟s Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
[C] Fechner‟s Elements of Psychophysics
[D] Stumpf‟s Tone Psychology
497. Ebbinghaus‟s research on memory was particularly important because
[A] it disproved some of the main tenets of phrenology
[B] it showed that children differed in their mental abilities
[C] it supported the method Wundt used in the Völkerpsychologie
[D] it showed that it was possible to study higher mental functions directly
498. Ebbinghaus‟s famous memory research was published first in
[A] Investigation of Human Memory
[B] Concerning Memory
[C] Principles of the Psychology of Memory
[D] Outline of Psychology
499. Which of the following was not one of Ebbinghaus‟s major contributions to psychology?
[A] He worked on intelligence testing in children
[B] He founded an important journal in 1890
[C] He performed investigations in psychophysics
[D] He wrote introductory psychology textbooks
500. Ebbinghaus‟s famous line, “Psychology has a long past, but only a short history,” opened
[A] A Brief History of Psychology
[B] Outline of Psychology
[C] Concerning Memory
[D] Principles of Psychology
501. Ebbinghaus‟s invention to study memory of verbal material uncontaminated by previous
experience is often called the
[A] nonsense syllable
[B] meaningless trigram
[C] pseudoword
[D] memory drum
502. Overlearning
[A] impairs retention
[B] has no effect on retention
[C] aids retention
[D] is inconsistent in its effect on retention
503. Continually rehearsing material beyond a set criterion of mastery is called
[A] massed practice
[B] overlearning
[C] relearning
[D] distributed practice
504. In his study of the amount of practice and memory, Ebbinghaus found that
[A] the fewer times he rehearsed a list originally, the fewer times he had to rehearse it to relearn
it
[B] the longer the list, the fewer times he had to rehearse it to learn it
[C] the more times he rehearsed a list originally, the fewer times he had to rehearse it to relearn it
[D] the more times he rehearsed a list originally, the more times he had to rehearse it to relearn it
505. When we plot Ebbinghaus‟s savings scores over time, we observe
[A] a large initial drop in retention followed by increasing losses over longer periods
[B] a slight initial drop in retention followed by increasing losses over longer periods
[C] a slight initial drop in retention followed by decreasing losses over longer periods
[D] a large initial drop in retention followed by decreasing losses over longer periods
506. For learning lists of syllables, Ebbinghaus found that
[A] distributed practice is better than massed practice
[B] the effects of massed and distributed practice are inconsistent
[C] massed practice is better than distributed practice
[D] there is no difference between massed and distributed practice
507. The reason Ebbinghaus delayed publishing his research on memory is
[A] he was replicating and extending his findings in the meantime
[B] he was unable to find a publisher interested in his work
[C] he was working on intelligence testing in the meantime
[D] he was suffering from a major illness
508. Following Fechner‟s death in 1887, the leader in psychophysics became
[A] Müller
[B] Ebbinghaus
[C] Wundt
[D] Stumpf
509. The memory drum was invented by
[A] Müller and Schumann
[B] Müller and Külpe
[C] Stern and Bryan
[D] Ebbinghaus and Bryan
510. Which of the following got his Ph.D. under Müller, was Stumpf‟s assistant for 11 years at
Berlin, and assisted in the founding of Gestalt psychology?
[A] Külpe
[B] Schumann
[C] Jaensch
[D] Rubin
511. Müller and Pilzecker‟s finding that new learning can interfere with the memory of material
learned earlier is part of the
[A] interference theory of forgetting
[B] inhibitory theory of new learning
[C] interference theory of retroactivity
[D] new theory of forgetting
512. The interference of new learning with previous learning is called
[A] reactive inhibition
[B] preactive inhibition
[C] retroactive inhibition
[D] proactive inhibition
513. Müller‟s female student who eventually became the first woman to head a Stanford
department was
[A] Margaret Washburn
[B] Lillien Martin
[C] Mary Calkins
[D] Eleanor Gamble
514. The main method used by the Würzburg school was
[A] the method of limits
[B] mental testing
[C] systematic experimental introspection
[D] objective observation
515. In his Outlines of Psychology, Külpe omitted any mention of the study of a topic that
became a major focus of research at Würzburg. The topic was
[A] feeling
[B] sensation
[C] thought
[D] reaction time
516. In addition to Wundt‟s sensations, images, and feelings, Marbe‟s research suggested a
fourth element of the mind, which was called
[A] “conscious attitudes,”
[B] “gestalt quality,”
[C] “imageless thought,”
[D] “collective unconscious.”
517. What two important things did the work of Watt bring to the Würzburg investigations?
[A] fractionating the introspections and an emphasis on the task
[B] an emphasis on conscious attitudes and on the determining tendency
[C] fractionating the introspections and an emphasis on conscious attitudes
[D] an emphasis on the introspections and on imageless thought
518. Who found that subjects given the numbers 8 and 2 and the instruction to add almost
inevitably responded with the number 10, that is, that the task predetermined the result?
[A] Lange
[B] Marbe
[C] Watt
[D] Ach
519. Which of the following did not report imageless thought?
[A] Ach
[B] Woodworth
[C] Wundt
[D] Binet
520. Titchener tried to reduce the Würzburgers‟ imageless thought with vague awareness to
[A] kinesthetic sensations
[B] imagination
[C] vestibular sensations
[D] sensations from the alimentary canal
521. The inconsistencies in the introspective reports that led to the imageless thought controversy
had the effect of
[A] hastening the demise of introspection as an experimental method of psychology
[B] producing introspections that were simpler than those used at Würzburg
[C] causing researchers to change their training methods for their introspectors
[D] attracting researchers to the Würzburg school
522. What was there about the German university system in the 19th century that facilitated the
rise of psychology as experimental science?
523. What were Wundt‟s two psychologies? What was Wundt‟s approach to the study of the
higher mental processes?
524. Trace the history of the study of reaction time. Why was Wundt so interested in the
reaction-time experiment of Ludwig Lange? Why did Helmholtz abandon the use of reaction
times?
525. Describe Wundt‟s ideas about attention. How did he differentiate between perception and
apperception? Why did he call his system voluntarism? For Wundt, what happened to the
combination of ideas at the focus of attention?
526. Briefly discuss the modern reappraisal of Wundt. Before the current view, how was Wundt
perceived? To what can we attribute the misperception?
527. Describe some of the similarities between Wundt and Titchener. What are some of the
major differences between them?
528. What was the purpose of Titchener‟s creation of The Experimentalists? Why did he exclude
women? Who was the first woman elected to membership in the reorganized society after
Titchener‟s death?
529. What did Titchener mean by the term “stimulus error”? Give an example.
530. What was the imageless thought controversy? Why did Wundt reject the idea of imageless
thoughts? Titchener?
531. Describe Titchener‟s controversy with Baldwin over sensorial and motorial reaction times.
What effect did the controversy have on Titchener‟s position in American psychology?
532. Compare and contrast Brentano‟s act psychology with Wundt‟s voluntarism. What areas of
psychology and/or people were most influenced by act psychology?
533. Briefly describe Husserl‟s phenomenology. Which of the schools of psychology was
perhaps most influenced by Husserl? Which of the current topical areas (e.g., social,
developmental, cognitive) is most in line with Husserl‟s phenomenology?
534. Describe Ebbinghaus‟s memory research. In addition to its empirical findings, why was
Ebbinghaus‟s memory research so important at the time he did it? What were some of the major
conclusions Ebbinghaus drew from his memory research? What did he invent to facilitate and
objectify his study of memory?
535. In which three major research areas did G. E. Müller make significant contributions? What
was his contribution to current explanations for forgetting?
536. Describe how Külpe‟s research at the Würzburg school departed from his training under
Wundt. What was Külpe‟s contribution to the imageless-thought controversy? What was perhaps
the most important effect of the controversy?
CHAPTER NINE
537. The interest of many of America‟s first psychologists in the mind‟s functions was
stimulated in large part by
[A] Darwin‟s evolution concept
[B] Galton‟s study of individual differences
[C] Wundt‟s voluntarism
[D] Titchener‟s structuralism
538. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons psychologists were interested in the
concept of organic evolution?
[A] Evolution requires variability within a species
[B] Evolution puts humans in the animal kingdom, making the study of animals important
[C] Evolution reinforces the idea of mind as a factor differentiating man and other animals
[D] Presumably consciousness has evolved
539. The 18th-century evolutionist who set his ideas about evolution to verse was
[A] Auguste Comte
[B] Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
[C] Comte de Buffon
[D] Erasmus Darwin
540. Which of the following best expresses Lamarck‟s thinking?
[A] Lamarck believed in a perfect ordering of organisms
[B] Lamarck stressed the transformation of body parts through efforts by the animal to adapt to
its environment.
[C] There is a tendency in organisms toward perfection and simplicity of form.
[D] Lamarck believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
541. According to Lamarck, heritable changes
[A] are a function of genetic differences
[B] are imposed on the animal from outside
[C] are a function of an organism‟s internal need and effort
[D] are evidence of God‟s will
542. In his view of the mutability of species, Lamarck was vigorously opposed by
[A] Herbert Spencer
[B] Erasmus Darwin
[C] Georges Cuvier
[D] Comte de Buffon
543. For Lamarck, one factor that accounted for evolution was
[A] a tendency in organisms for greater simplicity
[B] genetic variability in species
[C] a general regression of traits from the offspring toward their parents
[D] a tendency in organisms toward perfection and greater complexity
544. Herbert Spencer‟s interest in evolution began with a reading of
[A] Bain‟s support of Darwin in The Emotions and the Will
[B] Darwin‟s The Origin of Species
[C] Lyell‟s criticism of Lamarck in Principles of Geology
[D] Lamarck‟s Zoological Philosophy
545. Spencer‟s views on evolution had little impact in the 1850s because
[A] they were based on Lamarckism
[B] Spencer was too young to have any credibility
[C] Spencer was trained as a chemist rather than as a biologist
[D] Spencer had no influential friends
546. Spencer aimed at an examination of the problems of sociology, psychology, biology,
education, and ethics from the standpoint of evolution in his
[A] synthetic biology
[B] synthetic philosophy
[C] synthetic Lamarckism
[D] synthetic science
547. Spencer‟s application of evolutionary ideas to societies and institutions is called
[A] the Spencer-Bain principle
[B] social Darwinism
[C] survival of the fittest
[D] evolutionary associationism
548. To the development of voluntary behavior through the action of pleasurable or
unpleasurable events, Spencer added a tendency for frequently made associations to be passed on
to future generations. This is called
[A] the Spencer-Bain principle
[B] survival of the fittest
[C] the Spencer-Lamarck principle
[D] social Darwinism
549. The phrase “survival of the fittest” was coined by
[A] Lamarck
[B] Charles Darwin
[C] Spencer
[D] Erasmus Darwin
550. Darwin found perhaps his most striking evidence for the mutability of species on the
[A] South American continent
[B] Galápagos Islands
[C] plains of Africa
[D] east coast of America
551. Captain Robert FitzRoy asked Charles Darwin to accompany him on his surveying voyage
because
[A] FitzRoy was looking for a gentleman to talk to as an equal
[B] FitzRoy was indebted to the Darwin family
[C] FitzRoy wanted a naturalist to find evidence for evolution
[D] FitzRoy wanted someone with experience in geology to find support for the idea that the
earth is much older than the biblical account indicates
552. Critical for Darwin‟s thinking in terms of long time frames and gradual change was his
reading of
[A] Malthus‟s Essay on the Principle of Population
[B] Spencer‟s Principles of Psychology
[C] FitzRoy‟s Voyages of the Beagle
[D] Lyell‟s Principles of Geology
553. Malthus‟s Essay on the Principle of Population discussed the tendency of humans to
[A] increase faster than their cities can grow
[B] die from disease faster than medicine can cure them
[C] increase in height with each succeeding generation
[D] increase faster than the means to support them
554. Darwin deduced from Malthus‟s Essay on the Principle of Population that
[A] nature selects by breeding an oversupply of a species and then killing off individuals not
adequately adapted to their environments
[B] humans are as much a product of evolution as other animals
[C] nature selects by inducing mutations
[D] human populations are smaller than animal populations
555. Darwin was forced to write The Origin of Species when he received a letter outlining a
theory similar to his from
[A] Spencer
[B] Hooker
[C] Wallace
[D] Gray
556. About the issue of priority for the theory of evolution, Wallace
[A] thought that Darwin had acted honorably
[B] believed that the theory of evolution should have been called the Wallace-Darwin theory
[C] felt cheated out of priority that was rightfully his
[D] believed that the theory of evolution should have been called the Darwin-Wallace theory
557. Perhaps the best explanation for Darwin‟s delay in publishing his theory of evolution was
[A] his mysterious and debilitating illness
[B] what he considered a difficulty for his theory: the instincts of insects such as bees
[C] what he considered a difficulty for his theory: the biblical account of creation
[D] his pursuit of other projects
558. Which of the following was not one of Darwin‟s allies?
[A] Charles Lyell
[B] Thomas Huxley
[C] Joseph Hooker
[D] Samuel Wilberforce
559. Which of the following is NOT true of how Darwin treated instincts in The Origin of
Species?
[A] Instinctual behavior varies within a species.
[B] By their very nature, instinctual behaviors do not vary within a species
[C] If an individual‟s instincts give a reproductive advantage, then they will be passed on to its
offspring.
[D] Instincts are inheritable.
560. Darwin presented his major evidence for human evolution in
[A] The Origin of Species
[B] The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
[C] The Descent of Man
[D] Human Evolution
561. Which of the following is NOT a method Darwin used to gather information on the
evolution of human emotions?
[A] the observation of infant emotions
[B] the observation of adult emotions in his audiences of lay people
[C] the emotional expression in the commoner animals
[D] the emotional expression in the insane
562. Which is NOT one of Darwin‟s principles to account for most of the emotional expressions
used by animals and people?
[A] the principle of the direct action of the nervous system
[B] the principle of exaggeration
[C] the principle of antithesis
[D] the principle of serviceable associated habits
563. Wrinkling the nose in a sneer in response to an offensive smell illustrates
[A] the principle of antithesis
[B] the principle of exaggeration
[C] the principle of the direct action of the nervous system
[D] the principle of serviceable associated habits
564. Comparative psychology began through Darwin‟s encouragement of a young naturalist,
[A] Lloyd Morgan
[B] George Romanes
[C] Herbert Spencer
[D] Francis Galton
565. The idea that the development of an individual repeats in some fashion the development of
the species was popularized by
[A] Haeckel
[B] Romanes
[C] Darwin
[D] Spencer
566. In contrast to Fechner and Wundt, Galton devoted himself to the study of
[A] the introspective analysis of human consciousness
[B] group behavior
[C] individual differences
[D] precocious children
567. The work for which Galton is best known is
[A] Hereditary Genius
[B] History of the Sciences and Scientists over Two Centuries
[C] English Men of Science
[D] Art of Travel
568. Like his disciple Cattell, Galton was obsessed with
[A] meteorology
[B] philosophy
[C] measurement
[D] religion
569. As an amateur meteorologist, Galton discovered the
[A] cyclone
[B] hurricane
[C] tornado
[D] anticyclone
570. The statistician who showed that the distributions of heritable characteristics often conform
to a curve with a peak in the center and symmetrical tails on either side was
[A] Cattell
[B] Quételet
[C] Galton
[D] de Candolle
571. Anticipating a similar finding by Terman, Galton concluded that high intelligence
[A] was associated with physical weakness
[B] was associated with weakness in men but not in women
[C] was associated with weakness in men born to eminent fathers
[D] was not associated with physical weakness
572. The curve with a peak in the center and symmetrical tails on either side is today called the
[A] “deviation from the average” curve
[B] random curve
[C] curve of random variability
[D] normal curve
573. The scientist who first used the questionnaire to investigate the heredity-environment
question in scientists was
[A] Hall
[B] de Candolle
[C] Quételet
[D] Galton
574. Based on his research, Galton stressed the importance for ability of
[A] educational experiences
[B] the mother‟s nutritional status
[C] the early environment
[D] heredity
575. From his study of scientists, Galton called for a reform of English schools to make them
more like the schools in
[A] Scotland
[B] Ireland
[C] Australia
[D] Canada
576. The person who deserves credit for popularizing the phrase “nature and nurture” is
[A] Hall
[B] Galton
[C] de Candolle
[D] Quételet
577. The belief that the human race can be improved by breeding the best people is called
[A] eugenics
[B] beneficial genetics
[C] neogenetics
[D] improvement by selective breeding
578. In order to identify the best people for breeding while they were still in their prime, Galton
established the first
[A] anthropometric laboratory
[B] genetic breeding laboratory
[C] neogenetics laboratory
[D] biological intelligence laboratory
579. The observation that although children of tall parents tend to be tall themselves, they tend to
be closer to average height than their parents is an example of
[A] regression toward the mean
[B] the coefficient of scatter
[C] product-moment regression
[D] scattering around the average
580. Galton‟s disciple who developed a formula to compute an index of correlation was
[A] Cattell
[B] Pearson
[C] Fisher
[D] Burt
581. The method Galton developed to help him produce a picture of the “average criminal” is
called
[A] the method of mean features
[B] felonious photography
[C] sketching criminality
[D] composite portraiture
582. Galton can be said to have progressed from anthropology to psychology, whereas his
contemporary who went the other way, from psychology to anthropology, was
[A] Wundt
[B] Cattell
[C] Hall
[D] James
583. Briefly describe pre-Darwinian evolution. How is Lamarck often misrepresented?
584. In what way is Herbert Spencer‟s name associated with Bain‟s? Why were Spencer‟s ideas
about evolution not taken seriously? What is social Darwinism and why was it so applauded in
America?
585. In what way was Wallace‟s letter a significant event in forcing Darwin to “go public” with
his theory of evolution? Should Wallace have gotten credit for the ideas of organic evolution?
Argue for and against such a possibility.
586. Briefly discuss Darwin‟s later works of more direct relevance for psychology–The Descent
of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
587. List and briefly discuss as many of Darwin‟s influences on psychology as you can. What
Darwinian influences on Western civilization can you identify?
588. What was the basis for Galton‟s tests of “intelligence”? What was his purpose in trying to
develop tests of intelligence?
589. Describe as many of Galton‟s contributions to science and psychology as you can.
CHAPTER TEN
590. America‟s early psychology before William James was primarily the story of
[A] faculty psychology
[B] moral philosophy
[C] empirical psychology
[D] philosophical physiology
591. America‟s first noteworthy philosopher was probably
[A] Laurens Perseus Hickok
[B] Samuel Johnson
[C] Dugald Stewart
[D] Jonathan Edwards
592. Which of the following forerunners of psychology in America tried to give a system of
scientific psychology based on his analysis of philosophical positions from Aristotle through
Kant?
[A] Samuel Johnson
[B] Dugald Stewart
[C] Laurens Perseus Hickok
[D] Jonathan Edwards
593. The professor of mental and moral philosophy at Bowdoin College in Maine who developed
a doctrine emphasizing “the teaching of proper moral action and the „cure of the soul‟” was
[A] Thomas Upham
[B] Jonathan Edwards
[C] Laurens Perseus Hickok
[D] Samuel Johnson
594. James was rescued from his morbid depression by his reading of the French philosopher
[A] Comte
[B] Descartes
[C] Renouvier
[D] La Mettrie
595. The journey William James took to Brazil with Harvard naturalist Louis Agassiz was
important for James‟s development because
[A] it revealed his love of travel and adventure
[B] it convinced James to pursue his love of medicine and become a physician
[C] it triggered an attack of paranoia from which James recovered slowly
[D] it showed him that he was unsuited to be a field naturalist
596. In 1875, William James founded a laboratory for his course in
[A] anatomy and physiology
[B] experimental philosophy
[C] comparative psychology
[D] physiological psychology
597. Known as the “James,” in 1890 William James published
[A] Introduction to Psychological Theory
[B] The Principles of Psychology
[C] Psychology: The Briefer Course
[D] Psychology: Its Principles and Systems
598. Based on Wundt‟s system of psychology, in 1887, Elements of Physiological Psychology
was published by
[A] McCosh
[B] Sully
[C] Dewey
[D] Ladd
599. Which of the following was NOT a contemporary criticism of James‟s Principles?
[A] Its arrangement was unsystematic.
[B] It was difficult to read.
[C] It was too materialistic.
[D] Its style was too brilliant.
600. Which is NOT one of James‟s principles of consciousness?
[A] Given similar experiences, consciousness is not unique to its possessor.
[B] It is always changing.
[C] It is sensibly continuous.
[D] It is selective.
601. James believed consciousness has evolved because it
[A] facilitates reproduction
[B] enables its possessor to experience pleasure and pain
[C] accounts for its possessor‟s ability to have emotions
[D] aids its possessor‟s adaptation
602. For James, the anatomical substrate of habit was
[A] a series of motor movements
[B] a change in the brain‟s humors
[C] a pathway in the brain, modified for easier travel in the future
[D] a connection between the brain‟s higher and lower centers
603. Which of the following called habit “the enormous fly-wheel of society”?
[A] James McKeen Cattell
[B] G. Stanley Hall
[C] William James
[D] Walter B. Cannon
604. The James-Lange theory of emotion is often paraphrased
[A] “I run, therefore I‟m afraid.
[B] “Fear causes me to tremble,”
[C] “Anger makes my hair stand on end,”
[D] “I‟m afraid, therefore I run,”
605. Which of the following did James believe about emotions?
[A] The response and the feeling occur simultaneously.
[B] The feeling comes before the response.
[C] The response and the feeling are totally unrelated.
[D] The response comes before the feeling.
606. The James-Lange theory was severely attacked in 1927 by
[A] Hall
[B] Singer
[C] Schachter
[D] Cannon
607. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the artificial stimulation of emotional
expression should
[A] hinder the learning of an emotion
[B] prevent an emotion from occurring
[C] produce an emotion
[D] produce positive but not negative emotional feelings
608. Recent studies have indicated that simulating emotional expression
[A] may produce positive but not negative emotions
[B] rarely results in emotional feeling
[C] can affect mood and alter autonomic activity
[D] may trigger negative but not positive emotions
609. When people with spinal cord injuries are asked about the intensity of their feelings, there is
[A] a negative correlation between the level of injury and intensity (the higher the damage, the
less the intensity)
[B] an inconsistent relationship between level of injury and intensity
[C] a positive correlation between the level of injury and intensity (the higher the damage, the
greater the intensity)
[D] no correlation between the level of injury and intensity
610. The Varieties of Religious Experience was written by
[A] Hall
[B] Starbuck
[C] James
[D] Leuba
611. The philosophical theory with which William James is more closely associated is
[A] negativism
[B] positivism
[C] pragmatism
[D] pragmaticism
612. The term “pragmatism” was introduced into philosophy by
[A] Wright
[B] Peirce
[C] James
[D] Holmes
613. Pragmatism‟s central test is
[A] Is it absolutely correct?
[B] Does it work?
[C] Is there a simpler solution?
[D] Can I accept it by faith?
614. James‟s student who cofounded the NAACP was
[A] George Santayana
[B] Edwin Bissell Holt
[C] Gertrude Stein
[D] W.E.B. Du Bois
615. Some people in the scientific community regarded James as a man whose judgment could
not be trusted because of his interest in
[A] research in phrenology
[B] research in hypnosis
[C] psychical research
[D] psychoanalytic research
616. The woman who began her serious study of psychology as the only student in a seminar
taught by James was
[A] Helen Keller
[B] Margaret Washburn
[C] Leta Hollingworth
[D] Mary Calkins
617. The first laboratory manual for experimental psychology was published by
[A] Titchener
[B] Hall
[C] Sanford
[D] Münsterberg
618. When Calkins considered working with Münsterberg in Germany, James discouraged her
because
[A] James thought Wundt was a better person to work with
[B] Münsterberg disliked having women in his seminar and laboratory
[C] Münsterberg was coming to America
[D] James wanted Calkins to continue working in his laboratory
619. At the end of her graduate work at Harvard, Calkins
[A] received a Ph.D. degree from Radcliffe
[B] received a Ph.D. degree from Harvard
[C] received a Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins as a substitute
[D] did not receive a Ph.D. from Harvard and rejected a Ph.D. from Radcliffe
620. As a means of reconciling differences between structural and functional psychology,
Calkins proposed to use her
[A] self-psychology
[B] training in conflict resolution
[C] expertise in psychoanalysis
[D] paired-associates method
621. The first female president of the American Psychological Association and of the American
Philosophical Association was
[A] Helen Keller
[B] Leta Hollingworth
[C] Theodate Smith
[D] Mary Calkins
622. James chose Münsterberg to direct the Harvard psychology laboratory because
[A] Münsterberg had broken away from Wundt to found his own laboratory and was beginning
to publish volumes on experimental psychology
[B] although he was German, Münsterberg spoke English well and was interested in becoming
an American citizen
[C] he and Münsterberg had been trained together in Wundt‟s laboratory
[D] Münsterberg had studied under G. E. Müller
623. At the time of his death, Münsterberg was
[A] widely respected and wealthy from his book royalties
[B] widely despised and essentially friendless
[C] on his way back to Germany to serve in the German military
[D] little known to the American public
624. On the Witness Stand and Psychology and Industrial Efficiency established Münsterberg as
a pioneer in
[A] legislative psychology
[B] psychometric psychology
[C] applied psychology
[D] comparative psychology
625. Münsterberg‟s science of psychotechnics was a forerunner of today‟s industrial psychology
and
[A] psychometrics
[B] technical psychology
[C] psychical psychology
[D] ergonomics
626. Comparing the influence of Münsterberg and Titchener on today‟s psychology
[A] neither man has had much influence
[B] Titchener has had by far the greater influence
[C] Münsterberg has had by far the greater influence
[D] both men have had a profound influence
627. Which of the following is considered the founder of applied psychology?
[A] James
[B] Baldwin
[C] Münsterberg
[D] Hall
628. Hall received a Harvard Ph.D., having taken most of his work with
[A] Peirce
[B] Münsterberg
[C] Royce
[D] James
629. In 1882, Hall lectured on the “new” psychology at Johns Hopkins; he considered the
principal division of the “new” psychology to be
[A] experimental psychology,
[B] abnormal psychology
[C] comparative psychology
[D] applied psychology,
630. Hall‟s experimental psychology laboratory at Hopkins influenced the development of
American psychology by
[A] attracting most of the students interested in psychology at the time
[B] producing experimental results that determined the direction of American psychology
[C] forcing other universities to create laboratories in order to stay current
[D] making Hall the best-known experimental psychologist in America
631. Hall‟s student who is perhaps best known for his books popularizing psychology and for his
duck-rabbit reversible figure was
[A] Sanford
[B] Jastrow
[C] Donaldson
[D] Wilson
632. Hall became a magician in order to
[A] help him detect deception in psychical phenomena
[B] help him become the president of the American Society for Psychical Research
[C] amuse children whose behavior he was interested in studying
[D] earn extra income
633. Hall founded the first American psychological journal, which was
[A] The American Journal of Psychology
[B] The Journal of Genetic Psychology
[C] Psychological Review
[D] Psychological Reports
634. Which was NOT a reason why Hall was able to assemble a talented faculty at Clark
University?
[A] reduced teaching loads
[B] high salaries
[C] ample equipment support
[D] maximum research time
635. Hall became the first president of
[A] University of Chicago
[B] University of Worcester
[C] Clark University
[D] Johns Hopkins University
636. In 1892, many students and faculty were lured away from Clark University to
[A] Columbia University
[B] Johns Hopkins University
[C] the University of Chicago
[D] Harvard University
637. In 1892, Hall called the organizational meeting of the
[A] American Psychological Association
[B] American Psychological Society
[C] Psychonomic Society
[D] American Psychical Association
638. Hall‟s editorship of The American Journal of Psychology damaged his relations with other
psychologists because
[A] he only published work done either by himself or by his students
[B] he often attacked his “friends” in caustic book reviews
[C] he often rewrote articles submitted by those he considered his enemies
[D] he used it as a forum to attack Titchener‟s structuralism
639. The major result of Hall‟s study of children was
[A] Senescence
[B] Child Psychology
[C] “The Contents of Children‟s Minds,”
[D] Adolescence
640. Hall‟s theory of child development was based on
[A] work published by James Mark Baldwin in The American Journal of Psychology
[B] Haeckel‟s recapitulation theory
[C] the results of Hall‟s questionnaire data
[D] Small‟s research on the development of behavior in infant rats
641. Hall‟s continuing interest in human development was apparent in his publication of
[A] Senescence
[B] Life’s End
[C] The Psychology of Aging
[D] Gerontology
642. Hall‟s claim to the founding of religious psychology rests in part on his publication of
[A] The Varieties of Religious Experience
[B] Jesus, the Christ, in the Light of Psychology
[C] The Psychology of Religion
[D] The American Journal of Religious Psychology and Education
643. At the tenth anniversary celebration of the founding of Clark University, Forel spoke about
[A] Titchener‟s development of structuralism
[B] the work on psychophysics by G. E. Müller
[C] the work of Breuer and Freud
[D] his work with ants
644. The introduction of Freud and psychoanalysis to American psychology came at
[A] Hall‟s dedication of the Donaldson building on the Clark campus
[B] the 1909 Clark Conference
[C] the 1899 Clark Conference
[D] Hall‟s dedication of the Sanford Building on the Clark campus
645. Hall‟s last graduate student, Francis Sumner, was the first
[A] president of Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
[B] black president of the American Psychological Association
[C] president of Howard University
[D] black student to earn a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States
646. Which of the following is not one of Hall‟s “firsts”?
[A] first exclusively psychological journal in English
[B] first president of the American Psychological Association
[C] first teaching laboratory in psychology in America
[D] first Ph.D. from Harvard‟s philosophy department
647. The studies for which Leta Hollingworth was recognized as providing the scientific
cornerstone for the feminist cause dealt with
[A] the negative gender hypothesis
[B] gender differences in aggressiveness
[C] the variability hypothesis
[D] gender differences in sports
648. Cattell earned his Ph.D. under Wundt at Leipzig, where he was Wundt‟s first
[A] laboratory assistant
[B] non-German-speaking student
[C] philosophy student from America
[D] student to study cultural psychology
649. At Pennsylvania, Cattell administered a number of tests to student volunteers, describing the
test battery with the term
[A] “psychometric examinations,”
[B] “psychophysical tests.”
[C] “psychological tests,”
[D] “mental tests,”
650. Cattell‟s Leipzig research was unusual in that he
[A] studied sensation and perception using Fechner‟s psychophysical techniques
[B] studied intelligence in German undergraduate students
[C] used his own equipment to study problems of his own choosing
[D] assisted Ebbinghaus in his verbal learning studies
651. Cattell‟s graduate student who found that Cattell‟s measures of physical and sensory ability
may not have been assessing intelligence was
[A] Thorndike
[B] Binet
[C] Wissler
[D] Butler
652. Cattell abandoned his testing procedures to devote himself to
[A] the study of rats in mazes
[B] the training of female graduate students
[C] administration and science editing and publishing
[D] the field of anthropology
653. Cattell‟s influence on psychology was perhaps greatest
[A] through the many graduate students he trained
[B] through his administrative activities at Columbia
[C] through the psychometric techniques he developed
[D] through his promotion of psychology as a science in the journals he edited
654. Baldwin was forced to leave Johns Hopkins because
[A] the university wanted to hire Watson, and someone had to go in order to create a vacancy
[B] of student complaints about the difficulty of his courses
[C] of a scandal over his presence in a house of prostitution
[D] of his poor publication record
655. The founders of developmental psychology are often considered to be Hall and
[A] Baldwin
[B] Münsterberg
[C] James
[D] Cattell
656. Baldwin‟s greatest contribution to the study of child development may have been through
his influence on
[A] Jean Piaget
[B] Leta Hollingworth
[C] Mary Calkins
[D] G. S. Hall
657. Describe William James‟s tortuous path to becoming a psychologist. In what way do you
think James‟s early history helped him become a good writer? a good teacher? a good, albeit
reluctant, psychologist?
658. What were James‟s characteristics of the “stream of consciousness”? After introspecting on
your own consciousness, in what ways do you think James was right? In what ways do you think
he was wrong?
659. Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion. How was it criticized by Walter Cannon?
Critique Cannon‟s critique in terms of more recent investigation.
660. Compare and contrast Titchener and Münsterberg in as many ways as you can.
661. What do you think there was about Hall‟s character that resulted in his “fall from glory”?
Based on your reading of Hall‟s biography in the text (or on your own), what advice would you
give him if you could travel back in time?
662. What was the dominant theme in Hall‟s relationship with his subordinates? Give as many
illustrations as you can to support your thesis. Why do you suppose Hall was dishonest in his
dealings with Cattell as a graduate student?
663. Why did Cattell fail to write a chapter for Murchison‟s A History of Psychology in
Autobiography? Describe Cattell‟s contributions to psychology.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
664. The first truly American system of psychology was
[A] structuralism
[B] cognitivism
[C] behaviorism
[D] functionalism
665. By objectifying the differences between his approach and the functional approach, the
person often credited with establishing functionalism as a “formal” school is
[A] Watson
[B] Dewey
[C] Münsterberg
[D] Titchener
666. The paper generally honored as functionalism‟s seminal article is
[A] Angell‟s “The Province of Functional Psychology,”
[B] Titchener‟s “The Postulates of a Functional Psychology,”
[C] Carr‟s “Psychology: A Study of Mental Activity”
[D] Dewey‟s “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology,”
667. Famous for his contributions to American education and teaching, Dewey was himself
[A] an excellent teacher
[B] a poor teacher
[C] an average teacher
[D] a teacher only for the first few years of his career
668. The author of Psychology, a synthesis of the newer experimental psychology with the older
idealistic philosophy, was
[A] Dewey
[B] Cattell
[C] James
[D] Carr
669. Dewey argued that in the famous child-candle reflex, the real beginning of the reflex is
[A] the act of seeing
[B] the withdrawal reaction to the pain from the candle‟s flame
[C] the candle‟s light
[D] the child‟s grasping response
670. Dewey believed that the reflex arc
[A] should be viewed as a coordinated whole with a purpose or function
[B] should be abandoned by psychology altogether
[C] should be viewed as “a mechanical conjunction of unallied processes”
[D] should be broken into its components for analysis
671. In his discussion of the reflex arc, Dewey was
[A] silent about Wundt and Titchener‟s elementism
[B] arguing in favor of Wundt and Titchener‟s elementism
[C] neutral about Wundt and Titchener‟s elementism
[D] arguing against Wundt and Titchener‟s elementism
672. Dewey‟s view of the reflex arc can be seen as anticipating
[A] structuralism
[B] logical positivism
[C] Gestalt psychology
[D] behaviorism
673. Dewey‟s approach to the reflex arc agrees with
[A] Wundt‟s distinction between mediate and immediate responses
[B] Stumpf‟s consideration of phenomenology as a prelude to psychology
[C] the structural approach in psychology
[D] Brentano‟s act psychology
674. The instructor Dewey hired to teach psychology courses at Michigan who was also
influential in the rise of sociology as a formal academic discipline in America was
[A] Tufts
[B] Mead
[C] Royce
[D] Carr
675. Which of the following was NOT part of Dewey‟s “progressive education”?
[A] intelligent problem solving
[B] learning by doing
[C] rote memorization
[D] encouraging student interest in a task
676. The book that inspired James Rowland Angell to become a psychologist was
[A] Wundt‟s Principles of Physiological Psychology
[B] Titchener‟s Experimental Psychology
[C] James‟s Principles of Psychology
[D] Dewey‟s Psychology
677. Which of the following did Angell call “one of the most inspiring and spiritually beautiful
human beings I have ever known”?
[A] Dewey
[B] Frank Angell
[C] Woodworth
[D] James
678. The psychologist who eventually became a university president although he did not have a
Ph.D. himself was
[A] John Dewey
[B] James Rowland Angell
[C] Harvey Carr
[D] Frank Angell
679. The Titchener-Baldwin reaction-time controversy was resolved through an experiment by
[A] Carr and Watson
[B] Angell and Moore
[C] Angell and Woodworth
[D] Carr and Angell
680. The resolution to the Titchener-Baldwin controversy was that
[A] Titchener was more correct than Baldwin
[B] Baldwin was more correct than Titchener
[C] both men were correct
[D] neither man was correct
681. According to Angell, functional psychology
[A] dealt with the what of consciousness
[B] dealt with the how and why of consciousness
[C] was something new
[D] ignored the significance of the mind-body relationship
682. For Angell, functionalism was the psychology of
[A] mental activity
[B] mental structure
[C] mental content
[D] mental elementism
683. Which of the following took a massive cut in pay in order to become president of Yale
University?
[A] Carr
[B] Dewey
[C] Thorndike
[D] Angell
684. Angell‟s student who became the director of the Bureau for the Investigation of Working
Children in Cincinnati and a proponent of child welfare reform was
[A] June Downey
[B] Helen Woolley
[C] Walter Hunter
[D] Harvey Carr
685. Angell‟s student who founded the laboratory of psychology at the University of Wyoming
and became an expert on handwriting analysis was
[A] Harvey Carr
[B] June Downey
[C] Helen Woolley
[D] Walter Hunter
686. Walter Hunter is particularly known for developing a technique to study memory in animals
called the
[A] two-choice discrimination problem
[B] maze problem
[C] jumping stand problem
[D] delayed-response problem
687. Comparative psychology was an area
[A] embraced by the functionalists
[B] ignored by the behaviorists
[C] neglected by the functionalists
[D] embraced by the structuralists
688. Under Carr, functionalism at Chicago
[A] suffered benign neglect
[B] struggled for acceptance
[C] reached its peak
[D] declined precipitously
689. The correct order of the elements in Carr‟s adaptive act are
[A] response that satisfies, motivating stimulus, sensory situation
[B] motivating stimulus, sensory situation, response that satisfies the motivating conditions
[C] sensory situation, response that satisfies, motivating stimulus
[D] sensory situation, motivating stimulus, response that satisfies
690. Like Dewey‟s reflex arc concept, in Carr‟s adaptive act
[A] behavior is a continuous and integrated process
[B] behavior is randomly motivated
[C] behavior is broken up and disjointed
[D] the elements are what should be studied
691. The functionalists were particularly supportive of applied fields of psychology because
[A] that was where the money was
[B] of their concern with the theoretical aspects of psychology
[C] of their concern for the adaptive nature of mental acts
[D] of their disdain for structuralism
692. A lecture by Hall caused Woodworth to write the word ___________ on a card, which he
hung over his desk.
[A] psychology
[B] investigation
[C] functionalism
[D] introspection
693. In his study of dreams, Woodworth thought he saw evidence for dreaming about matters
begun but not completed during the day, which anticipates the
[A] Zeigarnik effect
[B] Delabarre effect
[C] incompletion effect
[D] interruption effect
694. Woodworth nearly made brain physiology his career because of work he did as an assistant
to
[A] Ferrier
[B] Sherrington
[C] Bain
[D] Jackson
695. Woodworth changed Thorndike‟s S-R psychology to S-O-R, reflecting his belief in the
importance of the organism‟s
[A] previous learning
[B] sensory ability
[C] intelligence
[D] motivation
696. The term “drive” first appeared in an article by
[A] Thorndike and Morgan
[B] Watson and Morgan
[C] Woodworth and Watson
[D] Thorndike and Woodworth
697. Woodworth‟s concept of drive refers to
[A] if something is accomplished
[B] how something is accomplished
[C] when something is accomplished
[D] why something is accomplished
698. Woodworth‟s student Edna Heidbreder is best known for her book entitled
[A] Seven Psychologies
[B] History of Psychological Schools
[C] Experimental Psychology
[D] Contemporary Schools of Psychology
699. The book for which Woodworth is perhaps best known is
[A] Contemporary Schools of Psychology
[B] Experimental Psychology
[C] Seven Psychologies
[D] Psychology as Motivology
700. Which of the following popularized the terms independent and dependent variable?
[A] Wooley
[B] Woodworth
[C] Heidbreder
[D] Thorndike
701. In his APA presidential speech, Woodworth suggested that “thoughts” should be called
“kulps” because he believed that
[A] Külpe had been one of psychology‟s deepest thinkers
[B] psychology should have its own technical vocabulary
[C] concepts should be named to honor people who investigated them
[D] only Külpe and his students had studied thinking
702. The book that Thorndike found more stimulating than any he had read before and possibly
more than he had read since was
[A] Sully‟s Outlines of Psychology
[B] Wundt‟s Principles of Physiological Psychology
[C] James‟s Principles of Psychology
[D] Dewey‟s Psychology
703. Both Thorndike and Woodworth received their research training in psychology from the
man in charge of the Harvard laboratory in Münsterberg‟s absence,
[A] E. G. Boring
[B] Walter Hunter
[C] E. B. Delabarre
[D] Gilbert Hamilton
704. Thorndike‟s first research project involved
[A] delayed-response conditioning in monkeys
[B] escape by cats from puzzle boxes
[C] mind reading in children
[D] maze learning by chickens
705. Thorndike‟s studies of learning in chickens were almost certainly stimulated by similar
work by
[A] Bain
[B] Morgan
[C] Spencer
[D] Dewey
706. The research Thorndike did for his dissertation involved
[A] a test of Lamarckism in chickens
[B] teaching cats to escape from puzzle boxes
[C] a study of dream characteristics
[D] mind reading in children
707. The belief that exercising the mind by learning disciplinary subjects would have a beneficial
effect on the mind‟s ability to learn unrelated material was called
[A] the doctrine of formal discipline
[B] the law of trained improvement
[C] the doctrine of training transference
[D] the law of nonspecific training
708. In a study by Thorndike and Woodworth in 1901, transfer of training appeared to require
[A] lengthy training on multiple tasks
[B] facilitation by nonspecific learning
[C] simple rather than complex tasks
[D] “identical elements” between the tasks
709. Thorndike called the Spencer-Bain principle the
[A] law of least effort
[B] law of exercise
[C] law of effect
[D] law of readiness
710. Because of what actually happens, trial-and-error learning should more properly be called
[A] error-and-failure learning
[B] error-and-success learning
[C] trial-and-failure learning
[D] trial-and-success learning
711. In constructing children‟s dictionaries, Thorndike defined each word
[A] by telling a story
[B] by shortening the definition given in adult dictionaries
[C] with words simpler than itself
[D] by using words on the same level of difficulty as the word being defined
712. Thorndike‟s Intelligence Scale CAVD measured sentence completion, arithmetic ability,
vocabulary, and
[A] ability to differentiate similar concepts
[B] ability to follow directions
[C] ability to describe complex processes
[D] delayed-response ability
713. Thorndike‟s approach to education became known as the
[A] “scientific movement,”
[B] “creeping-crawling movement,”
[C] “back-to-basics movement.”
[D] “progressive movement,”
714. Milicent Shinn did not have a career as a psychologist because
[A] she went into sociology instead
[B] she could not escape the ties of her family
[C] her husband would not let her
[D] she died shortly after receiving her Ph.D.
715. The first Ph.D. awarded by the University of California to a woman went to
[A] Milicent Shinn
[B] Laurel Furumoto.
[C] Ethel Howes
[D] Leta Hollingworth
716. Shinn‟s studies of her infant niece were published in popular form in 1900 as
[A] The First Two Years of the Child
[B] The Mind of the Child
[C] Biographical Sketch of an Infant
[D] The Biography of a Baby
717. The book sometimes credited with being the first work of modern child psychology was
written by
[A] Milicent Shinn
[B] Charles Darwin
[C] Wilhelm Preyer
[D] Ethel Puffer Howes
718. What was Ethel Howes‟s “intolerable choice”?
[A] the choice between her religious beliefs and the teachings of psychology
[B] the choice between getting a divorce or staying married to her philandering husband
[C] the choice between having a family life and having a career
[D] whether or not to have an abortion
719. Describe Dewey‟s concept of the reflex arc. How did his concept differ from that of
Titchener?
720. What was James Rowland Angell‟s concept of functionalism?
721. Describe Carr‟s adaptive act. Give an example of such an act from your own experience.
722. What was the doctrine of formal discipline? How did William James test it? Did he find
evidence to support it? How did Thorndike and Woodworth test it and what did they find?
723. What did Woodworth mean by changing Thorndike‟s S-R formula to S-O-R?
724. In Woodworth‟s APA presidential address, he suggested that “thoughts” should perhaps be
called “kulps.” What did he mean by this, and what problem in psychology was Woodworth
trying to call attention to by suggesting this change in terminology?
725. List and discuss as many of Thorndike‟s applied contributions to psychology as you can.
726. What was Milicent Shinn‟s contribution to psychology? What prevented her from having a
career in psychology?
CHAPTER TWELVE
727. Which of the following was not an antecedent of behaviorism?
[A] evolution
[B] rationalism
[C] functionalism
[D] positivism
728. Romanes is most remembered for
[A] Mental Evolution in Animals
[B] Animal Intelligence
[C] Critique of The Origin of Species
[D] Imitation and Passive Tuition in Domestic Animals
729. Today, Romanes is remembered negatively, when he is remembered at all, for
[A] his unqualified support of Darwin
[B] his animal anecdotes
[C] having begun comparative psychology badly
[D] his experimentation with cats and dogs
730. The biggest problem with Romanes‟s anecdotes was his
[A] tendency to interpret his observations in human terms
[B] tendency to adopt a Lamarckian explanation for his observations
[C] tendency to adopt anything from Darwin uncritically
[D] tendency to apply Ockham‟s razor to his observations
731. The botanist whose work on the genetics of pea plants would have solved the problems of
inheritance Darwin agonized over was
[A] Mendel
[B] Morgan
[C] Hooker
[D] Haeckel
732. Neo-Darwinism was
[A] Morgan‟s evolutionary theory first proposed in a letter to Nature
[B] the position that evolution could be explained by natural selection alone, without resort to
Lamarckism
[C] Mendel‟s theory of genetics-based evolution
[D] a new theory of evolution proposed by Romanes
733. Morgan‟s experiments with scorpions indicated that
[A] their suicidal behavior illustrates the inheritance of maladaptive responses
[B] they kill themselves accidentally while trying to rid themselves of sources of irritation
[C] they frequently sting themselves but are immune to their own poison
[D] they commit suicide in times of stress
734. In his study of chickens raised in an incubator, Morgan was able to show that
[A] chickens pass on their learned behavior in Lamarckian fashion
[B] chicks avoid bad-tasting caterpillars instinctively
[C] chickens behave like Cartesian automatons
[D] the chicks‟ learned avoidance behavior illustrates the SpencerBain principle
735. Supported by Baldwin, Morgan developed a theory of organic selection that
[A] accepted the Cartesian notion of the organism as an automaton
[B] accepted rational behavior in lower animals
[C] treated evolution not as a random process, but as reflecting the organism‟s intentional
relation to its environment
[D] accepted a limited Lamarckism
736. The application of the Law of Parsimony or Ockham‟s razor to animal behavior is often
considered to have resulted in
[A] Morgan‟s Canon
[B] the Law of Simplicity
[C] Romanes‟s Canon
[D] Ockham‟s Canon
737. Directed, mechanical movements in plants and “simple” animals are called
[A] associations
[B] instincts
[C] tropisms
[D] reflexes
738. The person who believed that much of behavior could be accounted for by tropisms and
who influenced Watson was
[A] Haeckel
[B] Jennings
[C] Loeb
[D] Verworn
739. The biologist who published The Behavior of Lower Organisms, which dealt with behavior
in unicellular and simple multicellular organisms, was
[A] Verworn
[B] Loeb
[C] Jennings
[D] Haeckel
740. Both Loeb and Jennings believed
[A] that the study of simple animals would tell much about the behavior of complex organisms
[B] that psychologists should study higher animals and leave the study of simple creatures to the
biologists
[C] that much behavior could be explained by tropisms
[D] that the study of simple animals was irrelevant to the behavior of complex organisms
741. Thorndike‟s inspiration for his puzzle boxes came from
[A] Jennings‟s findings of intelligence in simple organisms
[B] Romanes‟s claims about the mechanical abilities of cats
[C] Small‟s research on maze learning of cats and rats
[D] Morgan‟s work with intelligence in chickens
742. The first animal learning curves were plotted by
[A] Romanes
[B] Thorndike
[C] Jennings
[D] Loeb
743. Thorndike concluded that his puzzle-box experiments illustrated
[A] response-response learning
[B] response-stimulus learning
[C] stimulus-stimulus learning
[D] stimulus-response learning
744. On the issue of animal consciousness, Thorndike
[A] had seen hints of it in his experiments
[B] thought it was likely that animals had consciousness, but he had not seen it
[C] felt he had demonstrated it
[D] was not optimistic it even existed
745. In a given situation, responses that are closely followed by satisfaction will be more firmly
connected to the situation. This is part of Thorndike‟s statement of the
[A] law of frequent use
[B] law of effect
[C] law of readiness
[D] law of exercise
746. “Any response to a situation will be more strongly connected with the situation in
proportion to the number of times it has been connected with that situation” is a statement of
Thorndike‟s
[A] law of effect
[B] law of readiness
[C] law of exercise
[D] law of frequent use
747. In terms of learning by imitation or by passive tuition, Thorndike found
[A] that both techniques were ineffective
[B] that cats could learn by imitation but not by passive tuition
[C] that cats could learn by passive tuition but not by imitation
[D] that both techniques were effective
748. Thorndike‟s experience with teaching cats to groom themselves in order to escape from Box
Z leads to the modern concept of
[A] learning sets
[B] learning predispositions
[C] active versus passive learning
[D] learning by passive tuition
749. Best known for his studies of conditioned taste aversion, _____________ is one of the first
Hispanic Americans to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
[A] José Delgado
[B] Alberto Rivera
[C] John Garcia
[D] Santiago Ramón y Cajal
750. The person who introduced laboratory rats and mazes to psychology was
[A] Small
[B] Yerkes
[C] Thorndike
[D] Watson
751. A response associated with a particular stimulus is made to other, similar stimuli in
[A] stimulus generalization
[B] conditioned discrimination
[C] conditioned stimulus avoidance
[D] response generalization
752. Gastrointestinal illness after eating a particular food often leads to avoidance of the food in
a phenomenon called
[A] conditioned taste aversion
[B] learned food avoidance
[C] learned eating aversion
[D] illness-induced avoidance
753. The plan of the first maze introduced to psychology was based on
[A] the maze beneath the Notre Dame in Paris
[B] the Roman catacombs
[C] the Hampton Court Palace maze
[D] the Buckingham Palace maze
754. The first animal psychology book written by an American was
[A] Thorndike‟s Animal Intelligence
[B] Small‟s The Mind of the Rat
[C] Yerkes‟s Animal Behavior
[D] Washburn‟s The Animal Mind
755. Many of the studies reviewed in The Animal Mind show the influence of
[A] Small‟s dissertation
[B] Thorndike‟s dissertation
[C] Yerkes‟s work with a variety of animal species
[D] Romanes‟s Animal Intelligence
756. Yerkes rejected Watson‟s behaviorism because
[A] it included too many subjective behaviors
[B] he was jealous that Watson had thought of it first
[C] he thought it was too restrictive
[D] it dealt too extensively with thought
757. The idea that the optimal level of arousal depends on task difficulty is called the
[A] Yerkes-Harvard law
[B] optimum-arousal law
[C] arousal-difficulty law
[D] Yerkes-Dodson law
758. Pavlov‟s animal work was introduced to an American audience in a 1909 paper by
[A] Watson and Lashley
[B] Yerkes and Dodson
[C] Pavlov and Sechenov
[D] Yerkes and Morgulis
759. The founder of modern Russian physiology is often considered to be
[A] Sechenov
[B] Pavlov
[C] Cyon
[D] Botkin
760. Sechenov‟s finding that stimulation of certain parts of the frog‟s brain depressed the
withdrawal reflex was the first experimental illustration of the suggestion that
[A] brain stimulation might inhibit reflex activity
[B] spinal reflexes are not found in frogs that have lost their cerebrums
[C] brain reflexes are involved in withdrawal
[D] brain stimulation might enhance a reflex
761. Sechenov was forced to change an article title to “Reflexes of the Brain” because the St.
Petersburg censor thought this
[A] make the article appeal more to the Orthodox religious public
[B] reduce Sechenov‟s prestige as a scientist
[C] make the article seem technical and uninteresting
[D] would enhance sales of the journal
762. “Reflexes of the Brain” is related to La Mettrie‟s materialistic philosophy in the sense that
[A] it reverses La Mettrie‟s materialism in favor of Cartesian dualism
[B] it treats all brain reflexes as matter for further exploration
[C] it treats all behavior as mechanical reflexes of the brain
[D] it purports to show how thinking has a subjective basis
763. In “Who Must Investigate the Problems of Psychology and How,” Sechenov asked
psychologists
[A] to concentrate on the introspective analysis of animal consciousness
[B] to abandon the field altogether and leave it to physiologists
[C] to abandon the introspective analysis of subjective experience and concentrate on reflexive
behavior in animals
[D] to abandon the study of reflexive behavior and concentrate on higher mental functions
764. In his research with animals, Pavlov
[A] avoided acute experiments ending in an animal‟s sacrifice
[B] avoided chronic experiments in which animals were repeatedly observed
[C] avoided the use of anesthesia because he had a callous disregard for the feelings of his
experimental subjects
[D] explained animal behavior in terms of human consciousness
765. In his efforts to create an isolated portion of the stomach, Pavlov wanted to retain nervous
connections to the externalized stomach because
[A] he believed that most bodily functions were under hormonal control
[B] he believed that most bodily functions were under nervous control
[C] otherwise the externalized stomach would quickly deteriorate
[D] otherwise his animals all died
766. Pavlov‟s address when he received the Nobel Prize dealt with
[A] operant conditioning
[B] the nervous control of digestion
[C] reflexive conditioning
[D] the hormonal control of digestion
767. When Anton Snarsky interpreted his conditioning experiments in terms of the dog‟s inner
world of thoughts and desires, Pavlov
[A] put him in charge of one section of his laboratory
[B] forced Snarsky out of his laboratory
[C] challenged Snarsky‟s interpretation initially but eventually agreed with it
[D] never agreed with Snarsky‟s interpretation but respected his assistant enough to allow him to
stay in the laboratory
768. Another early observation of reflexive conditioning was reported at the 1904 APA
convention by
[A] Woodworth
[B] Small
[C] Twitmyer
[D] Thorndike
769. Which of the following was the first person to investigate salivary conditioning
systematically?
[A] Claude Bernard
[B] Erasmus Darwin
[C] Robert Whytt
[D] Ivan Pavlov
770. According to Pavlov, which of the following reflexes is the one that is innate? Salivation
occurs when the animal
[A] sees a dish of food
[B] hears the tone
[C] sees the caretaker who usually gives him food
[D] takes some food into its mouth
771. Which of the following did Pavlov find difficult or impossible to achieve?
[A] delayed conditioning
[B] trace conditioning
[C] spontaneous recovery
[D] extinction
772. If the CS presentation ends some time before the UCS begins, the conditioning is called
[A] backward conditioning
[B] trace conditioning
[C] delayed conditioning
[D] simultaneous conditioning
773. If an extinguished CR reappears following a rest period, the phenomenon is called
[A] disinhibition
[B] spontaneous recovery
[C] higher-order conditioning
[D] experimental neurosis
774. Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS leads to
[A] acquisition
[B] stimulus generalization
[C] extinction
[D] spontaneous recovery
775. Pavlov considered human language an example of
[A] the first-signal system
[B] the second-signal system
[C] the third-signal system
[D] the fourth-signal system
776. Pavlov believed that a conflict between incompatible conditioned-response tendencies
produced in his dogs
[A] conditioned discrimination
[B] spontaneous recovery
[C] a second-signal system
[D] an experimental neurosis
777. Pavlov categorized his dogs into four temperament types, which were originally proposed
by
[A] Galen
[B] Hippocrates
[C] Aristotle
[D] Descartes
778. Pavlov‟s feeling about American behaviorism was one of
[A] approval
[B] mild interest but disbelief in its central tenets
[C] disapproval
[D] disinterest
779. The psychologist who won the APA‟s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1986
for his work with Pavlovian conditioning was
[A] McKeachie
[B] Mowrer
[C] Rescorla
[D] Garcia
780. The first two experimental psychology laboratories were founded in Russia by
[A] Pavlov
[B] Babkin
[C] Sechenov
[D] Bekhterev
781. Bekhterev called his objective approach to psychology
[A] reflexology
[B] objective psychology
[C] conditionology
[D] physiological psychology
782. Watson‟s dissertation research dealt with
[A] a conditioned fear response in an infant
[B] the sensory cues rats use in learning a maze
[C] the instinctual behavior of terns on an island
[D] rat learning ability and neurology
783. In his studies of the cues rats use in learning a maze, Watson concluded that the sensory
cues playing the most important role come from
[A] the vibrissae
[B] kinesthesis
[C] olfaction
[D] vision
784. The publication in which Watson broke with introspective psychology to found behaviorism
was entitled
[A] “Behaviorism: A Break With Structuralism and Functionalism,”
[B] “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,”
[C] “Behaviorism Instead of Introspectionism,”
[D] “Psychology from the Behavioral Viewpoint”
785. In his “behaviorist manifesto,” Watson mainly attacked structuralism and functionalism
[A] for using introspection to study conscious processes
[B] for their failure to study higher mental processes
[C] for their interest in whole, unanalyzed units of behavior
[D] for their lack of experimentation
786. The inventor of the term “psychobiology” was
[A] Phipps
[B] Meyer
[C] Dunlap
[D] Watson
787. According to Watson, the only emotions infants experience are fear, rage, and love. Which
of the following would produce rage?
[A] stroking the baby
[B] restricting the baby‟s movement
[C] dropping the baby
turning out the lights on the baby
788. Watson and Rayner believed they had
[A] conditioned a rage response in Little Albert
[B] conditioned a fear response in Little Albert
[C] failed to condition Little Albert
[D] conditioned a love response in Little Albert
789. Which of the following is NOT true of the Little Albert study?
[A] Watson and Rayner taught the child to fear a white rat
[B] Little Albert was cured of his fear response at the end of the study.
[C] Watson and Rayner tested the generalization of the child‟s fear.
[D] Watson and Rayner used a loud noise in the training of the child‟s fear response.
790. According to Mary Cover Jones, which of the following worked consistently to remove a
child‟s fear response?
[A] punishment by social ridicule
[B] elimination through disuse
[C] talking about the feared object
[D] direct conditioning (counterconditioning)
791. Out of academia following his divorce, Watson became successful in
[A] politics
[B] advertising
[C] sales
[D] medicine
792. Watson‟s study showing that smokers cannot discriminate between cigarette brands
convinced him that marketing depends on
[A] appeals to reason
[B] continued exposure
[C] creation of desire
[D] educating consumers
793. Watson‟s controversial bestseller in child care was titled
[A] A Behaviorist’s Approach to Child Rearing
[B] Manual of Child Psychology
[C] Child Care from the Behaviorist Viewpoint
[D] Psychological Care of Infant and Child
794. Arnold Gesell is most remembered for
[A] first recording of the EEG in America
[B] writing for the National Geographic Society
[C] his contributions to the methodology of developmental psychologists
[D] founding the first psychological clinic
795. Watson‟s central learning principle was
[A] contrast
[B] contiguity
[C] similarity
[D] suggestion
796. Which of the following developed hormic psychology, which contrasted with behaviorism‟s
mechanistic approach?
[A] William McDougall
[B] Joseph Rhine
[C] Maria Montessori
[D] Zing Kuo
797. Watson considered Thorndike‟s law of effect
[A] too mentalistic
[B] secondary to the law of readiness
[C] too objective and restrictive
[D] responsible for most learning
798. Who wrote an anti-instinct paper in which he concluded that “instincts are in the last
analysis acquired trends rather than inherited tendencies”?
[A] McDougall
[B] Dunlap
[C] Watson
[D] Kuo
799. Which of the following was not a major criticism of the instinct concept?
[A] their tendency to proliferate
[B] the nominal fallacy
[C] properly analyzed, instincts turn out to be learned responses
[D] instincts are more likely to be found in animals than in humans
800. Which of the following primarily studied animal behavior for its own sake?
[A] functionalists
[B] behaviorists
[C] comparative psychologists
[D] ethologists
801. What was Romanes trying to do with his collection of animal anecdotes? What were some
of the problems with his interpretations? Have you ever been guilty of similar interpretations of
the behavior of a pet? If so, give an example of the behavior and how you interpreted it. How
might you have interpreted it more objectively?
802. Contrast the thinking about animal behavior of Loeb and Jennings.
803. Describe Thorndike‟s animal research as much as you can. What was the impetus for it?
What did he find? What were his laws? What additional observations did he make that have
proved to be important for later animal research? Why does Thorndike appear in chapters on
both behaviorism and functionalism?
804. Trace the idea of reflexive conditioning through the work of Sechenov, Pavlov, and
Bekhterev. Why is Pavlov considered a behaviorist? About what did he and Snarsky disagree?
805. From your reading about Watson‟s upbringing and life, how would you describe his
personality and character?
806. How did Watson criticize functionalism and structuralism in his “behaviorist manifesto”?
807. Describe as fully as you can Watson and Rayner‟s research with Little Albert. What are
some of the ways in which the results of the research have been distorted? With what later study
is the Little Albert experiment sometimes confused? Do you think Watson and Rayner would be
able to replicate their work today? If not, why not?
808. Trace the decline of the instinct concept in psychology, paying particular attention to the
research of Zing Yang Kuo.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
809. Which of the following was not an early direct influence on the development of
behaviorism?
[A] logical positivism
[B] structuralism
[C] the empirical tradition
[D] operationism
810. An operational definition of hunger is
[A] how long it has been since your last meal
[B] a sensation you receive from your stomach
[C] a feeling you get when you look at a picture of a piece of cake
[D] something that causes you to want to eat
811. The physics professor who argued for operationism was
[A] Mach
[B] Stevens
[C] Carnap
[D] Bridgman
812. Neobehaviorism is largely synonymous with
[A] logical positivism
[B] operationism
[C] learning theory
[D] sensation and perception
813. Guthrie‟s theory has been described as
[A] one-trial, nonreinforcement, simultaneity learning
[B] multitrial, nonreinforcement, contiguity learning
[C] one-trial, reinforcement, contiguity learning
[D] one-trial, nonreinforcement, contiguity learning
814. According to Guthrie, in one-trial learning, practice improves performance because
[A] a movement consists of many acts
[B] a movement has only one act
[C] an act consists of many movements
[D] an act has only one movement
815. Guthrie saw the formation of stimulus-response connections as
[A] strengthening with practice
[B] something that required reinforcement
[C] all-or-none
[D] something that occurred gradually
816. To maintain sequential responding, Guthrie emphasized
[A] that one act invariably follows another act
[B] movement-produced stimuli
[C] that movements are chains of conditioned reflexes
[D] that each movement leads to another act
817. For Guthrie, reinforcement
[A] strengthens the S-R bond
[B] protects a particular bond from being unlearned
[C] sometimes strengthens and sometimes weakens the S-R bond
[D] weakens the S-R bond
818. Like Thorndike, Guthrie
[A] wrote dictionaries for children
[B] watched cats escape from puzzle boxes
[C] believed in the law of effect
[D] became famous for his contributions to education
819. The key to Guthrie‟s methods for breaking habits is that
[A] they all involve producing a new behavior in the old situation
[B] they all require the use of money
[C] they all involve continuing to perform the response until it can no longer be performed
[D] they all involve presenting the cues that trigger the behavior below threshold
820. Which of the following is most clearly related to Guthrie‟s learning theory?
[A] Titchener‟s structuralism
[B] Gestalt psychology
[C] Morgan‟s Canon
[D] Wundt‟s Völkerpsychologie
821. For which of the following did Guthrie‟s theory earn both criticism and praise?
[A] its complexity
[B] the massive quantity of research Guthrie performed to support it
[C] its simplicity
[D] its large amount of jargon
822. Which of the following found Guthrie‟s theory so convincing that he developed a statistical
theory of learning based on the principle of contiguity?
[A] Estes
[B] Horton
[C] Tolman
[D] Stevens
823. Which of the following was more interested in studying molar behavior than in studying
molecular behavior?
[A] Tolman
[B] Watson
[C] Guthrie
[D] Titchener
824. Tolman‟s psychology is sometimes called
[A] maze-running behaviorism
[B] purposive behaviorism
[C] comparative behaviorism
[D] goal-seeking behaviorism
825. Which of the behaviorists was most influenced by Gestalt psychology?
[A] Watson
[B] Hull
[C] Tolman
[D] Guthrie
826. Which of the following stressed the importance of the law of effect for learning?
[A] Guthrie
[B] Watson
[C] Tolman
[D] Thorndike
827. Every day for the past 5 months you have driven past a service station on the corner of
Broad and Main without any conscious awareness of it. Today you run out of gas a few blocks
past the station. Without hesitation, you walk back to the station. Tolman would attribute your
knowledge of the station‟s location to
[A] nonrewarded learning
[B] nonreinforced learning
[C] latent learning
[D] delayed-response learning
828. The response of a monkey when a piece of lettuce was substituted for a banana reward the
animal had seen suggested to Tolman that the an
[A] was not especially hungry
[B] was not particularly intelligent
[C] had forgotten the sight of the original reward
[D] had developed expectations about the reward
829. Tolman‟s study with “swimming” and “wading” rats challenged
[A] Small‟s subjective explanations for maze learning in rats
[B] Guthrie‟s contiguity learning in cats
[C] Watson‟s kinesthesis explanation for rat maze learning
[D] Thorndike‟s S-R learning in cats escaping from puzzle boxes
830. The Tolman-Honzik experiment with a maze that could be blocked along different arms
was similar to the
[A] Pavlov‟s reflex-conditioning studies
[B] Lashley jumping-stand experiments
[C] Köhler‟s detour problem
[D] Guthrie‟s puzzle-box study
831. Tolman‟s cognitive map idea is supported by his latent learning experiments, his studies of
vicarious trial and error, and
[A] his studies of rats in puzzle boxes
[B] his place-learning experiments
[C] his studies of rats in the Hampton Court maze
[D] his studies of the cues rats use in learning a maze
832. In Tolman‟s place-learning experiments
[A] sometimes place learning was superior to response learning and sometimes the opposite was
true.
[B] place-learning rats were superior to response-learning rats
[C] there was no difference between place-learning and response-learning rats
[D] response-learning rats were superior to place-learning rats
833. Constructs that come between the stimulus and the response that are completely defined by
the S-R conditions are called
[A] latent variables
[B] hypothetical variables
[C] cognitive maps
[D] intervening variables
834. Tolman‟s brand of behaviorism was more interesting to “people psychologists” such as
clinical and social psychologists because of his inclusion of such concepts as insight, cognition,
and
[A] purpose
[B] imagery
[C] language
[D] emotions
835. Which of the following was NOT one of Hull‟s three main interests?
[A] psychoanalysis
[B] hypnosis
[C] learning theory
[D] aptitude testing
836. Concerning hypnosis, Hull concluded that it is
[A] a mystical phenomenon that cannot be studied experimentally
[B] identical to the normal state
[C] quantitatively but not qualitatively different from the normal state
[D] qualitatively different from the normal state
837. Hull‟s learning theory is called
[A] hypothetico-deductive learning theory
[B] classical conditioning theory
[C] instrumental conditioning theory
[D] S-R learning theory
838. What effect did exposure to Gestalt theory have on Hull?
[A] He found it fascinating but ignored it in his work.
[B] He became a Gestaltist.
[C] It influenced him to develop a behaviorism that focused on molar behavior.
[D] It converted him to a behaviorism with quantitative laws of behavior
839. Which of the following terms did Hull use to describe the potency of the S-R association?
[A] habit strength
[B] reaction potential
[C] excitatory potential
[D] incentive motivation
840. Experiments showing that reward expectation had a dramatic effect on behavior forced Hull
to include in his system an intervening variable called
[A] reaction potential
[B] incentive motivation
[C] excitatory potential
[D] habit strength
841. Hull used the letter “K” to stand for incentive motivation because
[A] rats seemed to get a “kick” out of extra reward
[B] it was Kenneth Spence‟s idea
[C] his wife Kathy had given him the idea
[D] he had just used the letter “J” in his system, and “K” was next in line
842. In Stage 3 of his system, Hull concluded that reaction potential was the product of
[A] habit strength, drive, and excitatory potential
[B] drive, incentive motivation, and goal response
[C] habit strength, drive, and incentive motivation
[D] habit strength, anticipatory goal response, and drive
843. Probably the most important effect of Hull‟s system of behavior was that
[A] it gave other psychologists a challenging target to shoot at
[B] it encouraged others to attempt similar projects
[C] it was accepted almost entirely by later theorists such as Skinner
[D] it was incorporated almost totally into the body of psychological knowledge
844. Kenneth Spence‟s theory of discrimination learning was proposed as an S-R response to
learning experiments by
[A] Thorndike
[B] Guthrie
[C] Köhler
[D] Tolman
845. Spence‟s incentive motivation concept can be seen as the anticipation of reward, which is a
thoroughly
[A] Guthrian concept
[B] Hullian concept
[C] Watsonian concept
[D] Tolmanian concept
846. Neal Miller wrote Personality and Psychotherapy with his long-time collaborator
[A] Albert Bandura
[B] Clark Hull
[C] Kenneth Spence
[D] John Dollard
847. According to Miller and Dollard, Sarah‟s urge to acquire money is
[A] a tertiary drive
[B] a pathological drive
[C] a primary drive
[D] a secondary drive
848. An older boy runs to greet his father, and his younger brother happens to be running in the
same direction at the same time. Both boys are given candy. This experience and other similar
ones are likely to cause
[A] the formation of cognitive maps in both boys
[B] a neurosis in the younger boy
[C] superstitious behavior in both brothers
[D] imitation learning in the younger boy
849. According to Dollard and Miller, neurotics are characterized by
[A] being unhappy, unintelligent, and having suicidal thoughts
[B] being unhappy, having some irrational behavior, and presenting a variety of symptoms
[C] being depressed, unhappy, and having many symptoms
[D] being irrational, hysterical, and having many symptoms
850. Tom has learned to fear his assertiveness. According to Miller, the key to curing Tom is to
[A] have him talk through his fear and analyze it
[B] have him make assertive responses in nonpunitive situations until his fear is extinguished
[C] arouse his fear in a situation in which it will be amplified until he is exhausted
[D] give him the appropriate medication
851. Every time your teacher calls on you in a particular class she makes fun of your response.
As a result, you fear participation in the class. Mowrer would call this type of learning
[A] operant conditioning
[B] instrumental learning
[C] sign learning
[D] solution learning
852. Skinner is considered a radical behaviorist because he
[A] denied that behavior is determined by processes within the organism‟s physiology
[B] believed everything Watson wrote
[C] restricted his search for the principles of learning to Pavlovian conditioning
[D] thought that behavior is determined by processes within the organism‟s physiology
853. When he was 26, Skinner invented an apparatus in which an animal could be conditioned to
press a lever (or peck a key) in order to receive food reward. Clark Hull called this apparatus the
[A] Skinner box
[B] training box
[C] operant conditioning box
[D] reward delivery system
854. In training your dog to “shake hands,” you reward him for closer and closer approximations
of the desired behavior. Skinner called this procedure
[A] sign learning
[B] respondent conditioning
[C] shaping
[D] training by approximations
855. During World War II, Skinner trained animals to be missile guidance devices in
[A] Project Bomb Control
[B] Project ORCON
[C] Project Pigeon
[D] Project Missile Guidance
856. Skinner raised one of his daughters in a box. Deborah became
[A] a happily married and accomplished person
[B] an outspoken opponent of child abuse
[C] a schizophrenic who has spent much of her life in an asylum
[D] a depressive person who eventually committed suicide
857. Skinner‟s utopian novel was titled
[A] Beyond Freedom and Dignity
[B] Walden Two
[C] The Sun Is But a Morning Star
[D] Atlas Shrugged
858. Hazel is paid $2 for every telephone she assembles. Her behavior is reinforced according to
a
[A] variable-ratio schedule
[B] fixed-interval schedule
[C] fixed-ratio schedule
[D] variable-interval schedule
859. George is feeding quarters into a slot machine. His behavior is being rewarded on a
[A] variable-interval schedule
[B] fixed-ratio schedule
[C] fixed-interval schedule
[D] variable-ratio schedule
860. You receive a paycheck every Friday. Skinner would say you are being reinforced on a
[A] variable-interval schedule
[B] variable-ratio schedule
[C] fixed-ratio schedule
[D] fixed-interval schedule
861. Skinner presented his work with Ferster on intermittent reinforcement schedules in a
massive book entitled
[A] Partial Reinforcement and Behavior
[B] Operant Schedules and Animal Responding
[C] Intermittent Reinforcement and Behavior
[D] Schedules of Reinforcement
862. Whose negative review of Skinner‟s Verbal Behavior has been said to have killed
behaviorism?
[A] Rachel Carson
[B] Noam Chomsky
[C] Fred Keller
[D] Bertrand Russell
863. Skinner‟s approach to science came closest to the precepts of
[A] Aristotle
[B] René Descartes
[C] Francis Bacon
[D] Immanuel Kant
864. As a behavioral psychologist at a state mental hospital, you are trying to gain the patients‟
cooperation by giving them plastic tokens for appropriate behavior. This is based on the
Skinner-inspired work of
[A] Breland and Breland
[B] Ayllon and Azrin
[C] Carson and Trudeau
[D] Ferster and Keller
865. The movement in behaviorism that stressed the importance of examining the environmental
conditions and fully understanding the nature of the stimulus in any behavioral event is called
[A] ethological psychology
[B] ecological psychology
[C] radical behaviorism
[D] interbehaviorism
866. One Boy’s Day, a microanalysis of just what the title indicates, was written by
[A] Eleanor Gibson
[B] Roger Barker
[C] Kurt Lewin
[D] J. J. Gibson
867. Infant performance on the visual cliff task illustrates J. J. Gibson‟s concept of
[A] direct perception
[B] perceptualism
[C] ecological behaviorism
[D] affordance
868. The psychologist best known for visual cliff research was
[A] J. J. Gibson
[B] Eleanor Gibson
[C] Roger Barker
[D] Kenneth Spence
869. What is an operational definition? Give examples of operational definitions of thirst,
anxiety, and rage.
870. Describe Guthrie‟s learning theory. If he thought that learning occurred in one trial, how did
he account for the improvement in behavior seen with practice?
871. Think of a bad habit you have that you would like to eliminate. Using each of Guthrie‟s
methods for breaking habits, how would you approach the eradication of your bad habit?
872. What sorts of cognitive concepts did Tolman add to traditional S-R learning theory?
Describe examples of how Tolman was influenced by Gestalt psychology. What effect did
Tolman‟s research findings have on other learning theories?
873. Define and give examples of each of the following Hullian terms: habit strength, incentive
motivation, and excitatory potential. Why did Hull introduce Spence‟s idea of incentive
motivation to his theory? Describe some of the research that had demonstrated a need for the
concept of incentive motivation.
874. What is a secondary drive? How did Dollard and Miller account for neurosis? Give an
example to illustrate the development of neurotic behavior.
875. What was Mowrer‟s two-factor theory of learning? How did it change for Mowrer? Did
Skinner agree with the change in Mowrer‟s thinking?
876. What did Skinner call his type of conditioning to distinguish it from Pavlovian
conditioning? Describe the process of shaping in teaching your pet a trick. Define and give an
illustrative example of each of the basic intermittent reinforcement schedules.
877. What was the impetus for Skinner‟s Verbal Behavior? What was the point of the book?
Whose negative critique of the book has been said to have killed behaviorism?
878. What is ecological psychology? Describe the work of some of the major ecological
psychologists.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
879. Gestalt is perhaps best translated as
[A] perception
[B] insight
[C] mind or consciousness
[D] form or configuration
880. In what sense can we say that structuralism was the exact opposite of Gestalt psychology?
[A] structuralism‟s interest in sensation and perception
[B] structuralism‟s emphasis on experimentation
[C] structuralism‟s focus on humans rather than animals
[D] structuralism‟s molecular rather than molar approach
881. The seminal insight leading to Gestalt psychology was experienced by
[A] Kurt Lewin
[B] Kurt Koffka
[C] Wolfgang Köhler
[D] Max Wertheimer
882. Wertheimer called apparent movement the
[A] beta phenomenon
[B] chi phenomenon
[C] phi phenomenon
[D] alpha phenomenon
883. Wertheimer‟s subjects in his studies of apparent movement were
[A] Köhler, Koffka, and Koffka‟s wife
[B] Koffka, Köhler, and Köhler‟s wife
[C] Köhler, Külpe, and Stumpf
[D] Koffka, Koffka‟s wife, and Michael Wertheimer
884. From his insight and studies of apparent movement, Wertheimer concluded
[A] that it can be explained by precisely specifying its sensory components
[B] that it means that perception does not necessarily correspond precisely with sensory
stimulation,
[C] that it is a learned phenomenon
[D] that it results from eye movements
885. The two men who most closely anticipated Wertheimer‟s insight were
[A] Wundt and John Stuart Mill
[B] Brentano and Külpe
[C] Mach and von Ehrenfels
[D] James and Dewey
886. Wertheimer‟s critical experiment on apparent movement showed that Wundt‟s explanation
for the phenomenon was impossible because
[A] your eyes cannot move in different directions simultaneously
[B] Wundt had not used an appropriately speedy tachistoscope
[C] some of the sensory components of the phenomenon are unknowable
[D] learning cannot take place as rapidly as the conditions for apparent movement require
887. A melody will still be heard as the same melody even if it is played by different instruments
or in different keys. According to von Ehrenfels, the reason for this is that the melody has
[A] closure
[B] form quality
[C] identical sensory elements
[D] isomorphism
888. William James differed substantially from the Gestaltists in his
[A] conception of the stream of consciousness
[B] dislike of elementism
[C] mechanistic view of the nervous system
[D] phenomenological flair in the Principles
889. There are many similarities between Gestalt psychology and
[A] S-R psychology
[B] phenomenological psychology
[C] structuralism
[D] behavioristic psychology
890. Which of the following best describes Wertheimer‟s insight?
[A] The characteristics of the parts determine the qualities of the whole.
[B] The qualities of the whole determine the characteristics of the parts.
[C] The basic elements of consciousness include form qualities
[D] Form qualities are best described from a knowledge of the sensory elements.
891. Which of the following terms is least consistent with Gestalt psychology?
[A] elementistic
[B] phenomenological
[C] innate
[D] rationalistic
892. In an argument between a nativist and an empiricist, who would a Gestaltist be most likely
to support?
[A] the empiricist
[B] the nativist
[C] neither; the Gestaltists were opposed to both viewpoints
[D] both at times; Gestaltists are remarkably nondoctrinaire
893. Based on their work on sonar during WWI, Max Wertheimer and Erich von Hornbostel
invented a type of sonar that Wertheimer and his family called the
[A] Wertbostel
[B] Werthorn
[C] Maxbostel
[D] Hornheimer
894. Wertheimer‟s posthumously published book based in part on his interviews with people
known for their problem-solving abilities is titled
[A] A Gestalt Look at Problem Solving
[B] Productive Thinking
[C] The Growth of the Mind
[D] Principles of Gestalt Psychology
895. Gestalt psychology was introduced to American psychologists primarily through
“Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie,” an article written by
[A] Köhler
[B] Wertheimer
[C] Lewin
[D] Koffka
896. Of the founders, Gestalt psychology‟s most prolific writer and major spokesperson was
[A] Koffka
[B] Köhler
[C] Lewin
[D] Wertheimer
897. Ronald Ley‟s book about Köhler‟s stay on the island of Tenerife in World War I and after
advances the hypothesis that Köhler was involved in
[A] extramarital affairs
[B] espionage
[C] studies of S-R learning in his apes
[D] investigations in the early behavior of children
898. The last anti-Nazi article published in a German newspaper was written by
[A] Henle
[B] Köhler
[C] Wertheimer
[D] Koffka
899. The vase/face and duck/rabbit figures illustrate the Gestalt principle of
[A] closure
[B] figure-ground relationship
[C] continuity
[D] similarity
900. The figure-ground relationship was borrowed from the work of psychologist
[A] Max Wertheimer
[B] Wolfgang Köhler
[C] Vittorio Benussi
[D] Edgar Rubin
901. Your psychology professor writes the word “Gestalt” on the blackboard, accidentally
omitting the “l.” You may not notice the mistake because of the Gestalt principle of
[A] continuity
[B] similarity
[C] closure
[D] proximity
902. One day last winter Mary ran a red light and had an accident. Over time her memory of the
incident has changed; she now “remembers” the light she drove through as yellow rather than
red. This is an illustration of the Gestalt principle called
[A] closure
[B] isomorphism
[C] the law of Prägnanz
[D] figure-ground relationship
903. For her dissertation, Zeigarnik gave subjects various tasks, interrupting some of the tasks
but not others. She found
[A] that some subjects tended to remember interrupted tasks, whereas others tended to remember
the uninterrupted tasks
[B] that subjects tended to remember the interrupted tasks
[C] that subjects tended to remember the uninterrupted tasks
[D] that subjects remembered both interrupted and uninterrupted tasks about equally
904. The Zeigarnik effect is an illustration generally of the
[A] law of Prägnanz
[B] principle of isomorphism
[C] principle of continuity
[D] principle of similarity
905. A television show with a cliffhanger ending illustrates
[A] the principle of similarity
[B] the Zeigarnik effect
[C] the principle of continuity
[D] the figure-ground relationship
906. The identity between a map and the country the map represents is analogous to the Gestalt
principle of
[A] closure
[B] isomorphism
[C] continuity
[D] Prägnanz
907. The principle of isomorphism assumes
[A] there is a literal identity between experience and brain patterns
[B] there is a direct correspondence between brain processes and conscious experiences
[C] the form of a mental event is not related to the form of a physical event
[D] the form of a mental event is sometimes directly opposite to the form of a physical event
908. The phi phenomenon shows that the successive stimulation of neural units that would occur
in the perception of real movement of a line
[A] is required for the perception of apparent movement
[B] is required for the perception of apparent movement by some people but not by others
[C] sometimes is required for the perception of apparent movement
[D] is unnecessary for the perception of apparent movement
909. Solution to the tasks Köhler gave his animal subjects required a restructuring of the field,
which often resulted in a sudden behavior change he called
[A] insight
[B] isomorphism
[C] transposition
[D] Umweg
910. You call your dog to supper, but her direct route to you and the food is blocked by a closed
door. She immediately takes a different, but longer, route to get to her food. This is a naturalistic
illustration of Köhler‟s
[A] delayed-response problem
[B] S-R discrimination problem
[C] transposition problem
[D] Umweg problem
911. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of insight learning?
[A] There is a perceptual restructuring of the field.
[B] The solutions generalize to similar problems
[C] The learning is long remembered.
[D] It depends on reinforcement.
912. Harlow‟s alternative to insight learning was the formation of
[A] a learning set
[B] isomorphism
[C] transposition
[D] latent learning
913. The first recorded example of insight learning may be the discovery of how to measure
specific gravity by
[A] King Hieron
[B] Aristotle
[C] Archimedes
[D] Pythagoras
914. In the laboratory, Ivan receives a dime every time he chooses a dark gray card and nothing
if he selects a light gray card. When given a choice between the original dark gray card and a
darker gray card, Ivan chooses the new, darker card. According to Köhler, this illustrates
[A] learning set
[B] transposition
[C] insight
[D] isomorphism
915. The behaviorist who developed an elaborate interpretation that allowed him to predict when
transposition would and would not occur was
[A] Watson
[B] Hull
[C] Skinner
[D] Spence
916. The transposition effect indicates that
[A] we rarely exhibit insight learning
[B] we learn according to a stimulus-response series
[C] perception is innate
[D] we learn the relations between stimuli
917. In Productive Thinking, Wertheimer advocated
[A] teaching students to solve problems by trial and error
[B] teaching students to use a “bottom up” approach to solve problems
[C] giving students parts of problems to solve rather than whole problems
[D] giving students whole problems rather than parts
918. The theory of cognitive dissonance is attributed to
[A] Asch
[B] Lewin
[C] Likert
[D] Festinger
919. Despite the fact that she is aware of the negative health aspects of smoking, Harriet
continues to smoke. When asked why she continues to smoke, Harriet explains that smoking is
more important to her than long life. Her reasoning may reveal the influence of
[A] the Zeigarnik effect
[B] cognitive dissonance
[C] top down thinking
[D] insight learning
920. To show paths of energy in the life space, Lewin invented
[A] topology
[B] field theory
[C] three types of conflict
[D] hodology
921. Lewin called the field that contains all the influences on you at a given time and within
which your psychological activities occur your
[A] life space
[B] field of conflict
[C] field of dreams
[D] topological space
922. At a car dealership, you are torn between buying a Mazda and a Toyota, both of which
appear to be equally good buys. According to Lewin, you are experiencing an
[A] avoidance-avoidance conflict
[B] attack of new car fever
[C] approach-avoidance conflict
[D] approach-approach conflict
923. You finally decide to buy the Toyota. What would Lewin predict you are likely to decide
soon after you drive away from the dealership?
[A] You should have chosen the Mazda.
[B] You should have looked at other types of cars.
[C] You should have kept the car you traded.
[D] You were right to pick the Toyota.
924. Ben is told to either study or clean his room. Instead, he spends the afternoon watching
television. Lewin would call this the
[A] hodological effect
[B] Zeigarnik effect
[C] approach-avoidance conflict
[D] sideways resultant
925. You would like to go to Paris, but you are leery of the crowds and the language problem.
Lewin would say you have an
[A] avoidance-avoidance conflict
[B] unresolvable conflict
[C] approach-avoidance conflict
[D] approach-approach conflict
926. In the study of 10-year-old boys by Lewin, Lippitt, and White (1939), increased aggression
and “scapegoating” were seen in the group with a(n)
[A] authoritarian leader
[B] laissez-faire leader
[C] democratic leader
[D] plutocratic leader
927. Allowing children to play with preferred toys and then forcing them to return to play with
nonpreferred toys resulted in
[A] less constructive play with the original toys than before
[B] the children playing more constructively with the original toys
[C] the children refusing to play with the original toys
[D] many of the children going to sleep out of frustration
928. Training groups or “T groups” developed out of research begun by
[A] Kurt Lewin
[B] Rensis Likert
[C] Leon Festinger
[D] Kurt Goldstein
929. Which of the following is perhaps best known as the “chronicler of Gestalt psychology”?
[A] Karl Duncker
[B] Mary Henle
[C] R. M. Ogden
[D] Rudolph Arnheim
930. Sometimes we cannot solve a problem because our experience with a particular object
prevents us from being able to view the object flexibly enough to use it in the problem‟s solution.
The best term to describe this lack of flexibility is
[A] nonfunctional fixedness
[B] experience-induced inflexibility
[C] hypostatic flexibility
[D] functional fixedness
931. Which of the following served as a major facilitator in bringing the founders of Gestalt
psychology and Lewin to America?
[A] Arnheim
[B] Duncker
[C] Henle
[D] Ogden
932. Gestalt psychology failed to prosper in America because
[A] its leaders were opposed to Wundt‟s ideas, and many American psychologists had been
trained by Wundt
[B] it was too closely related to behaviorism
[C] it challenged the basic tenets of structuralism
[D] its leaders were Germans at a time when tensions with Germany were escalating in the
United States
933. Within 10 years of Köhler‟s APA address, the last two great schools–behaviorism and
Gestalt psychology–were gone, replaced by a marriage of both the behaviorist and Gestalt
traditions known as
[A] Gestalt behaviorism
[B] applied cognitive behaviorism
[C] social/industrial psychology
[D] cognitive psychology
934. Describe and give examples from your experience of the phi phenomenon. How did
Wertheimer investigate it? What was Wundt‟s explanation for the phenomenon and how did
Wertheimer show that Wundt‟s explanation was wrong?
935. Identify as many of Gestalt psychology‟s antecedents as you can. Who were the most
immediate anticipators?
936. Name Gestalt psychology‟s triumvirate. Which of the three had the seminal insight? Which
of the three became the spokesperson for the movement?
937. Which of the three founders developed a Gestalt alternative to then-prevailing S-R learning
theory? What was his alternative? Describe the research leading to Gestalt learning theory. What
was Harry Harlow‟s alternative explanation for insight learning?
938. Identify and give examples of as many of the Gestalt perceptual principles as you can. What
is the Zeigarnik effect and how is it related to basic Gestalt principles? Give an example of the
Zeigarnik effect from your own experience.
939. What was the transposition problem and who introduced it? What was the effect of the
transposition problem on S-R learning theory?
940. Draw diagrams to illustrate Lewin‟s three types of conflict. Give examples of each type of
conflict from your personal experience.
941. Describe two major research projects by Lewin and his associates when Lewin was at the
Iowa Child Welfare Research Station.
942. What is the relationship between Gestalt psychology and gestalt therapy?
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
943. One major difference between psychoanalysis and the other major schools is that
psychoanalysis
[A] had more of a research focus than the other schools
[B] developed in isolation, whereas the other schools did not
[C] developed in Europe and the other schools did not
[D] developed within a clinical setting, whereas the other schools had their origins in university
settings
944. Which of the following was probably not a major influence on Freud‟s development of
psychoanalysis?
[A] Wundt‟s development of voluntarism
[B] evolutionary theory
[C] the idea of unconscious processes as part of the Zeitgeist
[D] German rationalism
945. Alice, who sometimes hears and sees things no one else hears or sees, is flogged and
repeatedly dunked into the village pond. Her treatment is consistent with the notion that her
mental illness is caused by
[A] a biochemical disorder
[B] a learning disorder
[C] bad heredity because her mother had similar problems
[D] demonic possession
946. In the Middle Ages, Mary confesses to having flown through the air on a broomstick. Her
confession is probably the result of
[A] witchcraft
[B] mesmerism
[C] mental illness
[D] torture
947. Many of the institutions that became asylums for the mentally ill after the 15th century were
originally used to house
[A] consumptives
[B] lepers
[C] the poor
[D] prison inmates
948. The person known for freeing the insane under his charge at Bicêtre asylum from their
shackles in the late 18th century was
[A] Benjamin Rush
[B] Phillipe Pinel
[C] William Tuke
[D] Samuel Tuke
949. Considered the founder of American psychiatry, the man who encouraged more humane
treatment for the mentally ill while he was associated with the Pennsylvania Hospital was
[A] Daniel Tuke
[B] John Hansen
[C] Samuel Tuke
[D] Benjamin Rush
950. The woman forced by recurrent illness to abandon classroom teaching who became a
tireless worker for humane treatment of the insane was
[A] Léonie Charcot
[B] Bertha Pappenheim
[C] Nancy Liébeault
[D] Dorothea Dix
951. The idea that people emit a magnetic fluid that can be used to influence others was
introduced by
[A] Charcot
[B] Paracelsus
[C] van Helmont
[D] Mesmer
952. The Viennese physician who was spectacularly successful in Paris in treating hysterical
patients with a magnet was
[A] Mesmer
[B] Charcot
[C] Puységur
[D] van Helmont
953. In experiments on the family estate, most of the hypnotic phenomena known today were
discovered by
[A] Puységur
[B] Faria
[C] Mesmer
[D] Elliotson
954. The fact that hypnosis can be induced by anyone, even a child, suggests that the power to
achieve the hypnotic state lies
[A] in the hypnotic subject
[B] in the occult
[C] in the hypnotizer
[D] in the environmental context
955. John Elliotson never again entered the hospital he had been instrumental in founding after
he was forbidden to use mesmerism there for
[A] surgical anesthesia
[B] anesthesia during the setting of broken bones
[C] anesthesia during childbirth
[D] anesthesia for suturing cuts
956. Mesmerism became known as hypnotism through the efforts of
[A] Elliotson
[B] Esdaile
[C] Braid
[D] Liébeault
957. Charcot considered hysteria a physiological disorder until
[A] he found that physiological treatments had no effect on the disorder
[B] hysterical symptoms appeared because of suggestion in a hypnotized woman
[C] he became convinced that hysterical symptoms were not simulated
[D] he found that only women experienced it
958. Janet believed that mental disorders develop because of
[A] conditions involving defective organ systems
[B] maladaptive learning
[C] a weakening of psychic energy
[D] birth trauma
959. Which of the following thought that the key to successful treatment of the hysteric was
making forgotten, negative experiences conscious?
[A] Janet
[B] Charcot
[C] Ribot
[D] Richet
960. The founder of existentialism is considered to be
[A] Nietzsche
[B] Kierkegaard
[C] Frankl
[D] Freud
961. The philosophy that stresses individual freedom of choice and personal responsibility for
the consequences of acts is called
[A] utilitarianism
[B] pragmatism
[C] Freudianism
[D] existentialism
962. The early existentialist who saw religion as central to humanity‟s problems was
[A] Nietzsche
[B] Frankl
[C] Freud
[D] Kierkegaard
963. Which of the following first recognized the id and the superego as opposing psychic forces?
[A] Nietzsche
[B] Schopenhauer
[C] Kierkegaard
[D] Freud
964. For Nietzsche, pathology was
[A] the submission of the will to the superego
[B] the submission of the id to the will
[C] the submission of the superego to the will
[D] the supremacy of the id over the superego
965. The chief purpose of Helmholtz‟s School of Medicine was to
[A] infuse vitalism into medicine
[B] develop better surgical techniques
[C] rid science of vitalism
[D] cure all diseases
966. Freud suffered major embarrassment because of his initial enthusiasm for
[A] marijuana
[B] cocaine
[C] morphine
[D] heroin
967. The man whom Freud considered “the most brilliant genius he had ever encountered” was
the neuroanatomist
[A] Ernst Brücke
[B] Theodor Meynert
[C] Wilhelm Fliess
[D] Josef Breuer
968. The experience that turned Freud from neurology to psychopathology was
[A] his study with Charcot
[B] his examination of Anna O with Breuer
[C] the death of a patient with a head injury
[D] his unsuccessful attempts to treat neurological disorders
969. Breuer found that Anna O obtained some symptomatic relief from
[A] being hypnotized and given suggestions
[B] talking out her hallucinations under hypnosis
[C] taking small doses of cocaine
[D] taking large doses of cathartic drugs
970. Tom‟s right hand is paralyzed. After bringing forgotten memories and feelings to
consciousness, his symptom disappears. He has been cured by the
[A] vocalization process
[B] cathartic method
[C] psychological alleviation procedure
[D] use of systematic desensitization
971. One of the reasons Freud may have abandoned hypnosis is
[A] he was a poor hypnotist
[B] Freud‟s ambitions would not have been fulfilled if he had continued to use an old
methodology.
[C] hypnosis worked too well, reducing the time to a cure, which resulted in lower fees
[D] hypnotic suggestions were always effective but the effects were of short duration
972. Freud replaced hypnosis with his
[A] nasal examination methodology
[B] transference method
[C] seduction technique
[D] free association method
973. Freud‟s seduction theory was the idea that neuroses result from
[A] childhood sexual abuse
[B] fear of seduction in adulthood
[C] erotic dreams from which a person is prematurely awakened
[D] autoeroticism at puberty
974. At his Clark lectures in 1909, Freud said the founder of psychoanalysis was
[A] himself
[B] Wilhelm Fliess
[C] Pierre Janet
[D] Josef Breuer
975. Many people consider Freud‟s most important book to be
[A] The Interpretation of Dreams
[B] The Development of Psychoanalysis
[C] Symbolism in Dreams
[D] The Trauma of Birth
976. The part of a dream you remember upon awakening is its
[A] erotic content
[B] manifest content
[C] wish-fulfilling content
[D] latent content
977. The primary aim of dream analysis is to
[A] interpret the dream‟s symbolism
[B] prove the theory that all dreams represent wish-fulfillment
[C] decipher the latent content from the manifest content
[D] determine the manifest content through an analysis of the latent content
978. One night Evelyn dreams that a man with a knife chases her up a flight of stairs. Her
Freudian analyst is likely to interpret this part of her dream as
[A] representing a fear of commitment
[B] indicating a fear of her boyfriend
[C] having strong sexual connotations
[D] revealing her fear of the neighborhood in which she lives
979. Freud believed that all dreams
[A] represent wish-fulfillment
[B] have different meanings for men than for women
[C] ultimately have a good ending
[D] call for a sexual interpretation
980. Freud added a great deal on dream symbolism to later editions of The Interpretation of
Dreams under the prodding of
[A] Otto Rank
[B] Wilhelm Fliess
[C] Max Kahane
[D] Wilhelm Stekel
981. Otto Rank parted company with Freud because of Rank‟s emphasis on anxiety from
[A] everyday life
[B] sexual conflict
[C] birth order
[D] birth trauma
982. Harriet tells Meg that she (Harriet) is planning to go to Hawaii on her “moneyhoon.” Freud
analyzed this type of “mistake” in
[A] The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
[B] Slips of the Pen, Tongue, and Lapses of Memory
[C] The Meaning of Freudian Slips
[D] Dream Analysis and Slips of the Tongue
983. Freud‟s lifelong friend, biographer, and the founder of the British Psychoanalytical Society
was
[A] A. A. Brill
[B] Ernest Jones
[C] Karl Abraham
[D] Max Kahane
984. Which of the following is not one of Freud‟s levels of consciousness?
[A] preconscious
[B] unconscious
[C] conscious
[D] subconscious
985. You are walking down the street, and you see a familiar face. As the person nears, you
realize it is John, someone you have not seen in several weeks. Freud would say that John‟s
name initially was in the
[A] preconscious part of your mind
[B] subconscious part of your mind
[C] unconscious part of your mind
[D] conscious part of your mind
986. According to Freud, the only system of your mind that is present at birth is the
[A] alter ego
[B] superego
[C] id
[D] ego
987. Freud called the first principle of life the
[A] primary process
[B] libido principle
[C] pleasure principle
[D] thanatos principle
988. Freud‟s term for the type of energy used by the life instincts was
[A] libido
[B] pleasure principle
[C] thanatos
[D] eros
989. In psychoanalysis, the production of a memory image of something needed to reduce
tension occurs by means of the
[A] secondary process
[B] pleasure principle
[C] primary process
[D] reality principle
990. Jeff is overweight, smokes, drinks, and is bitingly sarcastic. Freud would say he is fixated at
the
[A] latency stage
[B] anal stage
[C] oral stage
[D] phallic stage
991. Irma is messy, wasteful, and irresponsible. According to Freud, she has
[A] a phallic fixation
[B] castration anxiety
[C] an oral fixation
[D] an anal fixation
992. Five-year-old George acts afraid when his father comes into the bathroom when George is
urinating. Freud would say George is experiencing
[A] penis envy
[B] the Electra complex
[C] castration anxiety
[D] identification
993. The Oedipus complex occurs during the
[A] phallic stage
[B] genital stage
[C] oral stage
[D] anal stage
994. The resolution of both the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex involves
[A] failure to identify with either parent
[B] identification with the opposite-sex parent
[C] identification with the same-sex parent
[D] identification with all authority figures
995. Anna Freud‟s psychoanalysis by her father
[A] was a violation of the rules of analytic technique
[B] was never completed
[C] helped her become the leader of psychoanalysis during her father‟s lifetime
[D] was a source of continuing friction between them
996. The most basic defense mechanism is
[A] regression
[B] repression
[C] sublimation
[D] displacement
997. Harold hates pornography so much that he has made a career out of being on a censorship
board. Anna Freud would say that his attitudes and behavior reveal the defense mechanism of
[A] reaction formation
[B] rationalization
[C] displacement
[D] repression
998. Chester fumes in silence as his boss tells him what a worthless employee he is. When he
gets home that evening, he kicks the dog for no reason and picks a fight with his wife. His
behavior reveals that he is using the defense mechanism of
[A] reaction formation
[B] displacement
[C] rationalization
[D] sublimation
999. After being punished at school, Kim sits in the corner sucking her thumb. She is using the
defense mechanism of
[A] sublimation
[B] regression
[C] repression
[D] displacement
1000. Because of her emphasis on the mother‟s nurturing function, the female breast assumed
almost mythic proportions for
[A] Anna Freud
[B] Karen Horney
[C] Mary Ainsworth
[D] Melanie Klein
1001. Whose version of psychoanalysis focused on a child‟s feeling of helplessness and isolation
within a potentially hostile world?
[A] Mary Ainsworth
[B] Anna Freud
[C] Karen Horney
[D] Melanie Klein
1002. Of the 10 neurotic needs, Horney found that women were particularly susceptible to the
need for a partner to take over their lives, the need for restricting their lives within narrow
borders, and the need for
[A] power
[B] perfection and unassailability
[C] affection and approval
[D] personal admiration
1003. As part of a psychological study, Judy takes her infant into a room that is novel to her and
the child, puts her son on the floor, and leaves the room. Her actions are part of
[A] Anna Freud‟s defense mechanism technique
[B] John Bowlby‟s gerontology approach
[C] Karen Horney‟s basic anxiety methodology
[D] Mary Ainsworth‟s “strange situation” methodology
1004. Bowlby and Ainsworth shared a 1990 APA award for their work on
[A] gerontology
[B] basic anxiety
[C] life-span development
[D] attachments
1005. Which of the following is not one of the stages Erik Erikson added to Freud‟s
psychosexual stages of development?
[A] latency
[B] maturity and old age
[C] adulthood
[D] puberty or adolescence
1006. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways Adler‟s personality theory differed from
Freud‟s?
[A] Adler developed an ego-oriented psychology that made consciousness the center of
personality.
[B] Although Adler de-emphasized sexuality, he still believed strongly in infant sexuality.
[C] Adler stressed human social urges
[D] Adler believed in an innate readiness for social living.
1007. Which of the following is true about the types of patients Freud and Adler treated?
[A] Adler and Freud treated the same class of patients, but Freud‟s were better able to pay for
treatment than Adler‟s.
[B] Freud and Adler treated the same class of patients.
[C] Adler‟s patients were mostly from the upper classes, Freud‟s from the middle and lower
classes.
[D] Adler‟s patients were mostly middle class and working poor, Freud‟s mostly upper class.
1008. The concepts of inferiority and striving for superiority are most associated with
[A] Jung
[B] Bergson
[C] Adler
[D] Camus
1009. Adler‟s psychology is called
[A] Striving Psychology
[B] Individual Psychology
[C] Psychosexual Psychology
[D] Inferiority Psychology
1010. According to Adler, your style of life represents your unique way of
[A] striving toward fictional goals
[B] coping with depression
[C] dealing with anxiety
[D] manifesting inferiority
1011. For Adler, the child most likely to have problems in adulthood is the
[A] youngest child
[B] middle child
[C] first-born child
[D] only child
1012. The child most likely to show an interest in the past is the
[A] oldest child
[B] middle child
[C] youngest child
[D] none of these; birth order is not related to an interest in the past
1013. Eugen Bleuler‟s many contributions to clinical psychology included his expertise on
[A] anorexia and bulimia
[B] attention deficit disorders
[C] post-traumatic stress disorders
[D] schizophrenia
1014. The term schizophrenia was coined by
[A] Kraepelin
[B] Freud
[C] Bleuler
[D] Jung
1015. Jung‟s personality theory became known as
[A] Individuation Psychology
[B] Individual Psychology
[C] Archetypal Psychology
[D] Analytical Psychology
1016. Extraversion and introversion are elements of Jung‟s theory of personality
[A] complexes
[B] types
[C] traits
[D] structures
1017. A contemporary measure of psychological type with links to Jung‟s theory of personality
is the
[A] Daseinanalysis Personality Test
[B] Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
[C] Thematic Apperception Test
[D] Archetype Indicator
1018. In addition to the personal unconscious, Jung believed that we have a deeper unconscious
he called the
[A] corporate unconscious
[B] communal unconscious
[C] complex unconscious
[D] collective unconscious
1019. Jung called organized groups of memories, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings
[A] complexes
[B] duplexes
[C] accretions
[D] apperceptions
1020. Jung‟s theory of personality includes the
[A] ego, id, superego, and transcendental ego
[B] persona, shadow, anima, and animus
[C] ego, id, superego, and alter ego
[D] ying, yang, anima, and animus
1021. According to Jung, the self arises through a process of
[A] archetypal integration
[B] shadowing
[C] anima and animus differentiation
[D] individuation
1022. Relative to the other major schools, what was different about the development of
psychoanalysis? Describe as many of the elements of the 19th-century Zeitgeist as you can that
influenced Freud‟s development of psychoanalysis.
1023. Briefly trace the treatment of the mentally ill from ancient times until Freud.
1024. Trace the history of hypnotism from Mesmer through Liébeault and Bernheim. How did
Freud use the method and why did he abandon it?
1025. Compare and contrast Janet and Freud.
1026. Briefly describe the existential precursors to Freud.
1027. Why did Freud shift from neurology to psychiatry? Trace the evolution of Freud‟s
therapeutic techniques.
1028. How was Freud influenced by his exposure to Breuer? Why did Breuer move away from
Freud in his practice and ideas? With whom did Freud replace Breuer?
1029. What publication is often considered Freud‟s most important work? Tell as much as you
can about the book‟s contents.
1030. Outline Freud‟s theory of personality, identifying the major terms and concepts. What are
the psychosexual stages of development, and what are the possible consequences of fixation at
each of them?
1031. Identify and define as many of the ego defense mechanisms as you can. Give an example
of each from your personal experience.
1032. How did the views of Klein and Freud differ? Horney and Freud?
1033. How did Erikson modify Freud‟s psychosexual stages of development?
1034. Compare and contrast Freud, Adler, and Jung.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
1035. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche are considered important for psychology because of their
foundational efforts in
[A] Daseinanalysis
[B] starting psychological clinics
[C] the study of schizophrenia
[D] existential philosophy
1036. Which of the following is one of existential philosophy‟s major themes?
[A] Objective meaning should be psychology‟s central focus.
[B] Sexuality is at the center of most of the world‟s problems.
[C] Humans have the freedom to make choices and must take responsibility for those choices.
[D] God is responsible for the success and failures of human beings.
1037. French philosophers who made important contributions to psychology and won Nobel
prizes include Albert Camus and
[A] Maurice Merleau-Ponty
[B] Alfred Binet
[C] Martin Heidegger
[D] Jean-Paul Sartre
1038. Nausea, No Exit, and Being and Nothingness were all works of relevance to psychology by
[A] Sartre
[B] Heidegger
[C] Camus
[D] Bergson
1039. An associate of Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir was not only important for existential
philosophy but also
[A] for the psychology of women
[B] for early physiological studies of recreational drugs
[C] as a sex crimes researcher
[D] for early behavioral studies of recreational drug users
1040. In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus explored the topic of
[A] suicide
[B] homosexuality
[C] freedom of religion
[D] recreational drug use
1041. Dasein, which in German means “being there,” was used by Heidegger to represent
[A] the meaning of religion
[B] humanity
[C] the meaning of life
[D] death
1042. Medard Boss and Ludwig Binswanger are the two German psychiatrists most associated
with
[A] humanistic psychology
[B] Daseinanalysis
[C] Freudian psychotherapy
[D] Analytical Psychology
1043. Daseinanalysis differs from traditional psychoanalysis by placing a greater emphasis on
[A] the distant past
[B] present choices
[C] sexuality
[D] the recent past
1044. Existenzphilosophie, or the analysis of existence, was crucial to the therapeutic approach
suggested by
[A] Merleau-Ponty
[B] Kelly
[C] Jaspers
[D] May
1045. Which of the following was NOT one of Jaspers‟s modes of being?
[A] being-in-the-world
[B] being-oneself
[C] being-there
[D] being-in-itself
1046. Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl greatly influenced existential and humanistic approaches
to clinical psychology through Man’s Search for Meaning and
[A] psychodrama
[B] Daseinanalysis
[C] Existenzphilosophie
[D] logotherapy
1047. Maurice Merleau-Ponty‟s approach to existential-phenomenology
[A] remains of great interest to clinicians, but not to academics
[B] remains the most popular approach today among academic psychologists
[C] was well received by most American behaviorists
[D] was quickly overshadowed by that of Sartre and Camus
1048. William James and Gestalt psychology were important starting points in the
existential-phenomenological approach to psychology advocated by
[A] Heidegger
[B] Merleau-Ponty
[C] Camus
[D] Frankl
1049. Martin Buber is best known among academic psychologists for his contributions in the
area of
[A] language
[B] child development
[C] consciousness
[D] schizophrenia
1050. One of the most important early contributors to an existential psychology in America was
[A] David Shakow
[B] Julian Rotter
[C] Martin Buber
[D] Rollo May
1051. The “Father of American Existential Psychology” was
[A] Martin Buber
[B] Rollo May
[C] Julian Rotter
[D] Thomas Szasz
1052. The “locus of control” construct is most associated with
[A] Rollo May
[B] David Shakow
[C] Julian Rotter
[D] George Kelly
1053. Personal construct theory was developed by
[A] David Shakow
[B] George Kelly
[C] Julian Rotter
[D] Rollo May
1054. American psychology‟s “Third Force” is
[A] psychoanalytic psychology
[B] humanistic psychology
[C] Gestalt psychology
[D] behavioristic psychology
1055. Humanistic psychology can be defined as a focus on which aspects of the self?
[A] positive
[B] sexual
[C] negative
[D] hedonistic
1056. According to Maslow‟s need hierarchy, your most basic needs are for
[A] pleasure
[B] physiological basics such as food and water
[C] psychological basics such as love and self-esteem
[D] sexual reproduction
1057. The highest need in Maslow‟s hierarchy is for
[A] self-actualization
[B] safety
[C] self-esteem
[D] belongingness and love
1058. If you agree with Maslow that a science of psychology should be about the prediction but
not the control of human behavior, then you may be sympathetic to
[A] a more physiological approach
[B] a more cognitive approach
[C] a more sociological approach
[D] a more humanistic approach
1059. James Miller‟s most enduring contribution to psychology will probably be his work on
[A] client-centered therapy
[B] language development in retarded children
[C] Ebonics
[D] systems theory
1060. The approach to therapy most associated with Carl Rogers is often called
[A] Daseinanalysis
[B] client-centered therapy
[C] psychodrama
[D] logotherapy
1061. In client-centered therapy, an environment is created in which the therapist contributes
[A] an approach that includes drugs
[B] an analysis of dreams and errors in language
[C] unconditional positive regard
[D] rules for social interaction
1062. With his focus on inner feelings and experiences, Rogers‟s theories were particularly at
odds with the type of environment endorsed by
[A] Shakow
[B] Skinner
[C] Maslow
[D] Prince
1063. The first APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award went to Wolfgang Köhler,
Kenneth Spence, and
[A] David Shakow
[B] Carl Rogers
[C] Harry Stack Sullivan
[D] Lightner Witmer
1064. Because of their founding of early psychological clinics, the “fathers” of clinical
psychology in America are often considered to be Lightner Witmer and
[A] David Shakow
[B] Carl Rogers
[C] Rollo May
[D] Morton Prince
1065. Harry Stack Sullivan remains important to both psychology and psychiatry for the
attention he directed to
[A] the clinical interview
[B] existential-humanistic approaches
[C] statistical and diagnostic matters
[D] professional ethics among clinicians
1066. The Myth of Mental Illness was written by
[A] Sullivan
[B] Szasz
[C] Shakow
[D] Laing
1067. Laing described psychopathology as something that happens in a
[A] vacuum
[B] relationship
[C] person
[D] society
1068. Most of what psychologists and psychiatrists call mental illness, Szasz would prefer to call
[A] problems in the legal system
[B] problems in sexuality
[C] problems in living
[D] problems in physiology
1069. David Shakow‟s career illustrates
[A] the development of clinical psychology in America
[B] the continuing importance of Freud
[C] why humanistic psychology never caught on
[D] the tensions between psychiatry and clinical psychology
1070. The Boulder model of clinical training suggests that
[A] people who want to do therapy should get a Psy.D. degree
[B] issues of diversity should be a core part of clinical training
[C] clinicians should be both scientists and practitioners
[D] psychiatry and psychology will eventually merge into one field
1071. The first researcher to combine the ablation method of physiology with the training
methods of psychology was
[A] Hebb
[B] Lashley
[C] Franz
[D] Sherrington
1072. Like Flourens, Franz believed that the recovery of functions initially lost after cerebral
destruction argued
[A] against localization of function in the spinal cord
[B] against localization of function in the cortex
[C] for localization of function in the cerebral lobes
[D] for strict localization of function
1073. Lashley‟s search for the memory trace began with
[A] the aim of demonstrating the formation of S-R connections through the cortex
[B] Lashley‟s dissertation research for his Ph.D. in genetics
[C] Lashley‟s neuropharmacological work in the rat
[D] a program to prove nonlocalization of function in the cortex
1074. Lashley called his finding that the amount of cortical tissue destroyed is more important
for complex learning than the location of that tissue
[A] equipotentiality
[B] localization of function
[C] mass action
[D] denervation supersensitivity
1075. The 1949 book that reawakened interest in psychologists for neurological explanations
was Hebb‟s
[A] The First Century of Physiological Psychology
[B] Brain Mechanisms and Behavior
[C] The Organization of Behavior
[D] Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence
1076. The first modern researchers to classically condition a flatworm were James McConnell
and
[A] Robert Thompson
[B] Frank Beach
[C] Wilder Penfield
[D] Donald Hebb
1077. Lashley‟s student who became famous for his work in human and animal sexual behavior
was
[A] Penfield
[B] Beach
[C] Pribram
[D] Hebb
1078. The practicing neurosurgeon who was so influenced by Lashley that he abandoned his
practice for experimental neuropsychology was
[A] Karl Pribram
[B] Donald Hebb
[C] Frank Beach
[D] Robert Thompson
1079. The year is 1970, and Nancy suffers from uncontrollable seizures. In an effort to control
them, she has had her corpus callosum cut. Which of the following is likely to be interested in
studying her brain function?
[A] Robert Thompson
[B] Richard Thompson
[C] Roger Sperry
[D] Frank Beach
1080. From the research on patients with split-brain operations, neuroscientists learned that the
left hemisphere‟s functions tend to be
[A] nonverbal, imagistic, and nonsequential
[B] musical, nonsequential, and nonmathematical
[C] emotional, nonverbal, and mathematical
[D] verbal, mathematical, and sequential
1081. Which of the following would best fit the split-brain patient?
[A] physically uncoordinated
[B] possessor of two independent spheres of consciousness
[C] behavior is obviously abnormal
[D] less intelligent than before the operation
1082. Luria conceptualized the brain as divided into _____________ blocks.
[A] two
[B] three
[C] four
[D] more than four
1083. The block consisting of the posterior parts of the cortex (the parietal, occipital, and
temporal lobes) can be thought of as the
[A] alertness unit
[B] intelligence unit
[C] motor unit
[D] sensory unit
1084. Each of the cortical blocks is further divided into __________ zones.
[A] three
[B] four
[C] six
[D] eight
1085. Which of the following was NOT one of Luria‟s basic assumptions in developing his
theory?
[A] parallel processing
[B] unity of perception
[C] serial processing
[D] hierarchical processing
1086. Luria‟s neuropsychological assessment procedures rely heavily on
[A] standardized judgments
[B] quantitative judgments
[C] clinical judgments
[D] experimental judgments
1087. What is the central point of existentialism? List several existential philosophers who have
had an impact on psychology and discuss their contributions.
1088. Discuss the origins and aims of the “Third Force” in psychology.
1089. Pretend you are at a debate between Skinner and Rogers. Sketch how you think each
psychologist would have responded to the question, “How would you resolve the mind-body
problem?”
1090. What does Thomas Szasz mean when he says that mental illness is a myth? Do you agree
with Szasz‟s contention that most of what psychologists and psychiatrists label mental illness is
really just “problems in living”?
1091. What connections can you make between clinical psychology and psychiatry?
1092. Use the career of David Shakow as an outline to trace the development of clinical
psychology in America.
1093. Why did humanistic psychology have its greatest impact among clinicians?
1094. What medical condition led to the split-brain operation? Who won a Nobel Prize for his
investigation of split-brain patients? What had Fechner predicted would result from splitting the
corpus callosum? Evaluate Fechner‟s prediction in light of the split-brain research with humans.
1095. What was Lashley‟s research program geared toward finding? What was Lashley‟s major
research method and what were his main results? What did he mean by the terms “mass action”
and “equipotentiality”? Describe the work of a man who has been called Lashley‟s heir.
1096. Discuss the research and main accomplishments of each of the following people
influenced by Lashley: D. O. Hebb, Frank Beach, Karl Pribram.
1097. Describe Luria‟s theory of brain function. How has his model fared with continued
discoveries in neuroscience?
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
1098. Psychologists call the measurement of mental processes through psychological tests
[A] psychometrics
[B] phrenometrics
[C] psychonomy
[D] statistics
1099. The person most closely associated with the initial development of intelligence tests is
[A] Henri
[B] Simon
[C] Bergson
[D] Binet
1100. Binet and Victor Henri began a research program designed to create mental tests allowing
them to examine the differences between people in detail. They called their program
[A] Children‟s Intelligence
[B] Mental Retardation Studies
[C] Intelligence Testing
[D] Individual Psychology
1101. The initial development of factor analysis is credited to
[A] Binet
[B] Spearman
[C] Stern
[D] Burt
1102. The term “intelligence quotient” (IQ) originated with
[A] Burt
[B] Binet
[C] Spearman
[D] Stern
1103. Spearman suggested that intelligence might be composed of two factors called
[A] “i,” for individual interests, and “q,” for question asking
[B] nature and nurture
[C] “g,” a general factor, and “s,” for specific abilities
[D] “g,” a genetic factor, and “l,” for learned abilities
1104. The Stanford-Binet IQ test takes its name in part from Stanford University, the home of
the test‟s developer,
[A] David Wechsler
[B] Nancy Bayley
[C] Lewis Terman
[D] William Stern
1105. If Dean, an 8-year-old boy, took the Stanford-Binet and did as well as an average 10 year
old, his IQ score would be about
[A] 75
[B] 100
[C] 125
[D] 150
1106. Like Lewis Terman, Nancy Bayley earned fame as a psychologist in part through
conducting
[A] longitudinal studies
[B] work on the intelligence of animals
[C] sex research
[D] work on the biological basis of intelligence
1107. Like Galton before him, Terman found that highly intelligent individuals were
[A] more successful than normal for the population from which they were taken
[B] sickly bookworms
[C] less successful than their average counterparts
[D] more likely to die young than normal
1108. David Wechsler was the developer of several IQ tests including the
[A] DW Scales
[B] WAC
[C] Bellevue-Binet
[D] WISC and WAIS
1109. Craniometry refers to
[A] research on spinal cords
[B] the measurement of skulls
[C] the study of brain scan images
[D] the study of cranial nerves
1110. Most of the early American psychologists held the view that
[A] intelligence was environmentally determined
[B] intelligence was primarily inherited
[C] intelligence was unrelated to heredity or the environment
[D] intelligence was greater in women than in men
1111. Harvard paleontologist Steven Jay Gould argued that photographs of the Kallikaks had
been retouched to make the people appear
[A] more impoverished
[B] more retarded
[C] more attractive
[D] more intelligent
1112. Robert Yerkes chaired the committee that developed tests for the military such as the
[A] Army Alpha
[B] WISC
[C] Army ASVAB
[D] WAIS
1113. Two IQ tests developed by the military for use in World War I were the
[A] WISC and WAIS
[B] Army Alpha and Navy Omega
[C] ASVAB and Stanford-Binet
[D] Army Alpha and Army Beta
1114. Gould argued at length that many early IQ tests were
[A] culturally unbiased
[B] too easy
[C] culturally biased
[D] too hard
1115. For better or worse, Cyril Burt will probably always be remembered as part of a scandal
over the
[A] nature-nurture debate in intelligence
[B] use of prostitutes as research subjects
[C] misuse of grant funds from the Royal Navy
[D] giving of secret British IQ information to Nazi spies
1116. Burt was a staunch supporter of
[A] nurture in the nature-nurture debate
[B] nature in the nature-nurture debate
[C] Freud and psychoanalysis
[D] Watson and American behaviorism
1117. The first psychologist to be knighted was
[A] Charles Spearman
[B] Karl Pearson
[C] Lewis Terman
[D] Cyril Burt
1118. Which of the following is best known for the Draw-a-Person Test?
[A] Florence Goodenough
[B] Leon Kamin
[C] Arthur Jensen
[D] Anne Anastasi
1119. In recent times, Arthur Jensen and Leon Kamin can be seen as representing the extremes in
the
[A] basic-applied controversy
[B] evolution-creationism issue
[C] nature-nurture debate
[D] mind-body problem
1120. One increasingly common stance on the nature-nurture controversy is to accept that
[A] the problem cannot be solved and should be ignored
[B] both nature and nurture contribute to most psychological phenomena
[C] until we learn a lot more about biology, “nurture” seems most plausible
[D] as we learn more about biology, “nature” explanations will win out
1121. With Burt‟s data gone,
[A] there is moderate evidence for a weak genetic component in IQ
[B] there is little evidence for a genetic component to IQ
[C] there is only weak evidence for a genetic component in IQ
[D] there is still strong evidence for a large genetic component in IQ
1122. J. P. Guilford and L. L. Thurstone were among the first psychologists to suggest that
intelligence may
[A] be linked to a single factor
[B] be best understood as many different factors
[C] be a purely biological phenomenon
[D] be a purely learned phenomenon
1123. In relation to intelligence, fluid and crystallized refer to
[A] the specifics of our intelligence and the broad outlines of our potential, respectively
[B] multiple biological factors and single factors, respectively
[C] the broad outlines of our potential and the specifics of our intellect, respectively
[D] “s” and “g,” respectively
1124. The semantic differential was a factor analytic approach developed by
[A] McNemar
[B] Thurstone
[C] Osgood
[D] Anastasi
1125. Wendell Garner is perhaps best known for his work on
[A] the semantic differential
[B] factor analysis
[C] mathematics and psychology
[D] IQ testing
1126. Signal detection theory is most associated with
[A] Osgood
[B] Anastasi
[C] McNemar
[D] Swets
1127. Charles takes different forms of the same test on three occasions, making quite similar
scores each time. We would say the test has good
[A] validity
[B] reliability
[C] generalizability
[D] hypothesis testing ability
1128. Validity can be distilled to questions about
[A] the repeatability of research findings
[B] the appropriateness of a given statistic for a person‟s research
[C] whether or not a test really measures what it claims to measure
[D] the population to which the results of a test extend
1129. Anastasi and Cronbach are recognized as pioneers in
[A] intelligence testing
[B] physiological psychology
[C] social psychology
[D] psychometrics
1130. Sir Ronald Fisher was a leading figure in
[A] physiological psychology
[B] social and industrial psychology
[C] intelligence and personality testing
[D] statistics and hypothesis testing
1131. Outspoken critics of current statistical practices and hypothesis testing techniques in
psychology include
[A] Sir Cyril Burt and Sir Ronald Fisher
[B] Jacob Cohen and Paul Meehl
[C] Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck
[D] Anne Anastasi and Lee Cronbach
1132. Starke Hathaway and Paul Meehl were associated with which popular test?
[A] TAT
[B] 16 PF
[C] MMPI
[D] NEO PI-R
1133. Ben is taking a personality test that requires him to answer more than 500 simple
statements ranging from innocuous items to rather obvious clinical probes. The test has 10
clinical scales and three validity scales. Ben is taking the
[A] 16PF
[B] NEO PI-R
[C] MMPI
[D] TAT
1134. The 16 PF is a well-known personality test developed by Sir Cyril Burt‟s student
[A] Hans Eysenck
[B] Raymond Cattell
[C] Paul Meehl
[D] Charles Spearman
1135. According to the NEO PI-R, how many factors are needed to characterize personality?
[A] 5
[B] 16
[C] 2
[D] between 6 and 16
1136. One contemporary personality test acknowledges that its results are related to Galen‟s
ideas about personality. The developer of that test is
[A] Hermann Rorschach
[B] Raymond Cattell
[C] Starke Hathaway
[D] Hans Eysenck
1137. Both the TAT and the Rorschach Inkblot tests have been popular among
[A] psychodynamically oriented clinicians
[B] applied, behavioral psychologists
[C] intelligence testers
[D] neuroscientists
1138. In taking the TAT, Shirley will have to
[A] look at a series of inkblots and say what she sees
[B] answer over 500 multiple-choice questions
[C] look at a series of cards and tell stories about them
[D] have lots of wires and electrodes attached to her head
1139. Which of the following famous personality tests was developed by Henry Murray and
Christiana Morgan?
[A] Rorschach
[B] TAT
[C] 16PF
[D] MMPI
1140. The possibility that body type may be correlated with personality was an idea central to the
work of
[A] Murray
[B] Sheldon
[C] Hathaway
[D] Rorschach
1141. Gabriel Tarde and Gustav Lebon were important as anticipators in France of
[A] health psychology
[B] social psychology
[C] forensic psychology
[D] cognitive psychology
1142. The leading figure in German social science who is best known for his writings on the
protestant work ethic and on charisma was
[A] Ernst Weber
[B] Max Weber
[C] Eduard Weber
[D] Wilhelm Weber
1143. Herbert Spencer, James Mark Baldwin, George Herbert Mead, and John Dewey all
[A] abandoned psychology to study sociology
[B] were pioneers in the study of race and gender
[C] shared a common understanding about the relationship between mental events and social
phenomena
[D] can be seen as ancestors to modern social psychology
1144. Norman Triplett is sometimes credited with conducting the first experiment in social
psychology. His work concerned
[A] social facilitation
[B] cockroaches
[C] the sociology of mobs
[D] baboons
1145. Floyd and Gordon Allport demonstrated a growing interest in an empirical, social
psychology in America in the period before
[A] the American Civil War (1850s-1860s)
[B] the war in the Persian Gulf (1980s)
[C] World War II (1920s-1930s)
[D] World War I (early 1900s)
1146. Considered by many an early classic in social psychology, The Nature of Prejudice was
written by
[A] Norman Triplett
[B] Gordon Allport
[C] Gardner Murphy
[D] Kenneth Clark
1147. Gardner and Lois Murphy were social psychologists known for their interests in
[A] personality and development
[B] radio and television
[C] health issues
[D] legal reform
1148. Carl Hovland was a pioneer in the study of attitudes. Among his many discoveries was the
[A] causal effect
[B] sleeper effect
[C] social effect
[D] beeper effect
1149. Richard LaPierre traveled across the country with a Chinese couple and found that
[A] they were almost always served at hotels and restaurants
[B] they were not served at more than 90 percent of the businesses because of their ethnic
background
[C] they were threatened with violence at several restaurants in the South
[D] they were refused service at about half of the establishments
1150. If you had been a subject in Newcombe‟s research at Bennington College, probably your
results would have shown that
[A] if you adopted a pet, you lived longer
[B] if you adopted children, they were from the same ethnic background as you
[C] you adopted your parents‟ attitudes as you got older
[D] you adopted a lifestyle to fit your attitudes
1151. The behavior of the boys that were part of Sherif‟s summer camp study suggested that
[A] cooperation, paradoxically, can create hostile attitudes
[B] competition can facilitate hostile attitudes
[C] competition is healthy and unrelated to hostile attitudes
[D] cooperation has no ability to diminish hostile attitudes
1152. The work of Solomon Asch reflects a strong influence from
[A] Skinner
[B] Wundt‟s psychology
[C] Gestalt psychology
[D] Freudian psychoanalysis
1153. The point of Asch‟s famous “lines” study was to demonstrate how readily we will
[A] form hostile attitudes
[B] shock a stranger in a psychology experiment
[C] conform to group opinion
[D] help a stranger
1154. Stanley Milgram is best known for his work on
[A] social facilitation in cockroaches
[B] social facilitation in boys at a summer camp
[C] obedience, using a simulated learning task
[D] obedience, using bomb-sniffing dogs
1155. In Milgram‟s research, the real subject
[A] never got shocked
[B] thought he or she was shocking a stranger
[C] was always the psychiatrist
[D] got shocked if he or she failed at a memory task
1156. Among other things, Milgram‟s research raised issues about the ethics of using
[A] children as subjects
[B] psychiatrists as subjects
[C] animals in experiments with pain
[D] subject deception
1157. Fritz Heider is best known in social psychology for his balance theory and for his
contributions to our understanding of
[A] attribution
[B] conformity
[C] obedience
[D] deviance
1158. The tendency to perceive information in ways consistent with pre-existing beliefs and
attitudes is called
[A] cognitive balance
[B] cognitive dissonance
[C] fundamental attribution error
[D] attribution
1159. The fundamental attribution error suggests that
[A] we only see what we want to see
[B] we often see what others want us to see
[C] we evaluate others differently from the way we evaluate ourselves
[D] things are seldom as they seem
1160. Distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency are elements of
[A] Heider‟s theory of attribution
[B] Jones‟s theory of attribution
[C] Schachter‟s theory of attribution
[D] Kelley‟s theory of attribution
1161. Research on emotion by Stanley Schachter can be viewed as supporting the earlier ideas of
[A] McDougall
[B] Cannon
[C] Titchener
[D] James
1162. Albert Bandura‟s work with the BoBo doll is the standard illustration of
[A] an ethical violation using animals as research subjects
[B] an ethical violation using children as research subjects
[C] social learning theory
[D] how phobias are learned
1163. In order to study social roles, a prison environment was simulated by
[A] Asch
[B] Milgram
[C] Bandura
[D] Zimbardo
1164. Zimbardo‟s study dramatically demonstrated the power of
[A] societal conventions in preventing behavior changes
[B] inmates when they are able to make weapons
[C] environmental conditions in shaping behavior
[D] the police when given freedom to act
1165. The murder of Kitty Genovese was among the events that led Darley and Latané to
investigate
[A] sexual aspects of human aggression
[B] the effects of TV on violence
[C] the minds of most wanted criminals
[D] bystander apathy
1166. The first African American psychologist to be elected president of the APA was
[A] Francis Howard
[B] Francis Sumner
[C] Kenneth Prosser
[D] Kenneth Clark
1167. According to the idea of diffusion of responsibility, you are most likely to receive aid if
[A] you sprain your ankle in front of dozens of people
[B] you get ill at a cookout at which there are more than 100 people
[C] you wreck your bike on campus in front of two people
[D] you fall in the woods and no one is around for miles
1168. The PAQ and the BSRI are most likely to be used by researchers with an interest in
[A] children
[B] abnormal sexual behavior
[C] gender
[D] human sexuality
1169. Which of the following is a major contributor to the research on gender differences?
[A] Eleanor Maccoby
[B] Lois Murphy
[C] Philip Zimbardo
[D] Kenneth Clark
1170. Bob and Pat Sears are known for their contributions to both
[A] psychometrics and applied psychology
[B] neuroscience and cognitive psychology
[C] social and developmental psychology
[D] neuroscience and clinical psychology
1171. Walter Bingham, Walter Scott, and Morris Viteles were important early contributors to the
rise of
[A] applied psychology in America
[B] psychometrics in America
[C] intelligence testing in America
[D] clinical psychology in America
1172. The Hawthorne Effect demonstrates the usefulness of psychology in
[A] solving race-related disputes
[B] applied settings such as industry
[C] the design of personnel selection tests
[D] military personnel decisions
1173. Ironically, Elton Mayo, an Australian, was the only psychologist actually associated with
[A] the use of psychological warfare in Desert Storm
[B] intelligence testing for the military in World War I
[C] the research surrounding the Hawthorne Effect
[D] intelligence testing for the military in World War II
1174. Elizabeth Loftus‟s work on eyewitness memory is just one example of the
[A] many elements of contemporary applied psychology
[B] sort of pseudoscience that gets confused with real psychology
[C] fine work in applied psychology being done by Australians
[D] data currently being brought to bear on the nature-nurture controversy
1175. Discuss Binet‟s contributions to intelligence testing.
1176. How could you summarize the differences between the gifted individuals in Terman‟s
famous longitudinal study and the people in the population from which the sample was drawn?
1177. What did Gould mean by the phrase “the mismeasure of man”? How does Sir Cyril Burt‟s
work fit in with Gould‟s thesis? What does the most recent work have to say about Burt‟s
culpability?
1178. Sketch the nature-nurture controversy as it applies to intelligence. What was Jensen‟s
contribution to it? Omitting Burt‟s work, what does the research with twins show about the
inheritance of intelligence?
1179. What is the central issue in the “Intelligence: One or Many” debate? What are some of the
different positions taken by the various researchers?
1180. In what sense are all psychologists psychometricians? Identify as many people as you can
who have contributed to statistics in psychology and briefly discuss their contributions.
1181. Trace the development of such personality assessment devices as the MMPI, the
Rorschach Inkblot Test, and the TAT.
1182. How did Richard LaPiere study attitudes in the 1930s? Give as many examples as you can
of research on attitudes.
1183. Identify as many contributions from Gestalt psychology to social psychology as you can.
1184. How are Asch‟s work on conformity and Milgram‟s work on obedience related? Describe
Milgram‟s research on obedience. What are some of the ethical issues related to this work?
1185. Give an overview of social learning theory and the research that led to its popularity.
1186. Is bystander “apathy” really apathy? Describe the conditions under which it is most likely
to occur. What is meant by “diffusion of responsibility”?
1187. Describe Zimbardo‟s research designed to explore the nature of social roles.
1188. Describe the gender research of such psychologists as Janet Spence, Sandra Bem, and
Eleanor Maccoby.
1189. What is the Hawthorne Effect? How did it get its name?
CHAPTER 18
1190. Thomas Kuhn is best known for his
[A] contributions to schema theory
[B] connections to Jean Piaget.
[C] theory of reconstructive memory
[D] concept of scientific revolutions
1191. For Kuhn, the period of “normal” science is terminated when
[A] the discipline encounters an anomalous phenomenon
[B] all the ideas for research have been tested
[C] there are no more young “Turks” to carry on the research program.
[D] its founders die
1192. Assuming that cognitive psychology is currently the dominant paradigm in psychology,
according to Kuhn‟s theory
[A] it is likely to remain dominant forever
[B] it could remain dominant through the next century
[C] it cannot remain dominant for more than another decade.
[D] it too will eventually encounter an anomaly and be displaced
1193. Which of the following had the least direct influence on the development of cognitive
psychology?
[A] Immanuel Kant.
[B] John Locke
[C] John Watson
[D] René Descartes
1194. One problem with the notion of a cognitive revolution is that
[A] behaviorism still offers the best explanation of language
[B] cognitive psychology has already fallen out of popularity
[C] behaviorism is still the dominant theory in Europe
[D] interest in cognitive phenomena is long-standing.
1195. Sir Frederic Bartlett‟s most important book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and
Social Psychology, popularized the concept of
[A] artificial intelligence
[B] schema
[C] conservation.
[D] moral development
1196. Bartlett used the Indian tale “War of the Ghosts” to investigate
[A] reconstructive memory
[B] folk psychology
[C] moral development
[D] conservation in children
1197. Important 20th-century contributors to cognitive psychology from the former Soviet Union
include
[A] Vygotsky and Luria
[B] Chomsky and Neisser
[C] Pavlov and Sechenov
[D] Kahneman and Tversky
1198. A precocious child, Piaget published more than 20 papers before he was 20 on the topic of
[A] mollusks
[B] cave fish
[C] moral development
[D] schemata
1199. Jean Piaget is best known in psychology for his
[A] stage theory of cognitive development
[B] stage theory of intelligence
[C] stage theory of language development
[D] stage theory of moral development
1200. According to Piaget, two processes that explain the development of schema are
[A] assimilation and accommodation
[B] equilibration and hypothesis testing
[C] assimilation and syntactic structuring
[D] equilibration and syntactic structuring
1201. Alexander now looks for objects that have been moved from his field of vision while he is
playing. He is exhibiting
[A] assimilation and is leaving the sensorimotor stage
[B] assimilation and is leaving the formal operations stage
[C] object permanence and is leaving the formal operations stage
[D] object permanence and is leaving the sensorimotor stage
1202. The correct order of Piaget‟s stages is
[A] preoperational, operational, concrete operational, formal operational
[B] sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
[C] preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, postoperational
[D] sensorimotor, preconventional, conventional, postconventional
1203. Erin has reached the point at which she is able to think abstractly and has the cognitive
ability to test solutions hypothetically and systematically. According to Piaget, she has reached
the
[A] sensorimotor stage
[B] preoperational stage
[C] formal operational stage
[D] concrete operational stage
1204. Ted does not steal things when he goes shopping because he is afraid of getting caught and
punished. According to Kohlberg, his moral development is in the
[A] terminal stage
[B] preconventional stage
[C] conventional stage
[D] postconventional stage
1205. According to Kohlberg, the behavior of the individual is guided by internalized moral
principles in the
[A] conventional stage
[B] terminal stage
[C] preconventional stage
[D] postconventional stage
1206. A critic of Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan‟s work on moral development has largely focused on
[A] ethnic differences
[B] gender differences
[C] sociological differences
[D] physiological differences
1207. The term “cybernetics” was coined by
[A] Turing
[B] Gardner
[C] Chomsky
[D] Wiener
1208. The study of the fundamental control processes of behavior in animals and machines is
called
[A] cybernetics
[B] behavioristics
[C] symbolics
[D] cerebralistics
1209. The “father” of artificial intelligence was
[A] Noam Chomsky
[B] Alan Turing
[C] Gilbert Ryle
[D] Norbert Wiener
1210. Noam Chomsky has argued that learning theories cannot fully explain language
acquisition and that to better understand the process we should look for innate
[A] schematic structures
[B] perceptual processes
[C] neural structures
[D] syntactic structures
1211. The idea that we have an innate LAD is most associated with
[A] Chomsky
[B] Vygotsky
[C] Piaget
[D] Skinner
1212. In 1962, the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard was founded by
[A] Kohlberg and Gilligan
[B] Bruner and Miller
[C] Brown and Chomsky
[D] Vygotsky and Luria
1213. The idea that the language spoken to children is too deficient a stimulus to provide what a
child needs to learn language according to behaviorist learning principles is called the
[A] deficient-stimulus theory
[B] poverty-of-stimulus argument
[C] impoverished-stimulus-response argument
[D] AI language-acquisition structure
1214. George Miller‟s “Magical Number Seven” concerns the capacity of
[A] a child to reason about morality
[B] any given concept or schema
[C] short-term memory or consciousness
[D] a child to learn language
1215. George Miller was one of many early cognitive researchers to advocate an
[A] information processing approach to mental events
[B] internal-external approach to mental events
[C] ecologically valid approach to mental events
[D] epistemological genetics approach to mental events
1216. TOTE is the acronym for
[A] Time-Operations-Time-Ending
[B] Test-Operate-Test-Exit
[C] Treat-Organism-Through-Empiricism
[D] Test-Organism-Test-Execute
1217. A pioneer in both social cognition and the empirical study of language acquisition was
[A] Roger Brown
[B] Jerome Bruner
[C] George Miller
[D] Noam Chomsky
1218. Memories of first learning about a surprising or emotional experience are called
[A] flashbulb memories
[B] electrifying memories
[C] first emotional memories
[D] astonishing memories
1219. Neisser has argued that research in cognition must be generalizable to the world outside
the laboratory, that is, that it must be
[A] related to current clinical theories
[B] ecologically valid
[C] related to current computer theories
[D] ecologically sensitive
1220. Endel Tulving has argued that memory is not a unitary phenomenon and has suggested that
one division of long-term memory might be
[A] syntactic and semantic
[B] flashbulb and reconstructive
[C] syntactic and schematic
[D] episodic and semantic
1221. Jerry has forgotten his Social Security number, which indicates a failure of his
[A] semantic memory
[B] narrative memory
[C] episodic memory
[D] flashbulb memory
1222. The concept of family resemblance originated with the philosopher
[A] Russell
[B] Searle
[C] Heidegger
[D] Wittgenstein
1223. The concept of family resemblance is an important element of cognitive psychology‟s
interest in
[A] moral development
[B] language development
[C] categorization
[D] the mind-body problem
1224. The fundamental act of cognition, the process by which we organize and access all of our
perceptions, knowledge, and memory, is
[A] semantic differential
[B] equilibration
[C] categorization
[D] language development
1225. Ryle suggested that the mind-body problem may be nothing more than
[A] an availability heuristic
[B] phenomenological nihilism
[C] a perceptual error
[D] a category mistake
1226. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have collaborated on research in the area of
[A] human reasoning
[B] child development
[C] moral development
[D] categorization
1227. The availability heuristic demonstrates that when reasoning we tend to rely on information
that is
[A] easy to remember
[B] nonlinguistic
[C] easy to forget
[D] nonprobabilistic
1228. Newell and Simon developed an important early demonstration of artificial intelligence
called
[A] Deep Blue
[B] the Turing Test
[C] the General Problem Solver
[D] the Chinese Room
1229. The General Problem Solver was a computer program designed to
[A] solve all the problems in a statistics textbook
[B] play and win chess matches against expert human players
[C] solve all the world‟s problems
[D] mimic how humans solve diverse problems and logic puzzles
1230. The Turing Test was designed to determine if a computer could
[A] reason indistinguishably from a person
[B] speak in ordinary language
[C] solve general problems
[D] solve complex math puzzles
1231. Defined by Robert Abelson, a special kind of schema involving a structured sequence of
behavioral events is called
[A] a script
[B] a plan
[C] a shank
[D] a subroutine
1232. An alternative to traditional rule-based computer systems that has become popular among
cognitive psychologists is
[A] the neural network
[B] object-oriented programming
[C] robotics
[D] virtual reality
1233. Neural networks represent
[A] the rediscovery of an older computer architecture
[B] a new breakthrough based on the internet
[C] a new breakthrough based on virtual reality
[D] the rediscovery of ideas held by Lull and Leibniz
1234. Neural networks are interesting because they
[A] are exact reproductions of the human nervous system
[B] produce systems that solve the Turing Test
[C] produce systems that truly learn
[D] are essential for designing robots
1235. Outline Kuhn‟s model of scientific evolution.
1236. What did Bartlett add to our understanding of memory?
1237. Describe Piaget‟s work on cognitive development in children. Identify the various stages
in Piaget‟s theory and describe the capabilities of children within a particular stage.
1238. In what way might Noam Chomsky be credited with initiating the “cognitive revolution”?
1239. In what way is the number 7 magical?
1240. Discuss the major elements in Neisser‟s Cognition and Reality.
1241. Discuss Wittgenstein‟s work on categorization. What did Ryle mean by a category
mistake?
1242. What is the Turing Test, and what would a computer have to do in order to pass it?
1243. Contrast rule-based systems and neural networks. Why do you think artificial intelligence
is a hot topic in modern cognitive science?