POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
APPLICATION
FOR
ACCREDITATION
OF THE STUDY PROGRAMME
FOR A DOCTOR’S DEGREE IN LAW
OF THE POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
RIGA
2000
POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
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Riga To the Ministry of Education and
Science of the Republic of Latvia
2000. 28.December No 19/668 The Department of Higher Education
and Science
The Centre of the Higher Education
Quality Estimation
THE APPLICATION
FOR THE ACCREDITATION OF THE CURRICULUM OF
THE HIGHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT
The Applicator: The Police Academy of Latvia
The Title of the Curriculum: The Curriculum of A Doctor in Law of the Police
Academy of Latvia.
The Codes of Educational Programme:
513811 (State Law)
513812 (Civil Law)
513213 (Criminal Law)
513816 (Theory and History of Law)
The Degree Awarded: A Doctor in Law (Dr. iur.)
The Awarded Diploma: Diploma of a Doctor in Law
(sub - branches: state law, civil law,
criminal law, theory and history of law)
Legal Address: The Police Academy of Latvia, Ezermalas Street 8, Riga,
LV-1014, telephone 7552422, fax 7551070.
Bank Account: Bank of Latvia, code 310101170
Account 000361101/21400214000
Chancellor Z.Indrikovs
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THE SELF-EVALUATION REPORT
OF THE CURRICULUM
OF A DOCTOR IN LAW
OF THE POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
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1. THE OBJECTIVES AND TASKS OF THE POLICE ACADEMY OF
LATVIA
In accordance with the Constitution of the Police Academy of Latvia approved by the
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia on 17 June 1998 the objective of the
activity of the Academy as well as its principle trend is ensuring of professionally
orientated curricula and of academic studies in the field of the science of law, carrying
out of scientific research necessary for ensuring activities of the institutions of the
Ministry of Interior, other law enforcement institutions and the Academy itself, the
improvement of professional skills of the officers of these institutions by the
implementation of the programmes for supplementary education.
The principle task of the Academy is to provide the indivisibility between academic
and professional studies and the scientific research, the opportunity to acquire
knowledge, the academic education and professional skills, the academic degrees and
the professional qualification in the field of law enforcement and state administration.
In order to achieve this objective pursuant to the requirements of the National
Conception of the Development of the Higher Education and Higher Educational
Establishments and the Government Order a unified complex of the curricula of the
academic and professional studies in the science of law has been developed
gradually, carried out and regularly perfected at the PAL during the last decade. The
aforementioned complex covers all levels of the higher education in law – from the
professional education at the Colleges of the PAL up to the candidate studies for a
doctor’s degree including what enables to meet regularly the demands of the Ministry
of Interior and the Ministry of Justice as well as of other law enforcement institutions
regarding highly qualified specialists both academically and professionally.
2. THE COMPLEX OF THE CURRICULA OF THE PAL
The current complex of the curricula of the Academy comprises:
I. THE CURRICULUM OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES IN THE SCIENCE
OF LAW WITH AN INTEGRATED ACADEMIC STANDARD FOR A
BACHELOR IN LAW – the basic curriculum which consists of the
following five sub-curricula:
the sub-curriculum of the Police College;
the sub-curriculum of the Frontier-Guards College;
the sub-curriculum of the Penitentiary College;
the sub-curriculum of the academic and professional studies in law
(commanders);
the sub-curriculum of the academic and professional studies (public law).
All the five basic curricula are mutually coordinated and interconnected with a strictly
defined transition from one sub-curriculum to another.
The curriculum has been accredited for a period of time until 2005 on 10 December
1998.
The basic curriculum is being mastered by 3741 student in the academic year of
2000/2001 (at the beginning of the academic year), out of them 1905 students are full-
time students and 1836 students are part-time students. During the last five years
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(1995-2000) the degree of a Bachelor in law has been awarded to 521 graduate of the
Academy but the higher professional education in law and the qualification of a
lawyer have been acquired by 568 graduates.
II THE CURRICULUM OF A MASTER IN LAW where in the conclusion the
student is awarded the academic degree of a Master in Law (sub-branches: state law,
civil law, criminal law, theory and history of law) and is granted the right to
continue studies for a doctor’s degree.
The objective of the curriculum:
to train students for independent activities requiring comprehensive education in
the science of law having a profound specialization;
to acquire skills of the research and pedagogical work;
to prepare students for the doctor’s course.
The curriculum has been accredited for a period of time until 2005 on 10 December
1998.
The curriculum of a master in law at the Academy is being acquired by 122
candidates for a Master’s degree during the academic year of 2000/2001 (22
candidates are full-time students, 100 candidates are part-time students). The degree
of a Master in law has been awarded to 100 graduates from the master’s course during
the last five years. Thus, a substantial basis has been created for the third curriculum –
the curriculum of a doctor in law.
III THE CURRICULUM OF A DOCTOR IN LAW intended for three years full-time
studies or five years part-time studies.
Those having completed successfully the curriculum are awarded the degree of
Doctor in law in the following sub-branches:
the state law;
the civil law;
the criminal law;
the theory and history of law.
The amount of the curriculum – 144 credit points. The Promotion Council empowered
to award the degree of Doctor in Law is acting at the Police Academy of Latvia.
The objective of the curriculum:
to acquire profoundly the study courses chosen in the sub-branch of the science of
law for a doctor’s degree;
to prepare for academic work in a higher educational establishment (mastering the
foundations of the experience for a lecturer’s, project manager’s work by
participating in the implementation of the curricula for a bachelor and a master in
law and of research projects);
to acquire the latest research methods in the sub-trend of the science of law and
skills to apply them practically;
to acquire the latest techniques of information technology, research planning, data
processing and presentation;
to acquire skills to develop text-books and training aids, curricula of the study
courses and to perfect them;
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to develop and prepare for the defence of the scientific qualification paper to be
awarded the degree of a Doctor in Law.
The curriculum has been accredited on 10 December 1998 for a period of time until
2001.
3. PERFECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CURRICULA
ACCREDITED IN THE PAL
On the grounds of the results of the accreditation in 1998 the curricula of the
Academy have been continuously perfected during the last two years (1999-2000) and
they have undergone a versatile self-evaluation and specification during the autumn
term of the academic year of 2000/2001.
Because of the anticipated accession of Latvia to EU and preparation for this event
serious changes have taken place in the legislative acts of Latvia and regarding the
functions of law enforcement institutions according to the latest investigations and
developments in several sub-trends of the science of law. Therefore the requirements
determined by the state for higher educational establishments of law have also
increased, particularly for the Police Academy of Latvia in the field of training of
specialists.
It is obvious that these requirements are strictly observed during the course of the self-
evaluation and improvement of the quality of the curricula of the PAL. So, in 1999-
2000 there has been a great input in the international scientific research work carried
out together with higher educational establishments of Germany and Finland within
the framework of the joint European project Tempus PHARE (contract S_JEP-12396-
97) developing a new two-step curricula of academic and professional studies for
training police officers.
The results of these and other investigations are taken into account first of all to
specify the curricula of the basic and master’s course (changes have been made
regarding the schedules and content of the study courses, in the forms and timing of
the studies, in specializations and training practices and regarding other topical issues
during the course of the self-evaluation).
However, in our opinion, the most important condition for a sufficiently fast and
efficient implementation of the new specified curricula is a timely and quick enough
renovation of the academic and scientific staff of the Academy and its supplement
with highly qualified young doctors who have acquired completely the latest
achievements of the science and practice of law, pedagogy of higher educational
establishments and are ready to hand them over in a creative manner to the younger
generation of lawyers.
The number of such specialists in Latvia is still insufficient and this is felt acutely by
almost all higher educational establishments of law, even in the University of Latvia.
A lot of lecturers are forced to work in several higher educational establishments
simultaneously, they have no time enough for the research work, particularly as
regards international projects and those between higher educational establishments,
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for developing new study courses and training aids, preparation of scientific
publications.
At the same time only one curriculum for a doctor in law has been accredited in the
higher educational establishments of Latvia – and this is in the Police Academy of
Latvia. We are aware of the fact that this imposes a special responsibility upon the
Academy. In order to justify this responsibility work for strengthening and extension
of the studies for a doctor’s degree has been expanded within the Academy to satisfy
gradually the needs both of the PAL and, in the future, also of other Latvian higher
educational establishments for training the teaching staff meeting the contemporary
requirements.
4. THE BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-EVALUATION OF
THE CURRICULUM OF A DOCTOR IN LAW DECLARED FOR
ACCREDITATION
Studies for a doctor’s degree in law have been introduced at the PAL in 1996 – in the
extra-mural department at first but since 1997 also for the full-time studies. The
scientific degree of a doctor has been awarded to five applicants during this time but
one person has presented a candidate’s thesis in law. The curriculum of a doctor in
law has been developed on the basis of the curriculum of a master in law of the PAL
because studies for a doctor’s degree are envisaged as a continuation of studies for a
master’s degree. The basic objective of the curriculum – to prepare the most capable
masters for valuable academic and scientific work at the Academy.
Therefore both the curricula (for a master and for a doctor) were simultaneously
declared for accreditation in 1998 and accredited in December of the same year: the
curriculum of a master –until 2005 but the curriculum of a doctor – until 2001 thus
facilitating further accelerated improvement of the curriculum. During the two years
following the accreditation (1999 and 2000) the curriculum of a doctor in law at the
PAL has undergone a serious test regarding the content, methods of work and the
results of the study process as well. The self-evaluation of the curriculum of a doctor
in law has been carried out during the autumn term (August – October) of the
2000/2001 academic year as a result of which the curriculum has been specified and
supplemented with the necessary amendments.
During the self-evaluation and as a result of it new broader and more strictly regulated
matriculation rules were worked out, the total amount of the curriculum was changed
from 132 to 144 credit points, the duration of the study year was changed from 44 to
48 weeks but the period of extra-mural studies was prolonged by one study year (5
years in total).
The schedule and amount of the study courses to be acquired during the studies for a
doctor’s degree have been discussed widely at the Chairs, the Managerial Committee
of the Self-Evaluation, the Academic Council and the Senate and, consequently,
expanded considerably.
So, for example, a possibility has been provided for within the sub-branch of state law
to choose and acquire such new currently topical study courses as “Administrative
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Law of EU Countries”, “Rights of Children”, “Rights of Women”, “Medicine Law”,
“Traffic Law” and “Military Law”.
Within the sub-branch of civil law it is envisaged to introduce the following study
courses: “Law and Economy”, “Trade Law”, “Intellectual Property Rights”, Rights of
Judicial Institutions”, “Social Law”, Consumer Law”, “Insurance Law”.
Within the sub-branch of criminal law candidates for a doctor’s degree will be able to
acquire optional study courses “Legal Informatics”, “Theory of Proof”, “Theory of
Operational Activities”, “Management of Work in the Criminal Police”. Several new
study courses are also envisaged within the sub-branch of the theory and history of
law (for the full content of the curricula see Annex).
The number of reports to be prepared during the studies for a doctor’s degree has been
increased twice (from 3 to 6), the period of time for working out the doctor’s thesis
has also been prolonged. It has been established that the doctor’s exam is to be
evaluated positively only in the case if it has received 7 grades or more (instead of the
previous 6 grades). Other increased requirements for the study evaluation have also
been established as well as the procedure of evaluation has been specified.
In comparison with the curriculum of a doctor in law accredited in 1998 its academic
provision has expanded significantly (by 55%) – instead of 11 scientific guides of the
candidates for a doctor’s degree 17 guides have been approved now including 15 (or
88%) professors and associated professors (instead of previous 36%).
The curriculum includes a detailed material technical and fiscal provision, the
procedure of payment for studies. The Managerial Committee of the Self-Evaluation
is of the opinion that the new curriculum introduced in October, 2000 is provided
completely with everything necessary for a valuable study process, complies with the
requirements set to the curricula of a doctor in law and may be submitted for
accreditation.
5. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACCREDITABLE
CURRICULUM OF A DOCTOR IN LAW
The total amount of the curriculum is 144 credit points (6 terms for full-time studies
and 10 terms for part-time studies). The duration of the academic year for full-time
studies is 48 weeks (for part-time studies during the first 4 academic years a
programme in the amount of 29 credit points is to be mastered annually, during the
last study year – in the amount of 28 credit points). The studies include in-depth study
of the respective branch of the science in law, training for a teaching practice, the
teaching practice and working out and defence of the paper for scientific qualification
(a set of thematically-linked scientific publications, thesis or a monograph). The
scientific guide (adviser) of the candidate for a doctor’s degree is approved by the
Promotion Council during the first study year. The amount of each study course for a
doctor’s examination is 21 credit point and three scientific papers, each consisting of
one signature have to be written and defended with the evaluation not less than “well”
(7 grades) within each study course for a doctor’s examination. The paper has to be
defended publicly in a candidates’ for a doctor’s degree seminar or at the academic
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sitting of the respective Chair. The candidate at least once during each study year has
to present publicly a report at a scientific conference or a publication of a report
(thesis of the report) in a seminar. During the studies the number of publications
necessary for doctorate has to be ensured. During the studies for a doctor’s degree a
pedagogical practice has to be taken at least for a month in one of the higher
educational institutions established by the Republic of Latvia with rights of promotion
and in-service training for at least a month has to be taken in a foreign higher
educational establishment with rights of promotion. During the first 2 study years for
full-time studies (during the first 3 study years for part-time studies) the pedagogical
practice has to be taken at one’s own Chair during the first study course for the
doctor’s examination or during the study course corresponding to the trend of the
doctorate work. The general requirements for the pedagogical practice for candidates
of a doctor’s degree are approved by the Academic Council. The candidate has to
have a command of at least two foreign languages. If the candidate’s evaluation in a
foreign language (-s) during the entrance exams is “almost well” (6) or lower then
he/she has to pass an exam (-s) in a foreign language (-s) with the evaluation no lower
than “well” (7) during the first 2 study years.
The theoretical studies in the chosen sub-branch of law conclude with doctor’s oral
examinations: a doctor’s examination in the basic study course in a sub-branch and an
integrated doctor’s examination (second one) comprising three study courses two of
which are mandatory related to the first optional doctor’s study course and one
optional study course in a sub-branch. The description of the doctor’s study course
and the content and the amount of the doctor’s examination is approved by the
Academic Council according to the recommendation of the professor (associated
professor) and after their coordination with the Promotion Council. In the sub-branch
of criminal law a specialization in the trends of substantive and procedural elements
takes place.
The degree of a doctor in law may be awarded to a candidate who has independently
carried out an original research work (a set of thematically-linked scientific
publications, thesis or a monograph) the results of which are to be acknowledged as a
significant input in the research of the problems of the science of law and which
corresponds to the generally accepted international standards of the science of law as
regards the content and the methodology.. The doctorate work has to meet the criteria
set by the Scientific Board of Latvia.
The candidate for a doctor’s degree has to submit the doctorate work in Latvian (if the
work has been developed for the defence at a foreign higher educational institution, it
has to be submitted in the language established by this institution), its summary in
Latvian, English and one more foreign language, the reference from the director of the
studies regarding the completion of the study course and passing the doctor’s
examinations, Curriculum Vitae, and the list of the works published and their copies
(except works subject to the law "On State Secret”) to the corresponding Promotion
Council not later than within the term indicated in the schedule of the studies of the
curriculum.
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6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE STUDENTS TAKING THE DOCTOR’S
COURSE
On 1 November 2000 thirty-seven candidates for a doctor’s degree are studying
according to the curriculum for a doctor in law of the PAL. Out of them 6 candidates
(16.2%) are full-time students occupying staff positions in the corresponding Chairs,
carrying out research work there together with their professors as well as participating
in the pedagogical process.
The most part of the candidates - 31 (83.8%) – are studying in the extra-mural
department continuing the activity at their principal places of work (the list of the
candidates for a doctor’s degree see in the Annex).
It has to be pointed out particularly that the enrolment of the candidates for a doctor’s
degree at the PAL takes place in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Interior
approved on 2 May 2000 which determines that 10 candidates for s doctor’s degree
including 5 full-time students and 5 part-time students are to be enrolled annually at
the doctor’s course of the PAL.
In accordance with the government order approximately 30 doctors in law are to be
appointed for work in the Police Academy of Latvia or in interior or judicial
institutions following the distribution order of the Ministry of Interior in the nearest 5
years (2001-2005).
7. THE CHAIRS CARRYING OUT THE CURRICULUM OF A DOCTOR IN
LAW, THEIR ACADEMIC STAFF
Carrying out of the curriculum of a doctor in law is performed by the leading Chairs
of the Academy under the guidance of the Department of Science (the Head of the
Department – associate professor, Dr. iur. Z. Rags).
The sub-branch of state law
The Chair of State law headed by the associated professor, Dr. iur. Jānis
Načisčionis. In addition the Chair has still 5 doctors in law.
The Chair of Police Law and Frontier Guards where the associated professor, Dr.
iur. Zenons Indrikovs works.
The sub-branch of civil law
The Chair of Civil Law where 2 professors, habilitated doctors in law O. Joksts
and J. Strautmanis, work.
The sub-branch of Criminal Law
The Chair of Criminal Law headed by the academic pro-rector, the professor, Dr.
iur. Ārija Meikališa. Still 3 associated professors, doctors in law work at the Chair.
The Chair of Criminalistics headed by the professor, Dr. habil. iur. Anrijs
Kavalieris. Still 4 doctors in law work at the Chair.
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The sub-branch of Theory and History of Law
The Chair of Theory and History of Law headed by the profesor, Dr. habil. phil.
Voldis Jakubaņecs. Still 2 doctors in law work at the Chair.
In carrying out of the curriculum in intersectorial trends of sciences participate:
In the sub-branch of the theory and history of law:
The Chair of Philosophy headed by a corresponding member of the Latvian Academy
of Sciences, professor, Dr. habil. phil. Ivans Vedins. Still 4 doctors of sciences work at
the Chair.
In the sub-branch of state law and in the sub-branch of criminal law:
The Chair of Military Law and Special Tactics headed by Dr. sc. ing. Ēriks Melnis.
The Chair of Physical Training with 2 doctors of sciences working there.
The Informatics Centre with 2 doctors of sciences working there.
To acquire particular sections of the curriculum appointments to other Latvian and
foreign higher educational establishments are provided for within the framework of
this curriculum.
The responsibility for carrying out the curriculum of a doctor in law lies upon the
Head of the Department of Sciences (the director of the programme) but acquiring of
the curriculum is under the control of the corresponding Chair and the scientific
guide. The scientific guide is not allowed to have more than five candidates for a
doctor’s degree under his guidance simultaneously. The decision on the promotion of
the scientific qualification work to the defence is taken by the Chair inviting the
necessary experts.
The Managerial Committee of self-evaluation of the curriculum of a doctor in law of
the PAL having analysed from every point of view and discussed the structure and
activities of the academic staff involved in the development and carrying out of the
curriculum has established that the staff is qualified and meets the requirements
determined by legal acts, is able to ensure working out and realization of the study
courses envisaged by the curriculum at a high academic and professional level
meeting the requirements (see Annex “CV of the scientific guides of the candidates
for a doctor’s degree”).
7. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RELATED TO THE CURRICULUM OF A
DOCTOR IN LAW
The in-depth analysis carried out by the Managerial Committee during the self-
evaluation of the curriculum showed that the studies of the candidates for a doctor’s
degree as a rule are based on and closely connected with the scientific research work
carried out under the guidance of their highly qualified scientific guides – professors
and doctors of sciences – collectively or individually at the leading Chairs of the
Academy according to a joint plan of scientific research approved by the Senate of the
Academy and in a strict compliance with the tasks set out in their individual curricula.
For this purpose the Senate of the PAL has approved more than 50 research problems
having priority in the development of which the candidates for a doctor’s degree may
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participate, by its Decision No. 23/9 “On the Trends of Scientific Research Having
Priority at the PAL” of 16 February 2000 envisaged for the leading Chairs involved in
preparing of the candidates in 2000-2003 (a copy of the Decision of the Senate see in
Annex).
Most of all investigations during 2001-2003 are envisaged to be carried out within the
sub-trend of criminal law (36) including 24 – at the Chair of Criminalistics. Already
now 15 scientific investigations are carried out in two Chairs of this sub-trend by the
candidates for a doctor’s degree or by their participation under the guidance of three
habilitated doctors in law and six doctors of science.
In the sub-branch of civil law candidates for a doctor’s degree are carrying out seven
research projects under the guidance of two professors, habilitated doctors of science,
at the Chair of Civil Law but in the subbranch of state law at the Chair of State Law –
four problems having priority are under solution. Four topical problems have been
envisaged for the choice of the candidates at the Chair of Theory and History of Law.
Candidates for a doctor’s degree at the PAL participate in such trends of research
havuing priority as, for example, “Police and Society”, “Practice of Application the
Non-traditional Means of Fighting Criminality Used in EU and Other Foreign
Countries and Not Provided For by the Latvian Legislation and Possibilities of the
Implementation of This Practice in Latvia”, “The Characteristics of the Most
Common Crimes in Latvia in the National and Civil Law Aspects, Specific Features
of Their Prevention, Detection and Investigation”, “Criminal Proceedings and Human
Rights”.
The research results are published mainly in the research papers of the Academy
“Selected Works of the PAL” and in the magazine “Administrative and Criminal
Justice” (see Annex). A part of the candidates for a doctor’s degree reflect their
research results in publications of other scientific organizations as well as reporting
them in international and national theoretical and practical conferences.
The Managerial Committee of self-evaluation is forced to mention as a drawback the
fact that certain candidates, particularly those taking part-time studies, do not comply
with the time limits established by the curriculum regarding their research work and
therefore delay the development and defence of their doctorate works. The
corresponding leading Chairs further have to plan this work more precisely and
control strictly the performance of the obligations assumed.
More attention has also to be paid to a wider involvement of the candidates in the
scientific research envisaged in the agreements of the international cooperation of
higher educational establishments and to the publication of the research results in the
foreign press.
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8. THE MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES AND INFORMATIVE
PROVISION
The candidates for a doctor’s degree have three modern lecture rooms, six methodical
rooms with the necessary technical means at Chairs, The Fundamental Library of the
Academy with more than 200 thousand units in Latvian, English, French, German and
Russian at their disposal. The Library regularly receives about 80 periodical editions
in Latvian (35), English (4), German (3) and Russian (35) according to its specific
character.
Lists of the literature to be acquired and periodically used by the candidates as well as
the locality are indicated in the descriptions of the study courses (see Annex) at their
disposal. To ensure valuable studies the Library stocks are continuously supplemented
with the latest teaching and scientific literature in the corresponding sub-trends of the
science of law and other branches of science. The computerization of the stocks has
been started making use of “Alepth” software.
A separate reading-room, a computer-class linked to Internet, an electronic reading-
room of the PAL editions have been arranged for the needs of the candidates.
An independent mail server has been arranged enabling all the candidates for a
doctor’s degree to make use of e-mail. Separate rooms are provided for the candidates
in the in-house hotel “Ķīšezers”.
9. THE COMPARISON OF THE CURRICULUM WITH ANALOGOUS
CURRICULA OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN EU
COUNTRIES
Improving further the curriculum of a doctor in law accredited two years ago – in
December 1998 – the Chairs of the PAL, The Academic Council and the Senate
compared the amendments and supplements to be included in the curriculum with the
experience of higher educational establishments of EU countries – Germany, the
United Kingdom, France and Finland – in developing and realization of analogous
curricula.
A particular attention was paid to the experience of the Departments of law of
Westphalia Wilhelm’s University and the University of Finland. There are no
essential differences as regards the content of these programmes and that of the PAL
but there are differences caused by the traditions of the countries, belonging to the
families of law, degrees of the development of law enforcement systems, the structure
of the scientific guides of the doctor’s level studies, the availability of scientific
literature and teaching aids in these higher educational establishments.
A specific feature of the curriculum of a doctor in law of the PAL is the fact that it has
been developed under specific conditions – to execute a specific government order:
to prepare highly qualified specialists for a strictly determined task – scientific
research and pedagogical work mainly in the Police Academy of Latvia and only
partly for the needs of other Latvian higher educational institutions of law.
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This specific feature is considered without the violation of international standards and
the requirements established by the Council of Higher Education of Latvia (see the
Decision No. 62 of this Council “Provisions on Development and Realization of the
Curriculum of a Doctor in Law” from 18 June 1999 in Annex).
10. THE PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CURRICULUM OF A
DOCTOR IN LAW OF THE PAL
The perspective programme of the Academy for the period of time up to 2003
provides for a further continuous intensive development of the curricula of the PAL
by a precise and qualitative realization of the concrete government order given by the
law enforcement institutions of Latvia.
The staff of the Academy is ready to perform these tasks honestly thus strengthening
its positions in the community of the Latvian higher educational establishments, to
give still more input in the intellectual, economical and international growth of Latvia
as a judicial state.
The Head of the Managerial Committee
of the self-evaluation of the curriculum of
a doctor in law of the PAL
the Chancellor Z. Indrikovs
NOTE: The report has been discussed and approved at an enlarged meeting of the
Managerial Committee on 27 November 2000 and it has been accepted by the Senate
of the PAL on 6 December 2000.
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Approved
by Senate Decision No. 36/3
of 6 December 2000
THE CURRICULUM
OF A DOCTOR IN LAW
OF THE POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
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Codes of the educational programme: 513811 (State law)
513812 (Civil law)
513813 (Criminal law)
513816 (Theory and history of law)
Degree to be acquired: Doctor in law (D. L. Dr.iur.)
Diploma to be acquired: Diploma of a doctor in law (subbranches:
State law; Civil law; Criminal law;
Theory and History of law).
The objective of the curriculum:
to acquire profoundly the study courses selected in the sub-branch of the science
of law;
to prepare for academic work in an institution of higher education (acquiring the
fundamentals of the working experience of a lecturer, project manager by
participating in realization of the curricula of a bachelor, master and in carrying
out research projects);
to acquire the latest investigative methods in the sub-branch of law and skills to
apply them in practice;
to acquire the newest methods in information technology, research planning data
processing and presentation;
to acquire skills to work out text-books and training aids, curricula and to improve
them;
to work out and prepare for the defence of a doctorate work to be awarded the
degree of a doctor in law.
1. General characteristics of the curriculum
Full-time studies in law at the PAL have been existing since September 1997 but part-
time studies – since April 1996. The previous programme has been accredited on 10
December 1998 (Accreditation Paper Annex No. 008-0059 – 14 December 1998). The
accredited curriculum has been approved by Senate Decision No. 73/3 of 4 March
1998 and amended by Senate Decision No. 10/5 of 31 March 1999 in accordance with
the recommendations of the Accreditation Commission as well as with the
amendments of 1998 made to the Law “On Scientific Activity” and with the
amendments made to the Law “On Higher Educational Establishments” on 23
November 2000.
This curriculum has been developed on the basis of the curriculum of a master in law
of the PAL accredited on 10 December 1998 (Accreditation Paper Annex No. 008-
0058 – 14 December 1998) for the period of time up to 2005.
The total amount of the curriculum is 144 credit points (6 terms for full-time studies
and 10 terms for part-time studies). The duration of the academic year for full-time
studies – 48 weeks (for part-time studies a programme in the amount of 29 credit
points is to be acquired annually during the first 4 academic years but during the last
academic year – in the amount of 28 credit points). The studies involve a profound
mastering of study courses in the corresponding sub-branch in law, preparation for
pedagogical practice, pedagogical practice and working out and defence of the
16
doctorate work (a thematically unified set of scientific publications, a thesis or a
monograph). The scientific guide of the candidate’s for a doctor’s degree studies (an
adviser) is approved by the Promotion Council during the first term of the studies. The
amount of each study course for the doctor’s examination is 21 credit point and 3
scientific reports in the size of one signature each are to be written and defended
receiving the evaluation not less than “well” (7 grades). The report has to be defended
publicly in a seminar of the candidates for a doctor'’ degree or at the academic sitting
of the appropriate Chair. The candidate has to read a report at a scientific conference
or to present a publication of the report (thesis of it) in a seminar at least once during
each academic year. The number of publications necessary for the doctorate is to be
ensured during the studies. Pedagogical practice has to be taken in one of the Latvian
higher educational institutions having rights for promotion for at least one month
during the studies and in-service training has to be taken in a foreign higher
educational institution having rights for promotion for at least one month. The
pedagogical practice has to be taken at one’s own Chair during the first study course
for a doctor’s degree or during the study course corresponding to the trend of the
doctorate work during the first 2 academic years for full-time studies (for part-time
studies – during the first 3 academic years). The candidate has to have a good
knowledge in at least two foreign languages. If the candidate knowledge at the
entrance exam(-s) has been estimated by “almost well” (6 grades) or lower, he/she has
to pass an exam(-s) in a foreign language(-s) with an estimation not lower than “well”
(7) during the first 2 academic years.
The theoretical studies in the selected sub-branch of law conclude with oral doctor’s
examinations: a doctor’s examination in the sub-branch of the basic study course and
an integrated doctor’s examination (second one) which involves three study courses
out of which two are obligatory related to the first optional doctor’s study course and
one optional study course in the sub-branch. The description of the doctor’s study
course and the content and the amount of the doctor’s examination according to the
recommendation of a professor (associated professor) and having coordinated with the
Promotion Council are approved by the Academic Council. In the sub-branch of
criminal law a specialization within the trends of substantive and procedural law takes
place.
The degree of a doctor in law may be awarded to a candidate who has carried out
independently an original research (a thematically unified set of scientific
publications, a thesis or a monograph) the results of which are acknowledged as a
significant contribution to the studies of problems in law and which corresponds to the
generally accepted international standards of the science of law as regards the content
and methodology. The doctorate work has to meet the criteria set by the Scientific
Board of Latvia.
The candidate for a doctor’s degree has to introduce the doctorate work in Latvian (if
the work has been developed for the defence in a foreign higher educational
institution, it has to be introduced in the language determined by this institution), its
summary in Latvian, English and one more foreign language, a reference from the
director of studies regarding the completion of the curriculum and passing the
doctor’s examinations, CV and the list of the works published and their copies (except
works subject to the requirements of the Law “On State Secret”) to the appropriate
17
Promotion Council not later than within the term determined in the work plan of the
curriculum.
The leading Chairs are: in the sub-branch of state law – the Chair of State Law and the
Chair of Police Law and Frontier Guards; in the sub-branch of civil law – The Chair
of Civil Law; in the sub-branch of criminal law – the Chair of Criminal Law and the
Chair of Criminalistics; in the sub-branch of the theory and history of law – the Chair
of Theory and History of Law. In the realization of the studies for a doctor’s degree in
interdisciplinary trends the Chair of Philosophy (the sub-branch of the theory and
history of law), the Chair of Military Law and Special Tactics, the Chair of Physical
Training and the Informatics Centre (the sub-branch of state law and the sub-branch
of criminal law) also take part. The responsible person for the realization of the
curriculum of a doctor in law is the Head of the Department of Sciences (the Director
of the curriculum) but mastering of the curriculum is under the control of the
corresponding Chair and the scientific guide. The scientific guide may have not more
than 5 candidates for a doctor’s degree under his guidance simultaneously. The
decision on the promotion of the doctorate work is taken by the Chair inviting the
necessary experts.
The curriculum envisages its self-evaluation and specification at least once in two or
three years but the accreditation – once in six years. Appointments for mastering
particular sections of the curriculum in other Latvian and foreign higher educational
institutions are provided for within the framework of the curriculum.
2. Matriculation rules
The enrolment at the doctorate is carried out by an open competition. The competition
is organized by the Personnel Department and the Department of Sciences. The
number of places for the Chairs financed from subsidies out of general income
regarding each study year is established by the Senate according to the
recommendations of the Academic Council and the Personnel Department. The
number of study places (maximum) financed by legal entities and natural persons for
each study year is established by the Academic Council. The degree of a master in
law is mandatory for the applicant. In full-time studies applicants who are not older
than 35 and have not studied at a doctor’s level at the PAL (this does not apply to the
applicants applying for studies financed by natural persons or legal entities) may be
enrolled. If the applicant qualifying for full-time studies is in the service in the system
of the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice or Ministry of Foreign Affairs, his/her
physical and health condition has to correspond to the requirements for those in the
Police service studying full-time at the PAL and he/she may apply for only these
vacancies for studying at a doctor’s level financed by subsidies out of the general
income of the state budget. For part-time studies the age of the applicant is not
limited. The applicant has to indicate the theme of the doctorate work and the
scientific guide in his application for studies for a doctor’s degree.
The applicant has to take an entrance exam (integrated) in the selected sub-branch of
law in the amount of a master’s curriculum, has to write and defend a report in the
size of one signature about a topical theme in the sub-branch (unless he/she has works
published in scientific editions in the size of a signature at least) and has to take an
18
entrance exam in two foreign languages. Applicants graduated the master’s course of
the PAL are relieved from the entrance exams if they present the estimation “very
well”, “excellent” or “eminently” but in foreign languages – not less than “well” at the
final examinations. If the applicant does not have the degree of a master in law but
his/her education corresponds to the requirements of the degree of a master, the
Matriculation Commission may establish additional requirements to start the studies.
The Academy may establish also other additional requirements to the applicants in the
matriculation rules for the current year to start the studies. The applicants have to
conclude a study contract (regarding studies and the further service) before the
matriculation. The content of the contract is determined by the Chancellor according
to the recommendations of the Department of Economics, Personnel Department and
the Department of Sciences.
3. The content of the curriculum
The curriculum consists of the following study courses:
The selected study course of the first Study courses of
doctor’s exam, 21 credit point, 3 reports the second doctor’s
exam
Mandatory (two – Optional (7 credit
7 credit points each points with a
with a report) report)
1. The sub-branch of state law
Constitutional law Theory of management Human rights
Municipal law Constitutional law
Municipal law
Theory of management
Administrative law Constitutional law Administrative law
Theory of management Law of administrative
procedure
Administrative law of EU
countries
Administrative law European law
Law of administrative
Theory of management Finance and tax law
procedure
Foreign police (Frontier
Guards)
Police law
Administrative law Organization of police work
Finance and tax law
Municipal law Military law
Children’s rights
Constitutional law Women’s rights
Municipal law
Administrative law Medicine law
Traffic law
International public law
Administrative law
Police law
Theory of management
19
2. The sub-branch of civil law
Commitment law Roman civil law Roman civil law
Proprietary rights Labour law
Ecological (environmental)
law
Customs law
Proprietary rights Roman civil law Family and succession law
Commitment law Commercial law
Proprietary rights
Commercial law Commitment law Law of civil procedure
Law of civil procedure International private law
Law and economics
Law of civil procedure Commitment law Children’s rights
Commercial law Women’s rights
Medicine law
Commercial law
Rights of intellectual
property
Rights of notary
Rights of judicial
institutions
Social law
Transport law
Rights of consumers
Rights of bankruptcy
Insurance law
3. The sub-branch of criminal law
Law of substance
Criminal law Criminology Criminal psychology
Criminal policy Criminal policy
Criminal penalty
enforcement law
Criminology Criminal law Legal informatics
Criminal penalty Foreign penitentiary and
enforcement law probation institutions
Criminology
Criminal penalty Criminal law Rights of judicial
enforcement law Criminal psychology institutions
20
Procedural law and criminalistics
Criminal procedure law Rights of judicial Criminalistics
institutions Rights of judicial
Criminalistics institutions
Investigative tactics and Legal psychology
methods Criminalistic expert
examinationa
Criminalistics Criminal procedure law Theory of proofs
Criminal search European systems of
criminal justice
Legal informatics
Criminal search Criminal procedure law Investigative field work
Criminalistics Criminal search
Human rights
Organization of the criminal
police work
4. Theory and history of law
Theory of law Theory of state History of law teachings
Philosophy of law Sociology of law
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of power
Foreign history of state and
law
Foreign history of state and Theory of state Latvian history of state and
law Theory of law law
Lithuanian (Estonian,
Russian, Belorus) history of
state and law
In-depth studies – 42 credit points
Pedagogical practice – 18 credit points
Working out of the doctorate work – 84 credit points
4. Requirements for the estimation of studies and the estimation procedure
The doctor’s examinations are estimated according to a 10-grade system. A positive
estimation is 7 grades (well) and more. The same requirements exist regarding the
examinations in foreign languages, estimation of the pedagogical practice and reports.
During the doctor’s examination in the selected study course(-s) of the sub-branch
abilities of a researcher, abilities to express independently an evaluation and to be able
to apply these opinions from the point of the modern law history are to be shown. The
staff of the doctor’s examination commission (the secretary and the member of the
commission) according to the recommendation of the Vice-Chancellor (Chancellor) is
approved by the Head of the Promotion Council out of three examiners authorized to
guide the doctor’s studies. The responsibilities of the Chairman of the Commission
are executed by the Head of the Promotion Council or by a member of this Council
whose qualification corresponds to the appropriate sub-branch of law and who is
appointed by the chairman. The candidate for a doctor’s degree and the members of
21
the commission are to be warned about the time and the venue of the examination at
least two weeks beforehand. No more than 60 minutes may be dedicated to the answer
of one candidate during the examination. The minutes are kept regarding the
procedure of the examination. Each part of the examination is estimated separately but
the mark is unified for the examination in the whole. If the examination has not been
passed, it may be repeated only once and not earlier than after 6 months and not later
than after 18 months. If the candidate exceeds the time limit for the repeated
examination, refuses to take the examination repeatedly or does not pass the
examination repeatedly, he is ex-matriculated from the studies for a doctor’s degree.
The pedagogical practice is evaluated by the academic sitting of the Chair having
regard to the recommendation of the guide of the practice.
The procedure and criteria of the estimation of the doctorate work are established by
the Regulation of the Promotion Council.
The sequence of acquiring the curriculum is established by the work plan of the
curriculum and the schedule of the study process for the current academic year
separately for full-time studies and part-time studies.
5. The academic, material technical and financial provision of the curriculum
The academic provision: The rights to guide studies for a doctor’s degree have:
1) in the sub-branch of state law – associated professors, Dr. iur. A. Endziņš, Dr. iur.
Z. Indrikovs and Dr. iur. J. Načisčionis, associate professors, Dr. iur. V. Eglītis
and Dr. iur. Z. Rags;
2) in the sub-branchof civil law – professors, Dr. habil. iur. O. Joksts, Dr. habil. iur.
J. Strautmanis;
3) in the sub-branch of criminal law – professors, Dr. habil. iur. A. Kavalieris, Dr.
habil. iur. U. Krastiņš, Dr. iur. J. Konovalovs and Dr. iur. Ā. Meikališa, associated
professors, Dr. iur. J. Ivančiks, Dr. iur. V. Liholaja, Dr. iur. A. Loskutovs and Dr.
iur. V. Zahars;
4) in the theory and history of law – professors, Dr. habil. phil. V. Jakubaņecs and
Dr. habil. phil. I. Vedins, associated professors, Dr. iur. A. Endziņš and Dr. iur.
Z. Indrikovs.
The academic staff mentioned may guide the studies of 80 candidates for a doctor’s
degree maximally. Actually the curriculim will be taken by not more than 40-50
candidates simultaneously.
Material technical provision. The candidates for a doctor’s degree have at their
disposal administrative and methodic rooms with the necessary technical means of six
Chairs, the Fundamental Library with more than 200 thousand units in Latvian,
English, French, Russian and German, 80 periodical editions in Latvian, English,
Russian and German, a separate reading-hall, a library of classified information, a
computer class linked to Internet, three lecture-halls equipped with up-date technics (a
computer, video camera, video record, TV-set, electronic projector, CD-recorder,
audio record, microphones, boards, codoscope). Each candidate is provided with a
room at the in-service hotel “Ķīšezers”.
22
Financial provision. Fifteen vacancies for full-time studies and twenty-five vacancies
for part-time studies are financed from subsidies of the general income. The education
of other candidates for a doctor’s degree is for the financial means of natural persons
and legal entities on contractual basis in accordance with the legal and regulatory
provisions stipulated by the Cabinet of Ministers.
23
The Police Academy of Latvia
ORDER
11 December 2000 No. 265
Riga
On the curriculum of
a doctor in law
of the PAL
The Decision No. 36/3 “On the Curriculum of a Doctor in Law of the PAL” (see in
Annex) of 6 December 2000 by the Senate of the PAL is hereby announced for
implementation.
The Chancellor Z. Indrikovs
24
The Police Academy of Latvia
THE DECISION OF THE SENATE
6 December 2000 No. 36/3
Riga
On the curriculum of a doctor in law
Of the PAL
1. To approve the curriculum of a doctor in law of the PAL (see Annex).
2. To establish that the curriculum of a doctor in law of the PAL enters into force
from the academic year 2000/2001.
3. The Curricula commission of the Senate and the Director of the studies shall
coordinate Annex 7 “The Curriculum of a Doctor in Sciences of Law of the Police
Academy of Latvia” of the Decision from 31 March 1999 with the requirements of
the doctorate.
4. Candidates for a doctor’s degree willing to study according to the new curriculum
extending appropriately the duration of their studies shall submit their applications
to the Chair before 1 February 2001.
The Chairman of the Senate Z. Indrikovs
The Secretary of the Senate I. Trule
25
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY COURSES FOR THE CURRICULUM
OF A DOCTOR IN LAW
CHAIRS TITLES OF COURSES
Chair of State Law Constitutional law
Administrative law
Administrative procedure law
Finance and tax law
Municipal law
Chair of Police Law and Frontier Guards Police law
Theory of management
Chair of Civil Law Commitment law
Property law
Commercial law
Civil procedure law
Roman civil law
Chair of Criminal Law Criminal law
Criminology
Criminal penalty execution law
Criminal procedure law
Criminal policy
Rights of judicial institutions
Chair of Criminalistics Criminalistics
Criminal search
Criminalistics. Tactics and methods of
investigation
Chair of Theory and History of Law Theory of law
Theory of state
Foreign theory and history of law
Chair of Philosophy Philosophy of law
Criminal psychology
26
Study course: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) reports, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Directors of the study course: Voldemārs Eglītis
assistant professor
Dr. iur.
Aivars Endziņš
associated professor
Dr. iur.
The objective of the course: Profound acquiring of constitutional law paying
particular attention to the genesis and development of the most important institutes of
law in Latvia and other countries. To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree to
connect theoretical aspects of the branch of law with practical activities of Latvia and
its institutions.
The content of the course: The constitutional law of Latvia as a branch of law and as
a branch of science. The subject, principles and sources of constitutional law. The
concept, origin and significance of the constitution in the society. Stages of
development of Latvian constitutionalism. The course of the reform of the
Constitution and its perspectives. State and political parties as the subjects of
constitutional law. Electoral rights. Referendum. Constitutional status of the Saeima.
The analysis of the performance of Special convocation of the Saeima. Relationship
between the creation of law and legislative process. The constituent parts of the
legislative process. The status of a member of the Saeima. President of the State and
his functions. Formation and activity of the Cabinet of Ministers. Institution of the
delegated legislation, its positive and negative sides. Constitutional aspects of judicial
power. The place of the Constitutional court. Genesis and significance of the state
symbols of the Republic of Latvia.
27
Study course: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) report, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Načisčionis
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring of the categories, concepts, institutes of administrative law, their interaction
and sense in the regulation of relationship. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s
degree for teacher’s work in a higher educational establishment – teaching of a
analogous study course to students, candidates for a master’s degree, as well as to
facilitate research work of the candidate for a doctor’s degree in the selected sub-
branch and the implementation of the research results.
The content of the study course: Administrative law – an independent, developing
branch of public law. Sources of administrative law. The subject of administrative
law. Methods of administrative law. Principles of administrative law, their sense and
classification. Interpretation of administrative law. Legal provisions of administrative
law. Administrative legal relations. Systematization of the provisions of
administrative law. The significance of administrative law in the organization of state
administration and establishment of its legal regulation. The significance of
administrative law in ensuring the operation of the state administration system. Legal
subjects of administrative law, their legal subjectivity. The significance of
administrative law in the improvement of state administration. The role of
administrative law in establishing and implementation of supervision and control in
the state administration. The significance of administrative law in ensuring the human
rights and in the organization and activities of the ombudsman. The significance of
administrative law in determining administrative coercion means and administrative
sanctions.
28
Study course: ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) report, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Načisčionis
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree to acquire the
concepts, institutes of the administrative procedure law, their interaction and
significance in the enforcement of administrative law. To prepare the candidate for a
doctor’s degree for teacher’s work at the higher educational establishment – teaching
an analogous course to students, candidates for a master’s degree, for scientific
research work in the selected sub-branch of law and the implementation of the
research results.
Content of the course: Administrative procedure law – an independent developing
branch of the public law. Methods of administrative procedure law. Subjects of
administrative procedure law, their legal subjectivity. The principles of administrative
procedure law, their categories. Interpretation of administrative procedure law. The
significance of administrative procedure law in the enforcement of administrative law.
The significance of administrative procedure law in the administrative procedure.
Terms of the administrative procedure, court orders (adjudications, judgments) and
their execution. Proceeding of an administrative case in the administrative authority.
Proceeding of an administrative case at courts. Supervision and control during the
administrative procedure.
29
Study course: FINANCE AND TAX LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Načisčionis
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: profound acquiring of finance and tax law discussing
the development of particular institutes and interaction of particular concepts. To
discuss principles and mechanisms of the operation of legislative institutes in other
countries and connect the acquired theoretical opinions with the real situation in our
country.
Content of the study course: Finance and tax law as a sub-branch of law. The
subject, principles, institutes and the right-holders of finance and tax law. National
financial system, its formation and problems of functioning. Right-holders of the
national financial system – the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Latvia. Joint
supervision of the financial and capital market. Legal relations of the budget. The
interaction between the national and municipal budget law. The structural issues of
the budget. The legal characteristics and differences of taxation systems. Problems of
tax administration. Classification of taxes. Legal status of residents and non-residents
within tax law. Analysis of particular taxes, their comparison with related taxes in
other countries. Problems of public and municipal income redistribution. Control over
the disposition of national resources. Status of State Audit Office. Problems of the
prevention of misappropriation of public funds. Problems of limiting and supervising
the activities of credit institutions. Problems of the legal protection of the clients of
credit institutions. Legal regulation of the financial market. Problems of the legal
protection of the members of the financial market. Insurance supervision. The state
obligatory and voluntary insurance. Legal problems of account and settlement
organizations.
30
Study course: MUNICIPAL LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) report, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Ziedonis Rags
assistant professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: to help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring the concepts, institutes of municipal law, their interaction and
significance in exercising municipal law. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s
degree for teacher’s work at a higher educational establishment – teaching an
analogous course to students and candidates for a master’s degree, scientific research
work in the selected sub-branch and the implementation of the research results.
Objectives of the course: Introduction into the study course. The doctrinal basis of
municipal law. Forms of municipal systems. Types, levels, legal structure and legal
basis of local governments. History of the development of the legal basis of formation
and activities of local governments in Latvia. Specific features of municipal activities
during the authoritarian regime in Latvia and organization of national local
government institutions during the totaliarian period. Local governments as right-
holders of public and private law. Rights and responsibilities of local governments
when exercising their functions according to the procedure provided for by the law.
Legal basis and basic principles of the formation of local governments. Electoral
systems and organization of local governments. Local governments and public as well
as public political organizations. Activities, authority and work organization as well as
operational guarantees of a deputy of a local government. The Chairman of the
Council, Standing committees and the Executive Director. Decisions and binding
regulations of a local government. The management and economic basis of local
governments. Right of pre-emption. Relationship between local governments and the
Government. The internal and external controls and supervision of local governments.
Cooperation of local governments. Dissolution of the City Council (parish council),
its Chairman and the Audit Board.
31
Study course: POLICE LAW
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Police Law and Frontier Guards
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress control: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Zenons Indrikovs
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: profound acquiring of Police law within historical
and modern aspects.
Content of the study course: Introduction into Police law. The historical develoment
of the Police as a stage of the state authority (ancient, medieval, modern, recent
periods). The development of Police law during recent period. The place and the role
of Police law in the legal system of Latvia and in the branch of State law as well as in
legal systems and science of law of developed democratic European countries. Police
law or the science of police? The essence and role of the Police in a democratic
country and the contextual analysis of the concept of the police in a historical aspect
in Latvia and in Europe. The organization and place of the Police within the system of
the state executive power. The tasks of the Police, the mechanism of their formation
and historical aspects in Latvia and neighbouring countries. The Police and society.
The Police and local governments: development and alignment of relations. The
development of the structure and system of the police services and institutions in
Latvia and their analytical comparison with the structures and systems of the police of
other European countries. The authority and powers of the Police, their
responsibilities and rights given for execution of the official duties. Rights of the
police to apply physical power, special means and weapons. The legal status, legal
and social protection and operational guarantees of a police officer. The legal and
moral liability. Issues of the selection, recruitment and training of the police personnel
and their solutions in Latvia and in other European countries. Financing of the police
activities, material technical and informational provision. Logistics within the police.
Problems of improvement of the control and supervision of the police activities.
Foreign police (the police of the USA and European countries) and the legal
regulations of their work. International cooperation of the police (Interpol, Europol,
Schengen Group). Intenationalization of the police work. International conventions
and agreements on the cooperation in the field of public security.
32
Study course: THEORY OF MANAGEMENT
Sub-branch of law: State law
Chair: Sciences of state law
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: 1 report, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Načisčionis
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: Profound acquiring of the theory of management
organization and management procedure.
Content of the study course: The essence and signifcance of the administration as
organization and management. Contextual analysis of the concepts of administration
and management. Theory of management and science of management: the essence,
origin, periods of development and further perspectives, links with other branches of
science. The leading theories in the science of management. Processes of the
administration system and management. Regularities and principles of the formation
of controllable systems and process of management. The mission and objectives of the
administrative system. Functions of administration, their classification. Methods of
the examination and management of the administration process. Decisions of
administration, the process of their preparation, adoption and implementation. The
essence and and significance of information in the process of administration.
Analytical work and forecasting. The essence and significance of planning in the
process of administration. Analysis of the planning process and types of plans. The
functional and organizational structure of the systems of administration. Controls
within the process of administration. Administration and logistics. The manager and
the staff in the process of administration. Types of managers and styles of
management. Qualities and skills necessary for a manager. Communication in the
process of administration. The essence and significance of the staff motivation,
theories of motivation.
33
Study course: COMMITMENT LAW
Sub-branch of law: Civil law
Chair: Sciences of civil law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Osvalds Joksts
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the concepts and institutes of commitment law, to prepare for
academic work at a higher educational establishment, to acquire the latest research
methods of commitment law and the capability to apply them in practice.
Content of the study course: Commitment law and commitment. The nature and
elements of the legal relations of commitment. The objects and content of the legal
relations of commitment. Participants of the legal relations of commitment. Mutual
relations of the co-partners of commitment. Basis of origin of commitment. Lawful
transactions. Contracts. By-rules of a contract. Commitment and demands regarding
illegal activities. Illegal activities and the degree of guilt. Delay. Reinforcement of
commitment rights. Interest. Damage, its compensation. Expiry of commitment rights.
Renovation. Amicable settlement. Donation. Specific types of donation. Demands
regarding return contracts. A leasing and hiring contract. Demands regarding labour
relations. Fortune contracts. Demands regarding charge of other people’s property.
Demands regarding different grounds. Demands because of personal infringement.
Demands because of unlawful damage of property. Damages because of throwing out,
pouring out or falling down.
Reimbursement for damage caused by animals. Demands regarding unfair self-
enrichment.
34
Study course: PROPERTY (PROPRIETORY) LAW
Sub-branch of law: Civil law
Chair: Sciences of civil law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Strautmanis
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the concepts and institutes of property (proprietary) law, to
prepare for academic work at a higher educational establishment, to acquire the latest
research methods of property (proprietary) law and skills of their practical application.
Content of the study course: The concept of property law. Description of property
law. Right-holders in property law. The concept of things, their classification.
Classification of property law. Possession. Holding. The concept of proprietary law.
The content of proprietary law – right of possession, right of use, right of action.
Right of self-defence of the property. Owner’s rights. Acquisition and termination of
property. Privatization of state and local government dwelling-houses. Restriction of
rights relating to the whole property. Restriction of property confiscation rights. Right
of pre-emption. Restriction of right of use of the property. Property law regarding
other person’s property. Right of pledge. Mortgage. Hand pawn. Usage pawn.
Commercial pawn. Redemption right. Registration of real estate in the Land Register.
Registration of land in the Land Register. Registration of buildings (constructions) in
the Land Register. Management of the property (multi-tenant) houses.
35
Study course: COMMERCIAL LAW
Sub-branch of law: Civil law
Chair: Sciences of civil law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course:Osvalds Joksts
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidates for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring of the concepts and institutes of commercial law, to prepare for academic
work at a higher educational establishment, to acquire the latest research methods of
commercial law and the ability to apply them in practice.
Content of the study course: Commercial law as a branch of law. The mutual
interaction of commercial law and civil law. The nature of business activities.
Regularity as a pre-condition for business activities. The nature of Commercial
Register. The right-holder of commercial law. Establishment of right-holders of
commercial law. Liquidation of a right-holder of commercial law. Reorganization of a
right-holder of commercial law. Licensing in commercial law of the Republic of
Latvia. Regulation of the individual work in the legislation of the Republic of Latvia.
Establishing and forms of management of an individual enterprise. Establishing,
liability and management of a state-owned enterprise. Establishing, liability and
management of a self-government enterprise. An enterprise of social and religious
organizations and the requirements for its establishing. Establishing of an
incorporated company. The procedure of establishing of a limited liability company.
Founders of a joint-stock company and the procedure of foundation. Founders of a
partnership and the procedure of foundation. The nature of a profitless organization.
The essence of representation in commercial law. The legal regulation of an affiliated
branch. The legal regulation of a mission. General and Prosecutor’s franchise. A
commercial agent (dealer). A broker. The classification and types of securities.
Regulation of a company in commercial law. The role of the state in business
activities. The nature and advantages of competition. The essence of insolvency. The
proceedings of insolvency. Commercial transactions.
36
Study course: CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW
Sub-branch of law: Civil law
Chair: Sciences of civil law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Osvalds Joksts
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the concepts and institutes of civil procedure law, to prepare for
academic work at a higher educational establishment, to acquire the latest research
methods of civil procedure law and the ability to apply them in practice.
Content of the study course: Civil procedure law and its relationship with other
branches of law. Sources of civil procedure law. Principles of civil procedure.
Relations of civil procedure law, their subjects. Parties. Third persons. The Prosecutor
in a civil procedure. Representation ,its types. Court costs. Procedural terms, their
calculation. Subordination of civil cases. Jurisdiction of civil cases. Forcible
fulfilment of commitment on an uncontested basis. Claim. Counterclaim. Means of
proof. Amicable settlement. Security for a claim. Preparation of a case for a trial.
Sitting of a court, its constituents. Stay and suspension of proceedings. Dismissal of
the proceedings. Leaving the claim without proceedings. Judgment of the court, its
constituents. Additional judgment. Judicial decision of the court of the first instance,
its types. Collateral complaint. Examination of complaints regarding violations of
electoral law. Examination of complaints regarding imposing administrative
sanctions. Cases to be examined according to a special procedure of trial. Procedure
of the examination of cases in a cassation instance. Appeal to an appellate instance.
The procedure of execution of verdict. Examination of cases according to the
procedure of supervision. Examination of cases because of newly-found
circumstances. Bailiff.
37
Study course: ROMAN CIVIL LAW
Sub-branch of law: Civil law
Chair: Sciences of civil law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Jānis Strautmanis
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring of Roman civil law, to prepare for academic work at a higher educational
establishment, to acquire the latest research methods of Roman civil law and the
ability to apply them in practice.
Content of the study course: The subject-matter of Roman civil law. The concept of
Roman rights of citizens and Roman private law. Description of public and private
law. The grounds of development of Roman civil law. The main systems of Roman
civil law and the process of mutual interaction of the development of law. Sources of
Roman civil law. Rules of XII tables and their significance in the development of
Roman law. The objectives and process of the codifcation of Roman civil law. The
main constituents of the code of civil law. The judicial status of a person. Rights of
women. The judicial status of emancipated slaves and colones. Legal person as the
subject of law. Family law. Matrimonial law. Legal relationship between parents and
children. Paternal power. Guardianship. Trusteeship. Property law. Possession.
Ownership. Joint ownership. Right to other person’s property. Commitment law.
Types of losses and remuneration. Types of contracts, constituents of the content and
the conditions of contracting. Pacts, their concept and types. Liabilities regarding
delicts. Inheritance law. Roman law and procedure. Reception of Roman law –
transposition of Roman civil law into the legislation of other countries.
38
Study course: CRIMINAL LAW
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit points
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Aleksejs Loskutovs
assistant professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring knowledge on the institutes of criminal law, tendencies of their
development as well as on most important and topical issues for the world and
Latvian criminal law to be explored after a successful acquiring of a master’s in law
study course “Problems of Criminal Law” as well as other study courses included in
this block. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s degree for teaching work at a
higher educational establishment – for teaching an analogous and similar study
courses to students and candidates for a master’s degree, for scientific research work
in the selected sub-branch and the implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: Tasks and system of criminal law. Problems of the
structure of Penal Code and its provisions. Problems of formation of dispositions and
sanctions. Problems of functioning of Penal Code in time and space. The concept,
characteristic features and problems of classification of a criminal offence in Latvia
and abroad. Criminal liability and forms of its realization. Problems of corpus delicti,
its significance for the qualification of a criminal offence. Stages of crime, problems
of their determination. Methodological problems of delimitation of participation of
several persons in a criminal offence. Attachment to crime. A separate (joint) crime
and problems of delimitation of variety of crimes. Problems of perfection of criminal
legislation. Circumstances excluding criminal liability, their theoretical basis, mutual
isolation, problems of qualification. The nature and mission of criminal punishment.
Limits of punishment. The punishment system of Latvia and problems of its
perfection taking into account foreign experience. Modern tendencies of release from
criminal liability and punishment. Problems of international crimes, crimes of
international nature in international public law and criminal law.
39
Study course: CRIMINOLOGY
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Aleksejs Loskutovs
assistant professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring knowledge un basic concepts and institutes of criminology,
tendencies of their development, development of science and principal guidelines of
its basic trends, improving skills in an independent analysis of criminality and
working out measures for crime prevention which are to be explored after successful
acquiring of the study course “Criminology” as well as other study courses included
in the block of the sciences of criminal law. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s
degree for teaching work at a higher educational establishment – to teach an
analogous and similar study course to students and candidates for a master’s degree,
for scientific research work in the selected subbranch and implementation of the
research results.
Content of the study course: The concept, subject-matter and history of criminology.
Formation of criminology. Medieval notions on criminality and its causes.The
significance of the philosophy of the Enlightenment period in the perception of human
behaviour. Chezare Bekaria and Jeremy Bentam – the founders of the school of “free
will”. The ideas of the book by Chezare Bekaria “On Crimes and Punishments” and
their significance in the development of European criminal legislation.
Anthropological trend in criminology. Predecessors of anthropological theories.
Sociological trend in criminology. Methods of criminology and organization of
criminological investigations. Criminological realization of a crime. The
psychological mechanism of a crime. Description of a particular real-life situation and
its significnce in the mechanism of commitment of the crime. Causes and
circumstances facilitating the crime. The elimination and prevention of crime.
Criminality and its key figures. Latent criminality. Possibilities of determining the
latent character of criminality. Determinants (factors) of criminality. The basic
features of the criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal.
Typology and classification of criminals. Victimology. Victimological investigations.
Criminological forecast. Prevention and control of criminality. Criminological
description and prevention of violent criminality. The specific features of the
prevention of property and economical criminality. “White Collars” criminality.
40
Study course: CRIMINAL PENALTY EXECUTION LAW
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 1 (or 3) report, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Vitolds Zahars
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the history of development of criminal penalty execution
law, its subject-matter, tasks, methods and principles, the concept and content of
legal provisions of criminal penalty execution law, their types and structure, to
have a realization of and to interpret the legal relations of the criminal penalty
execution. The study course will enable the candidate for a doctor’s degree to
have a realization of the aspects of resocialization of the persons punished by
deprivation of liberty, principles of differentiation of the execution of criminal
penalties, the legal status of the persons convicted, the system of the institutions
for the execution of criminal penalties in Latvia as well as other prison systems
well-known in the world and operating in modern society (for example, the
progressive (English) system, Irish progressive system and others). The
candidate for a doctor’s degree will be enabled to acquire also organization of
safety measures in different institutions for the execution of criminal penalties as
well as the up-to-date access to the execution of criminal penalties and
deprivation of liberty, the experience of application of alternative punishment in
countries with old democratic traditions; to prepare the candidate for a doctor’s
degree for teaching work at a higher educational establishment to teach an
analogous study course to students and candidates for a master’s degree,
scientific research work in the selected sub-branch and the implementation of the
research results.
Content of the study course: Introduction into the study course. The subject-
matter, tasks and methods of penitentiary science. The principles of criminal
penalty execution law. The science of criminal penalty execution law. The
concepts, content and tasks of the legislation of the criminal penalty execution.
The reform of the legislation of the criminal penalty execution. The legal
provisions of criminal penalty execution law. The legal relations of the execution
of criminal penalties. Differentiation and individualization of the execution of
criminal penalties. The legal status of the persons convicted. The system of the
institutions for the execution of criminal penalties. Prison systems in the world.
The topics of the special section of the criminal penalty execution law (in
accordance with the valid legislation. On the moment of the working out of the
study course – the Code of Punishment Execution of Latvia).
41
Study course: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 21 (or 7) credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 (or 1) reports, a doctor’s examination or an
integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Ārija Meikališa
professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the institutes of criminal procedure law, the history of the
development of criminal procedure law, to apprehend and know the development of
the legislation of criminal procedure and its tendencies as well as to deepen the
realization of the nature of rights and responsibilities regarding criminal procedure, to
deepen the knowledge about the proceedings in criminal matters; to show activities of
such law enforcement institutions as courts, prosecutor’s offices and investigative
authorities during the investigation and trial of criminal matters, the limits, procedure
and problems of these activities as well as the rights and responsibilities not only the
officials of these authorities but also persons involved in the criminal case in the
status of one or another participant of the procedure are entitled to. To prepare the
candidate for a doctor’s degree for teaching work at a higher educational
establishment – for teaching an analogous study course to students and candidates for
a master’s degree, for scientific research work in the selected sub-branch and the
implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: Introduction into the study course. The origin and
historical development of criminal procedure law. Historical types and forms of
criminal procedure. Law on criminal procedure. Principles of criminal procedure.
Subjects of criminal procedure. Civil claim in criminal procedure. Procedural
documents, terms and court costs. Evidence and proof in criminal procedure. Safety
means. Initiation of a criminal case. The concept of pre-trial investigation, general
rules. Investigative activities. Bringing of accusation and the interrogation of the
defendant. Suspension of the pre-trial investigation. Legal proceedings in juvenile
cases. Summary procedure. Completion of pre-trial investigation. Legal proceedings
for the application of coercive means of a medical character. Appeal for the action of
the investigative officer, the prosecutor and the judge. The prosecutor’s supervision
over the compliance with the law during the initiation and pre-trial investigation stage
of a criminal case. Commitment of the accused to trial. Jurisdiction. General rules of
trial. The process of trial. The verdict. Review of judgments not having become valid
yet. Execution of the verdict. Review of judgments having become valid.
42
Study course: CRIMINAL POLICY
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: a report, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Aleksejs Loskutovs
assistant professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of knowledge regarding the nature and principles of criminal
policy, the forms of realization of criminal policy, about current topical issues in the
field of the policy of various branches of criminal law in the world and in Latvia
which are to be explored after a successful acquiring of the master’s in law study
course “Criminal policy” as well as other study courses included in this block. To
prepare the candidate for a doctor’s degree for teaching work at a higher educational
establishment- for teaching an analogous and similar study courses to students and
candidates for a master’s degree, for scientific research work in the selected sub-
branch and the implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: The concept of criminal policy. The objective
conditionality of criminal policy. Principles of criminal policy. Forms of realization of
criminal policy. The law as a form of expression and realization of criminal policy.
International standards of the activity of the officials of law enforcement institutions
and problems of compliance with them in Latvia. The practice of law enforcement
institutions as a form of realization of criminal policy. Participation of public
organizations and individuals in the realization of criminal policy. The role of mass
media in the realization of criminal policy. The state legal aspects of criminal policy.
Human rights and criminal policy. Participation of the Republic of Latvia in the
international cooperation in the field of combating criminality. Criminal legal policy.
Criminalization and decriminalization. Depenalization: problems of release from
criminal liability and from the punishment. The concept of criminal procedural policy,
its general characteristics and specific features nowadays. The concept and general
characteristics of policy in the field of the prevention of criminality. The informative
provision of criminal policy.
43
Study course: RIGHTS OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law
Chair: Sciences of criminal law
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: a report, an integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Ārija Meikališa
professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree to deepen
his/her knowledge about the judicial institutions of the Republic of Latvia, their
rights, to have a realization of the role of each judicial institution in the whole system
of the judicial institutions in total as well as to be able to see the specific features
which all these different judicial institutions as to their tasks and methods unite in one
system of judicial institutions and to be able to see the specific, essential possessed by
each of these institutions. To have a profound realization of the tasks, objectives,
functions and authority of each institution. To pay the necessary attention to the issues
about the staff of the judicial institutions and the requirements set to those working at
judicial institutions. Performing the aforementioned, to relate this with the issue about
the activities of the judicial institutions in connection with the Police of the Republic
of Latvia, about possibilities of cooperation and particular forms and expression of
this cooperation. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s degree for teaching work at a
higher educational establishment – for teaching an analogous study course to students
and candidates for a master’s degree, for scientific research work and the
implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: Introduction into the study course, its tasks and basic
concepts. The development of judicial institutions in Latvia, the tendencies of their
current development. The system of courts, principles of their activities and tasks. The
prosecutor’s office as a judicial institution, its tasks and place in the system of the
national judicial institutions. The Ministry of Justice, its place in the system of judicial
institutions. The Ministry of Interior, its place in the system of judicial institutions.
Investigative authorities in the system of judicial institutions, the Frontier Guards.
Advocacy. Notariate.
44
Study course: CRIMINALISTICS
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law. Procedural law and criminalistics.
Chair: Criminalistics
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Anrijs Kavalieris
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring of all sections of Criminalistics, to ascertain the problems existing in them
and the directions of their solution. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s degree for
teaching work at a higher educational establishment to lecture in criminalistics and
study courses included in this block for students and candidates for a master’s degree
as well as for scientific research work in criminalistics and the implementation of the
research results.
Content of the study course: Modern concepts on the subject-matter, system and
methodological basis of criminalistics, a comparative evaluation of them. Modern
concepts on the place of criminalistics among other sciences. Modern classifications
of forensic examinations. Psychological, organizational, financial, technical problems
and problems of legal provision of the improvement of the efficiency of investigation
in the current situation in Latvia. Making use of the possibilities of the modelling
method in the reconstruction of the circumstances and mechanism of the offence and
in determining of the qualities of the persons involved in the offence. Criminalistic
teaching on odour traces. Problems of developing the criminalistic characteristics of
activities of the structures of organized crime and of their criminalistic investigation.
Problems of legalization, detection, investigation and prevention of the resources
obtained in a criminal way. Problems of criminalistic examination, detection,
investigation and prevention of transgressions of law committed by persons with
mental abnormalities. Possibilities of international cooperation and problems in
detection, investigation and prevention of criminal offences. Trends of integration and
problems of criminalistics and crime intelligence. Problems of fugitives (legal,
criminalistic and crime intelligence aspects).
45
Study course: CRIME INTELLIGENCE
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law, procedural law and criminalistics
Chair: criminalistics
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Anrijs Kavalieris
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the study course “Crime intelligence”, to ascertain the problems
included there and the trends of their solution. To prepare the candidate for a doctor’s
degree for lecturing at a higher educational establishment to teach the study course
“Crime intelligence” to students and candidates for a master’s degree as well as for
scientific research work and the implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: Modern concepts on the theory of crime intelligence
and its place in the system of sciences. History, development and perspectives of
crime intelligence. Possibilities of the integration of crime intelligence and crime
investigation, perspectives and problems. Problems of protection of the persons
witnessing in the criminal proceedings. The legal basis of crime intelligence in Latvia,
its perfection and problems. Operational work in places of serving sentence, its
perspectives and problems. Making use of the possibilities of Interpol in the detection
of crimes in Latvia and the cooperation of the Criminal Police with other countries.
Problems of involvement of people in a latent struggle with criminality. Problems of
fighting drug criminality in Latvia. Operational registration in crime intelligence, its
significance and problems. Bribery, its expression, possibilities of documentation and
specific features of realization. Fraud as one of the most common offences in
economy. Investigative field-work measures to be taken in a specific way. Money
laundering. Characteristic features of transnational organized criminality. Contract
murders. Problems of detection of money counterfeiting.
46
Study course: CRIMINALISTICS. INVESTIGATIVE TACTICS AND
METHODS
Sub-branch of law: Criminal law. Procedural law and criminalistics.
Chair: Criminalistics
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: a report, an integrated doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Anrijs Kavalieris
professor
Dr. habil. iur.
Objective of the studt course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in
profound acquiring of the study course “Criminalistics. Investigative tactics and
methods”, to ascertain the problems included there and the trends of their solution. To
prepare the candidate for a doctor’s degree for lecturing at a higher educational
establishment to teach the study course “Criminalistics. Investigative tactics and
methods” to students and candidates for a master’s degree as well as for scientific
research work and the implementation of the research results.
Content of the study course: Problems of the criminalistic examination of
legalization of resources obtained by criminal means and problems of detection,
investigation and prevention. Problems of criminalistic examination, detection,
investigation and prevention of criminal offences in economy. Possibilities of
criminalistic examination, detection, investigation and prevention of transgressions of
law committed by persons with mental abnormalities. Possibilities of international
cooperation and problems in detection, investigation and prevention of criminal
offences. Directions and problems of the integration of the sciences of criminalistics
and crime intelligence. Directions and problems of the cooperation of investigatory
institutions with intelligence institutions and other public institutions as well as with
insurance companies, information services and private detectives in detection and
investigation of criminal offences. Problems of detection, investigation and prevention
of the activities of the structures of organized criminality. Problems of fugitives
(legal, criminalistic and crime intelligence aspects). Modern concepts on the nature of
a tactical operation; the significance of tactical operations in detection and
investigation of criminal offences.
47
Study course: THEORY OF LAW
Sub-branch of law: Theory and history of law
Chair: Theory and history of law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination (oral) and an
integrated examination
Director of the study course: Voldis Jakubaņecs
professor
Dr. habil. phil.
Objective of the study course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree 1) to
improve juridical scientific qualifications; 2) to perfect the skills of juridical scientific
investigation making use of the acquired theoretical knowledge as the methodological
basis; 3) to orient the candidate for a doctor’s degree, by organizing and facilitating
the in-depth study of the theory of law, not only towards taking possession of its
knowledge but also in what way this knowledge has been acquired and in what way it
can be acquired, and in what way it can pass over this knowledge to others for the
purpose of interiorization.
Content of the study course: The mutual relationship between domestic law and
international law. The content of law, problems of its expression in forms of law.
Ideas of law and their personification in different levels of law. The legal interest and
its expression by law. The mutual relationship between the texts of legal provisions
and regulative enactments. Incentives and restrictions, privileges and promotion in
law. The general theory of legal liability and the liability in the branches of sciences
of law. Legal facts. Juridical practice.
48
Study course: THEORY OF STATE
Sub-branch of law: Theory and history of law
Chair: Theory and history of law
Study course: Optional study course for the first doctor’s examination
Form of progress assessment: a report, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Voldis Jakubaņecs
professor
Dr. habil. phil.
Objective of the course: To help the candidate for a doctor’s degree in profound
acquiring the categories and the system of the theory of state and the significance of
the course within the system of the science of law. To prepare the candidate for a
doctor’s degree for lecturing at a higher educational establishment – to teach an
analogous study course to students and candidates for a master’s degree, for scientific
research work and the implementation of the research results. To prepare the
candidate for a doctor’s degree for pedagogical practice, working out of essays,
reports and scientific qualification papers as well as for their defence within one’s
specialization. To provide knowledge in the investigation of the state as a social and
juridical phenomenon and in functioning and development of the state.
Content of the study course: Methodological aspects of the subject-matter of the
theory of state. Problems of the methodology of cognition of the state. The state in the
aspect of social forces. Social and legal basis of constitution of the state. The problem
of legitimation of the state. Typologization of the state. The state in the period of
transformation of the society. The nature of the form of the state and methodological
problems of its cognition. The division of the state power within the mechanism of the
democratic state. The legal conception of the state and the real development. Institutes
and guarantees of the state and real democracy. Functioning of the state and the legal
interests. Methodological problems of the correlational relationship between the state
and law.
49
Study course: FOREIGN HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
Sub-branch of law: The theory and history of law
Chair: Theory and history of law
Amount of the study course: 21 credit point
Form of progress assessment: 3 reports, a doctor’s examination
Director of the study course: Zenons Indrikovs
associated professor
Dr. iur.
Objective of the course: Profound acquiring of the foreign history of state and law
by analyzing the regularities of the historical process of the formation and
development of state and law, to perfect the ability to find the connection between the
present and the past.
Content of the study course: Introduction into the study course. Origin of the state
and law. Ancient countries and law. Egypt, Babylon, Israel (Judea), India, China,
Greece, Rome. Feudal countries and law. The State of Franks. France. Portugal and
Spain. England. Germany. Poland and Lithuania. Scandinavia. Kiev Russ. Russia.
Byzantium. Arab caliphate and Moslem law. India. China. Japan. Modern state and
law. England and British Empire. The United States of America.
France. Germany. Italy. Russia. Contemporary countries and law. The United
States of America. The United Kingdom. Canada. Australia. France. Italy.
Germany. Poland. Belarus. Lithuania. Estonia. Scandinavian countries. Russia
and the USSR. India. China. Japan. Countries of South-Eastern Asia. Latin-
American countries. African countries.
50
Study course: PHILOSPHY OF LAW
Chair: Philosophy
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: a report and an examination
Director of the study course: Ivans Vedins
professor
Dr. habil. phil.
Objective of the study course: philosophical-methodological analysis of legal sense,
legal relations and legal regulation as well as the analysis of the nature and interaction
of the state and juridical institutions from the ontological (objective reality),
axiological (value), epistemological (cognition) and sociological (society) aspect.
Content of the study course: Object of the philosophy of law. History of the
philosophy of law. Classical World, Middle Ages and Modern Age. Basic conceptions
of the philosophy of law of XX century. Problems of law ontology. Axiology and
epistemology of law. Law and truth. Law and personality.
51
Study course: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chair: Philosophy
Amount of the study course: 7 credit points
Form of progress assessment: a report and an examination
Director of the study course: Ivans Vedins
professor
Dr. habil. phil.
Objective of the study course: A general scientific analysis of the field of penal
reality from the aspect of problems in the individual and social psychology.
Content of the study course: The specific features of criminal psychology in
functioning of the police and punishment execution system. Criminal psychology of
extreme situations and deviant behaviour. Prostitution and criminality. Mass media
from the point of view of criminal psychology. Specific features of the psychology of
a criminal. Criminal psychology of a criminal group. Specific psychological features
of the investigation of particular criminal offences. Psychology of prisoners. Legal
and psychological problems of social rehabilitation.
52
ACADEMIC STAFF
OF THE POLICE ACADEMY OF LATVIA
ENTITLED TO GUIDE THE DOCTOR’S COURSES
AND TO ACT AS SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS
IN THE ELABORATION OF DOCTORATE PAPERS
53
CHAIR OF SCIENCES OF STATE LAW
Zenons INDRIKOVS
Associated Professor Dr. iur. Born: 16 March 1938
Studies and Upgrading: the Higher School of the Russian Ministry of Public Order
1961-1964, the Academy of the USSR Ministry of Interior 1977-1979, perfected his
knowledge in Germany, Denmark 1991, in Scotland, Sweden 1993, in Germany,
Finland 1998, in Germany, Poland 1999 and in the Ukraine 2000, took part in
scientific conferences in Russia and Belarus.
Aivars ENDZIŅŠ
Associated Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 8 December 1940
Studies and Upgrading: the Faculty of Economics and Law of the Latvian State
University 1962-1968, post-graduateship at the Moscow State University 1977, work
at the Committees of the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Council and at the
inter-parliamentary conference 1992-1996, perfected his knowledge in international
scientific conferences and seminars in Norway 1991, Russia 1993, Poland 1993,
Lithuania 1997, 1998, Armenia 1997, the Ukraine 1998, Great Britain, Sweden 2000,
in-service training in the USA 1997, France 1997, Denmark 1998, Great Britain,
Canada 1999.
Jānis NAČISČIONIS
Associated Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 14 July 1948
Studies and Upgrading: Latvian State University 1971-1977, 1986-1989; took part
in the international seminar in Poland 1991, worked in the working group of
Administrative Law 1994-1996, perfected his knowledge at international efficiency
courses “Reform of Public Administration” in Denmark (Ronne) 1995, “Reform of
Public Administration” in Poland 1999.
Voldemārs EGLĪTIS
Associate Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 17 February 1937
Studies and Upgrading: Latvian State University 1956-1961, Moscow Academy of
Social Sciences 1973-1976.
Ziedonis RAGS
Associate Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 14 June 1944
Studies and Upgrading: the USSR Institute of Law (Moscow) 1968-1973, the
International Institute of the USSR Prosecutor’s Office for improvement of the
efficiency of investigation officers (Moscow) 1977, the University of Latvia, Faculty
of Law 1992-1994, the Police Academy of Latvia 1995-1998; perfected his
knowledge at internatinal courses “On Harmonization of Rights in EU” 1996 and “On
European Convention of Human Rights” and others.
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CHAIR OF CRIMINAL LAW
Ārija MEIKALIŠA
Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 25 May 1952
Studies and Upgrading: Faculty of Law of the Latvian State University 1975, post-
graduateship at the Moscow Research Institute of problems of enforcement of law and
legal order 1986, took part in the courses of Rhine-Westphalia Selma Police School in
Germany 1998, 1999, in Hungary (Budapest), Finland (Helsinki, Tampere) 1999, in
Czech Republic (Prague), Finland (Tampere) 2000.
Uldis KRASTIŅŠ
Professor, Dr. habil. iur. Born: 8 February 1933
Studies and Upgrading: the Law Department of the Faculty of Economics of the
Latvian State University 1952-1957, post-graduateship at the Latvian State University
1974-1979; took part in the seminar on criminology in Erfurt, Germany 1994,
Moscow State University 1988; participated with reports in many scientific
conferences and seminars in Berlin, Munster, Erfurt, Stockholm, Tartu, Vilnius, Riga.
He is the Academic Secretary of the Habilitation and Promotion Council in Sciences
of Law at the Latvian State University.
Valentīna LIHOLAJA
Associated Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 24 August 1942
Studies and Upgrading: the Latvian State University 1962-1967, the Moscow State
University 1979, post-graduateship at the Ministry of Justice 1975,1979.
Vitolds ZAHARS
Associated Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 27 June 1942
Studies and Upgrading; the Higher school of the Ministry of Interior in Leningrad
1970-1974, the Academy of the Ministry of Interior in Moscow 1977-1980, perfected
his knowledge in Sweden 1994, 1996, in Denmark 1995, 1996, 1997, in Norway
1996, 1997, 1998, in Finland 1994, 1997, in Canada 1998, in the USA 1998.
Aleksejs LOSKUTOVS
Associate Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 22 August 1962
Studies and Upgrading: the Latvian State University, Faculty of Law 1979-1984,
Russian Higher Law School of the Ministry of Interior 1988-1991, the University of
Helsinki 1992-1993, improved his qualification in seminars of Baltic Criminologists
in Riga 1992 and in Lithuania 1993, took part in international seminars and
conferences in Germany 1993, in Lithuania 1993, 1994, in Latvia 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, in the congress on criminology in Budapest 1993; publications in Russia
and Finland.
55
CHAIR OF CRIMINALISTICS
Anrijs KAVALIERIS
Professor, Dr. habil. iur. Born: 23 November 1933
Studies and Upgrading: the Faculty of Law of the Latvian State University 1952-
1957, 1965-1969, participated with reports in scientific conferences ans seminars in
France (Lion) 1994, in the USA (California) 1995, in Germany 1993, in Italy 1996, in
Lithuania (Palanga) 1997, in Belarus (Minsk) 1998, in France (Lion), the Hague,
Amsterdam 1998, in Israel 1998, publications in Lithuania 1997.
Jevgēņijs KONOVALOVS
Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 1 September 1936
Studies and Upgrading: the Institute of Law in Saratov, Russia 1954-1958.
Participated for several times in scientific conferences and seminars in Russia
(Moscow, Rostov, Jekaterinbourg, Saratov, Omsk), in Belarus (Minsk) 1998,
perfected his knowledge in Germany in training courses of Selma Police modulus
1998.
Jānis IVANČIKS
Associate Professor, Dr. iur. Born: 29 June 1946
Studies and Upgrading: the Higher School of the USSR Ministry of Interior in
Minsk 1975, Master studies at the Police Academy of Latvia 1996, took part in
international scientific conferences in Belarus (Minsk), in Lithuania (Vilnius), in
Estonia (Tallinn), in Latvia (Riga, Jūrmala); perfected his knowledge in narcotics
crimes in Italy, France, Norway, Denmark (Copenhagen) 1997, in Latvia (Riga) 1996,
in Poland 1999; has 9 publications of scientific articles (16 signatures).
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CHAIR OF CIVIL LAW
Osvalds JOKSTS
Professor, Dr. habil. iur. Born: 12 June 1938
Studies and Upgrading: the Higher Party School. Increased his efficiency in
Germany 1995 on problems of economic crimes in entrepreneurship, took part in the
international seminar in Czech republic (Prague) “On Improvement of the Activity of
Police Training Institutions in the Central and Eastern Europe”, a publication on these
issues in the journal.
Jānis STRAUTMANIS
Professor, Dr. habil. iur. Born: 12 August 1927
Studies and Upgrading: the Faculty of Law of the Latvian State University 1947-
1952, post-graduate course in the Latvian Academy of Sciences 1958-1960. Post-
graduateship in the Law Faculty of the Moscow State University, St. Peterbourg
University. Perfected his efficiency in international seminars in Russia (Moscow, St.
Peterborigh), in Sweden and in Latvia. Has worked out teaching aids “North
European Environmental Law” (1995) and “Environmental Law of the Republic of
Latvia and its Role in the Protection of the Baltic Sea Area” (1977), published in
English.
CHAIR OF THEORY AND HISTORY OF LAW
Voldis JAKUBAŅECS
Professor, Dr. habil. phil. Born: 7 September 1935
Studies and Upgrading: Latvian State University 1953-1959, post-graduateship at
the Leningrad State University 1972-1973, Moscow State University 1980-1981,
1985-1986. Publications in Latvian, Russian.
CHAIR OF PHILOSOPHY
Ivans VEDINS
Professor, Dr. habil. phil.,
Corresponding Member of the Academy Born: 12 May 1946
of Sciences of Latvia
Studies and Upgrading: Latvian State University 1968, post-graduate course 1975.
Participated with reports in scientific conferences in Russia (Moscow, Gorky) 1985,
1986, in the Ukraine (Kiev 1988, Dnepropetrovsk 1989), in Lithuania (Vilnius) 1992,
in Latvia (Riga) 1996, in Belarus (Minsk) 1998.
57