Organism Type Time Life Cycle-Forms Disease & Symptoms Transmission Treatment Diagnosis Other
Amebiasis (Amoebic Dyssentary)
“Anchovy Paste” Liver
Abdominal pain & bloody mucoid diarrhea
Incubation = 2-21 d Flagyl (5-Nitroimidazole) Lysed Neutrophils
Ingested cysts with 4 nuclei Flask shaped intestinal ulcers-Lysed PMNs Fecal-Oral
Entamoeba histolytica Protozoa (Amoeba) Prepatent = 2-7 d Parmomycin (Humantin) RBC Laden Trophozoites Flask Shaped Ulcers
Trophozoites Liver abscesses Anal Sex
Patent = years Iodoquinol (assymptomatics) RBC Laden Trophozoites
Invasion through diaphragm into Lung
Usually assymptomatic
Incubation = 1d-2w Trophozoites = M Size
Cysts (GAE) Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis GAE = Ketoconazole & Excision
Acanthamoeba castellanii Protozoa (Amoeba) Prepatent = 1d-2m Free Living - soil & fresh water Small Cysts
Trophozoites Eye Infections (contact lens wearers) Eye = Topical Azoles
Patent = ws-ms Axenic Culture = definitive
Incubation = 1-3d (PAM) Primary Amoebic Menigoencephalitis PAM = rapidly fatal
Naeglaria fowleri Protozoa (Amoeba) Prepatent = 12-14 d Amoeba infects nasopharynx → brain Amphotericin B (toxic) CSF becomes viscous
Patent = 3 w CSF becomes thick/viscous Swimming in lakes/pools
Incubation = ds-ws
Blastocytosis hominis Prepatent = 2,3d-ws Blastocytosis – diarrhea, nausea, pain Oral-Fecal (cysts) None Microscope - cysts
Patent = 2-3 w
Incubation = ds-ws
Balantidiasis - diarrhea, nausea, pain Few Cilia cause disease
Balantidium coli Protozoa (Ciliate) Prepatent = 4d - ws Contact with pig feces None Microscope - cysts
Ulceration – less common Pig feces
Patent = ys
Effacement of microvilli
Incubation = 3-21d Ventral Disk
Protozoa Cysts (4 nuclei) Oral – Fecal Flagyl “Monkey Face” Trophozoite
Giardia lamblia Prepatent = 3-4w Beaver Fever – greasy diarrhea (no blood) & anorexia Antigenic variation
(Flagellate) Trophozoites (binucleate) Anal sex QuinacrineHCl (2º choice-toxic) Cysts
Patent = ys #1 non-bactl diarrhea in US
Cysts survive chlorination
Incubation = 4-24 d No Cysts!
Protozoa Vaginitis – irritation & white stinky discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis Prepatent = 4-20 d Trophozoite w/ 4 flagellae & Human to Human (STD) Flagyl (but not if pregnant) Discharge w/ trophozoites Strict anaerobe – hydrogenosome
(Flagellate) Assymptomatic infection of prostate in males
Patent = m-ys undulating membrane
Toxoplasmosis – Cysts in brain & muscle Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine Obligate Intracellular – Invade
Tachyzoite - Acute Lifetime Infection = mild,flu, or mono like symptoms Spiramicin Parasite Vacuole & Membrane
Incubation = Bradyzoite – Chronic Cyst Cerebral Toxoplasmosis – multiple abscesses w/ AIDS Serological (SAG-1 or p30)
Protozoa Atovaquone Replicate via endodyogeny
Toxoplasma gondii Prepatent = Sporozoite (Multifocal neurological symptoms) Oral – Fecal (cat poop & meat) PCR (immunocompromised)
(Sporozoa) Folonic Acid supplements Sex Reproduction in cat GI Tract
Patent = Trophozoite Encephalitis – Transplant patients MRI & CT (abscesses)
Clindamycin, Cipro, Macrolides High Prevalence
Oocysts – Very Stable Congenital – Sabin Tetrad (HC,RC,IC,PMR) & ocular (target apicobast)
Cryptosporidiosis – pain, diarrhea (greasy?) & fever
Incubation = Oocysts Immunocompetent disease requires 30-300 oocysts
Protozoa Oral – Fecal Oocysts in Feces 400K Milwauke 1993
Cryptosporidium parvum Prepatent = Sporozoite (4 from macrogamont) Limited inflammatory response in both None really - rehydration
(Sporozoa) Oral-Anal Sex PCR Not intracellular – cell surface
Patent = Merozoites (8 from schizogeny) immunocompenten & compromised
Life threatening w/ AIDS & immunocompromised
Pneumonia – An AIDS defining opportunistic illness Detection of cysts with GMS
Trophozoite
Incubation = 75% of US is seropositive but doesn’t develop disease Dislocated masses
Sporocyte (pre-cyst) Bactrim (TMC-SMX)
Pneumocystis carinii Fungus Prepatent = Caused by trophozoite attachment to Type I Alveoli Autopsy
Cyst Pentamidine IV (acute)
Patent = Coughing, SOB, Fever, Weight Loss PCR
Spore
Proliferation of Type II Alveoli CD4 Cell counts predictive
Sporozoite Quinine & Chloroquine(vacuole) PfEMP1 (var) help bind
Malignant Tertian Malaria – Fever on days 1 &3 Mefloquine (for resistants)
Merozoite→Ring→Trophozoite endothelium; antigenic variation
Incubation = 8-24d Anemia, headache, abdomen pain, pregnancy problems
Protozoa Trophozoite→Schzont Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine Africa, Asia, Brazil
Plasmodium falciparum Prepatent = 5-12d Periodicity may be difficult to detect Anopheles mosquito bite (night) Proguanil, Tetracyclines Blood Smear-Giemsa Stain
(Sporozoa) Gametocytes (Male & Female) High folate drug resistance
Patent = 4w-18m Cerebral Malaria – IE knobs → capillary occlusion Clindamycin, Arteminisin
Ookinete Increasing quinine resistance
Blackwater Fever – renal & liver involvement Atovaquone, Primaquine
Oocyst
Sporozoite Quinine & Chloroquine(vacuole)
Tertian Malaria – Fever on days 1 &3 (predictable)
Merozoite→Ring→Trophozoite Mefloquine (for resistants) Asia, Africa, New World
Incubation = 12-18 d Targets immature RBCs – self limiting
Protozoa Trophozoite→Schzont Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine Rarely fatal
Plasmodium vivax Prepatent = 8-17 d Most common malaria - Frequent reactivation Anopheles mosquito bite (night) Proguanil, Tetracyclines Blood Smear-Giemsa Stain
(Sporozoa) Gametocytes (Male & Female) Priaquine completely cures
Patent = 5+ y Pregnancy = low birth weight Clindamycin, Arteminisin
Ookinete
Enlarged Erythrocytes – Schauffners dots Atovaquone, Primaquine
Oocyst
Sporozoite Quinine & Chloroquine(vacuole)
Merozoite→Ring→Trophozoite Mefloquine (for resistants)
Incubation = 10-17 d Tertian Malaria – Fever on days 1 &3
Protozoa Trophozoite→Schzont Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine West Africa & Pacific
Plasmodium ovale Prepatent = 8-17 d Rarest of all malarias Anopheles mosquito bite (night) Proguanil, Tetracyclines Blood Smear-Giemsa Stain
(Sporozoa) Gametocytes (Male & Female)
Patent = 5-7 y Periodic Reactivation Clindamycin, Arteminisin
Ookinete
Oocyst Atovaquone, Primaquine
Organism Type Time Life Cycle-Forms Disease & Symptoms Transmission Treatment Diagnosis Other
Sporozoite Quinine & Chloroquine(vacuole)
Merozoite→Ring→Trophozoite Mefloquine (for resistants)
Incubation = 18-42 d Quartan Malaria – Fever on days 1 &4
Protozoa Trophozoite→Schzont Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine Longest patency period
Plasmodium malariae Prepatent = 13-37 d Mildest Malaria Anopheles mosquito bite (night) Blood Smear-Giemsa Stain
(Sporozoa) Gametocytes (Male & Female) Proguanil, Tetracyclines
Patent = 30 y! Targets Old Erythrcytes
Ookinete Clindamycin, Arteminisin
Oocyst Atovaquone, Primaquine
Trypanosomiasis –
“Naked” Trypomastigote Suramin (not for CNS)
Incubation = 1-21 d 1) Winterbottom Sign (chancre) No intracellular stage
Epimastigote (smooth coat) Pentamidine (resistants) Microscopic – blood
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Kinetoplastid Prepatent = 3 m 2) Trunk & Facial Edema w/ fever Tsetse Fly Bite (day) VSG – relapsing parasitemia
Metacyclic Trypomastigote Melasoprol (CNS but toxic) Serological
Patent = ys 3) Fever – organisms in lymph nodes general immunosuppression
“Stumpy” Trypomastigote
4) Inflammatory attack on CNS
Trypanosomiasis –
“Naked” Trypomastigote Suramin (not for CNS) No intracellular stage
Incubation = 1-21 d 1) Winterbottom Sign (chancre)
Epimastigote (smooth coat) Pentamidine (resistants) Microscopic – blood VSG – relapsing parasitemia
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Kinetoplastid Prepatent = 9m-3y 2) Trunk & Facial Edema w/ fever Tsetse Fly Bite (day)
Metacyclic Trypomastigote Melasoprol (CNS but toxic) Serological general immunosuppression
Patent = ys 3) Fever – organisms in lymph nodes
“Stumpy” Trypomastigote Elflornithine (DFMO-awaken!) slower onset
4) Inflammatory attack on CNS
Chagas Disease
Metacyclic trypomastigotes Chagoma (Romanas sign)
Incubation = 5-20 d Nitrofuran & -Interferon (acute)
Amastigotes (no flagellum) Cardiac – abscesses & scarring → hypertrophy Microscopic – blood smear
Trypanosoma cruzi Kinetoplastid Prepatent = 1-2 m Riduviid Bug feces Benznidazole (ama & trypos)
Trypomastigotes (flagella) GI & Encephalitis(children) Serological tests
Patent = 20-40 y Allopurinol
Epimastigotes (bug only) Pregnancy (abortion or early death)
Skin – painful lipochagoma (chronic)
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Pentavalent antimonals (toxic) Microscopic-bone smear
Incubation = 10d-1y Amastigotes (flagella)
Leishmania Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) – Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia Amphotericin B (in liposome) Serologic
Protozoa Prepatent = 1-3 w Promastigotes (flagella) Antimonal resistance in India
(donovani, infantum, chagasi) (hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, Sandflies Aminosidine PCR
Patent = m-ys Amastigote (no flagella)
hyperglobulinemia, renal complications & fever) Miltefosine
PKDL (dermal lesions)
Incubation = 1-4 w Embyonated Eggs Microsopic – eggs
Nematode Pinworms – pruritis ani, diarrhea, sleep disturbance Oral – Fecal (auto-innoculation) Mebendazole Most common US worm infection
Enterobius vermiculus Prepatent = 5-10 w L1 (duodenum) “coffee bean”
(Intestinal) GU Tract Invasion in Women – no clinical risk Eggs in air (Treat entire family) Mainly in children
Patent = ys Adult (colon) Scotch Tape Test (night)
Unembryonated Eggs (soil)
Incubation = 2-3 m Mebendazole (larvae)
Nematode Embyonated Eggs (L2) Microscopic – eggs Mainly in children
Trichuris trichiura Prepatent = 3 m Whipworm – Rectal Prolapse, Anemia, Colitis Eating Dirt Oxantel (pyrimidine - adult)
(Intestinal) Immature Worm (4 molts) “lemon shaped”
Patent = 15-18m Surgery (prolapse)
Adult Worm (colon)
Unfertilized Egg (Thin Wall)
Incubation (Lung) = 7 d Mebendazole & Albendazole
Fertilized Egg (Knobby Wall) Ascariasis – obstruction, malnourishment 1/3 of world infected!
Nematode Incubation (Gut) = 3 w (adult & larvae – lung & liver) Microscopic – eggs in stool
Ascaris lumbicoides L2 (develop in egg in soil) (pain, vomiting, enteritis, Eosinophilia, Fever) Eating Dirt Pig Farming
(Intestinal) Prepatent = 2 m Piperazine (paralysis) “knobby & smooth”
L3 (lung) Peritonitis Fatal Complications “Worm Balls”
Patent = 9-15 m Levamisol (paralysis)
Adult (intestine - lumen)
Visceral Larvae Migrans (VLM) – granulomas
Piperazine (L2) Humans are intermediate host
Incubation = Usually Assymptomatic
Nematode Embryonated Egg (L2 – intestine) Albendazole (L3) Serological against L3 No eggs in stool
Toxacara canis/cati Prepatent = Fever, anorexia, wheeze/coughing, hepatosplenmegaly Eating Dirt
(Intestinal) L3 – (moves out of gut) Corticosteroids (inflammation) Elevated Eosinophils Usually children
Patent = Cardiac & Occular Involvement
Laser (eye) Mistaken for retinoblastoma
CNS – seizures, personality, encephalopathy
Incubation = 5-7 d Very Small
Nematode Larval cysts (meat) Trichinosis – diarrhea, vomiting, pain Corticosteroids (pathology)
Trichinella spiralis Prepatent = 4-6 w Eating undercooked game Autopsy Wild Boar & Bears
(Extraintestinal) Adult Worm Muscle pain, edema, eosinophilia Benzimidazle
Patent = ys Viviparous – No Eggs
Corticosteroids (inflammation)
Incubation = 3-4 m Guinea Worm/Fiery Serpent/Medina Worm
Nematode Larvae (Cyclops) Drinking Bad Water Metronidazole (bacteria) Cyclops Water Flea
Dracunculus medinensis Prepatent = 10-14 m Allergic Reaction of skin – burning
(Extraintestinal) Adults (connective tissue) Ingestion of cepapods Benzimidazole (kill worm – bad) Female emerges from extremities
Patent = ws 2º Infections
“Spooling”
Incubation = hours Herring Worm/Codworm ELISA Rapidly moves to muscle after fish
Nematode
Anisakisis Prepatent = GI – epigastric pain, bloody vomit, diarrhea Eating raw fish Surgery XRay is caught – eviscerate quickly!
(Extraintestinal)
Patent = Ectopic – infected & inflamed organs Endoscopy Freezing kills worm
Organism Type Time Life Cycle-Forms Disease & Symptoms Transmission Treatment Diagnosis Other
Incubation (skin)=12-18h Rhabditiform Larvae (soil)
Incubation (lung) = 1 w Adult Female (parthenogenesis) Cochin China Diarrhea – Diarrhea & malabsorption
Nematode From soil – penetrates skin Ivermectin (females & larae) Larvae in feces Females don’t need males for eggs
Strongyloides stercoralis Incubation (GI) = 2 w Eggs (jejunum) Allergic Dermititis, Allergic Bronchopneumonia
(Skin Penetratin) Autoinnculation Albendazole (dissemination) Larvae in duodenal aspirates
Prepatent = 14-21 d Filariform Larvae (from eggs) Life Threatening in AIDS with Eosinophilia
Patent = 40 y Adult Male - soil
Necatur americanus
Incubation (skin) = 4h Filariform Larvae – L3 (soil) Hookworms - Papular & Vesicular Rash, Pneumonia
Benzimidazoles (adults)
Nematode Incubation (GI) = 2 w Adult (intestine) Black stools (blood), anemia, cachexia
& Pyrantel (larvae) 8 celled eggs in feces
(Skin Penetratin) Prepatent = 5-6 w Partially embryonated eggs Majority of infections are subclinical
Patent = 20 y Rhabditiform Larvae (egg in soil) Allergic type TH2 response with high IgE
Ancyclostoma duodenale
Ancyclostoma caninum (dog)
Incubation =
Nematode Creeping Eruptions – Hookworm
& Prepatent = ws-ms Larvae Thiabendazole Developmentally arrested
(Skin Penetratin) Limited to skin – snake like lesions under skin
Patent =
Ancyclostoma brasiliense (cat)
Wucheria bancrofti
Lymphatic Filariasis – Worms occlude lymph vessels Piperazine or DEC ( paralyzes)
Incubation = 6 m Larvae (on proboscis)
Nematode Granulomatous response in nodes of extremities From Mosquitos (night) Antihistamine or Corticosteroids Live birth & circadian rhythm
& Prepatent = Microfilariae (lympho nodes) Microfilariae in blood (night)
(Vector Borne) Lymphoedema → Elephantiasis (rare) Anopheles, Cutex, & Aedes Ivermectin (microfilariae) Copulating worms pair for life!
Patent = 40 y Adult worm
Fever, Chyluria, 2º infection, Orchitis w/ hydrocoele Mebendazole (microfilariae)
Brudia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine (larvae)
Incubation = 2-12m Larvae (on proboscis) Ivermectin (microfilariae)
Nematode (Ocular Filariasis)
Loa loa Prepatent = 6m-4y Adults Chrysops Fly Mebendazole (microfilariae) Microfilariae in blood (day) Deep (subQ infections)
(Vector Borne) Calabar Swellings (subQ swellings), worms in eyes
Patent = 4-17y Microfilariae Surgery (adults)
River Blindness – Cutaneous and Ocular
Incubation = Cutaneous – Craw Craw (popular dermatitis)
Nematode Microfilariae (L3) Skin snips of nodules
Onchocerca volvulus Prepatent = Thickening skin, Tissue Paper Skin, Hanging Scrotum Simulium (female black fly) Ivermectin (microfilariae) Live in skin and eye
(Vector Borne) Adults Serology
Patent = Ocular – Cornea, Retina & Optic Nerve Damaged
All caused by dead microfilariae
Gravid Proglottids (not infectious) Hydatid Disease – Infection of liver, lungs, brain & eye
Incubation = ys Oncosphere (infectious egg) Hydatid Cysts – contain protoscolex – can metastasize Ultrasound, CT Scan (Organ)
Albendazole Dog Tapeworm (sex only in dogs)
Echinococcus granulosus Cestode Prepatent = ys Larvae Hydatid Sand – sudden cyst rupture triggers shock Dog Feces? XRay (calcified cysts)
Surgery (cysts) Hermaphrodite
Patent = ys Protoscolex (immature-humans) No GI Symptoms – Larvae Leave! Serology
Scolex (mature adult) Rare in disease, common in sheep
Niclosamide (adults)
Incubation = 8-10 w Gravid Proglottids (human feces) Adults & Sex in human GI only
Praziquantel (adults, cysts) Proglottids (stool)
Prepatent = 8 w Oncospheres (animals) Cysticercus bovis (intermis) – muscle only Beef tapeworm – longer
Taenia saginata Cestode Eating undercooked meat Mebeldazole (adults) CT & XRay (cysts)
Patent (intestine) = 25 y Cysts (animal muscle) Weight loss, pain, anal itching No inflammation w/ dead worms
Albendazole (cysts) Serology
Patent (cyst) = 2 y Adults (human GI Tract) Hermaphrodite
Surgery (cysts)
Niclosamide (adults) Adults & Sex in human GI only
Incubation = 8-10 w Gravid Proglottids (human feces)
Cysticercus cellulosa – muscle and other organs only Praziquantel (adults, cysts) Proglottids (stool) Pork tapeworm – More dangerous
Taenia solinum Prepatent = 8 w Oncospheres (animals)
Cestode Weight loss, pain, anal itching Eating undercooked meat Mebeldazole (adults) CT & XRay (cysts) No inflammation w/ dead worms
Patent (intestine) = 25 y Cysts (animal muscle)
Organ Dysfunction: brain, eye, liver Albendazole (cysts) Serology Less Common Now
Patent (cyst) = 2 y Adults (human GI Tract)
Surgery (cysts) Hermaphrodite
Incubation = 3 w Fish Tapeworm
Gravid Proglottid Praziquantel
Diphyllobothrium latum Cestode Prepatent = 21-24 d B12 Deficiency, ataxia, anemia Eating raw fish Freshwater fish & cepapods
Ciliated Coracidium (Cepapod) B12
Patent = 10 y Hermaphrodite
CNS, Pulmonary, Intestinal Schistosomiasis
Fertilized Eggs (urine or feces) Dioeious mate for life
Acute: Rash, Katayama Syndrome
Incubation = 1-3w Miracidium (snails) Snails
Fever, Liver Pain, Splenomegaly Eosinophilia Praziquantel (adult)
Schistosoma mansoni Trematode Prepatent = 4-7w Sporocyst (snails) Penetrate skin or swallowed Eggs in feces or urine Blood Flukes
Chronic: Granulomas in intestine & liver Tetrahydroquinolones (adult)
Patent = 25y Cercariae S. mansoni is biggest problem
Hepatomegaly, Hypertension, diarrhea & constipation
Schistosomules (humans) Increased hepatoma risk
Occult blood in stool – misdiagnosed as colon cancer
CNS, Pulmonary, Intestinal Schistosomiasis
Fertilized Eggs (urine or feces) Dioeious mate for life
Acute: Rash, Katayama Syndrome
Incubation = 1-3w Miracidium (snails) Snails
Fever, Hepatosplenomegaly Eosinophilia Praziquantel (adult)
Schistosoma japaniocum Trematode Prepatent = 4-7w Sporocyst (snails) Penetrate skin or swallowed Eggs in feces or urine Blood Flukes
Chronic: Granulomas in intestine & liver Tetrahydroquinolones (adult)
Patent = 25y Cercariae Increased hepatoma risk
Hepatomegaly, Hypertension, diarrhea & constipation
Schistosomules (humans) Increased CNS risk
Occult blood in stool – misdiagnosed as colon cancer
CNS, Pulmonary, GU Schistosomiasis
Fertilized Eggs (urine or feces)
Acute: Nonspecific fever, Hematuria Dioeious mate for life
Incubation = 4-7w Miracidium (snails)
Chronic: Granulomas in bladder Praziquantel (adult) Snails
Schistosoma heamotobium Trematode Prepatent = 9-10w Sporocyst (snails) Penetrate skin or swallowed Eggs in feces or urine
Dysuria, Hematouria, Renal Failure, 2º UTIs Tetrahydroquinolones (adult) Blood Flukes
Patent = 25w Cercariae
Female Genital Schistosomiasis – looks like warts Increased hepatoma risk
Schistosomules (humans)
Possible carcinomas
Organism Type Time Life Cycle-Forms Disease & Symptoms Transmission Treatment Diagnosis Other
Dioeious mate for life
Incubation = Eggs (fowl) Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial dermatitis)
Penetrate Skin Topical Steroids Snails
Microbilharzaria variglandis Trematode Prepatent = Miracidia (snail) Just dermatitis – deadend for organism
Swimming in Lakes Antihistamines Blood Flukes
Patent = Cercariae (humans) Rash, edema, itching
Avian schistosome
Metacercaria (cysts-humans)
Adult (bile duct)
Incubation = 3-12w Bisphenols (adults)
Eggs (bile) Hepatomegaly, fever, ascites, eosinophilia Oral Ingestion Liver Fluke
Fasciola hepatica Trematode Prepatent = 3-4m Praziquantel (adults)
Miracidia (snails) Occlusion of bile duct Watercress Sheep/Snails/Watercress
Patent = 1-20y Albendazole (larvae)
Sporocyst→Redia
Cercaria (motile)
Metacercaria (cysts-humans)
Adult (bile duct)
Incubation = 2 w Inflammation & Obstruction of Bile Ducts
Eggs (bile) Oral Ingestion Liver Fluke
Clonorchis sinesinsis Trematode Prepatent = 2-4 w Acute: Pain, Nausea, Diarrhea, Eosinophilia Praziquantel
Miracidia (snails) Undercooked or Raw Fish Infect Snails OR Fish
Patent = 20 y Chronic: Cholangitis, Pancreatitis, Cancer
Sporocyst→Redia Vietnam or Korean War Vets
Cercaria (motile)
Metacercaria (cysts-humans)
Adult (bile duct)
Incubation = 9-12 w Fibrotic Lesions in lungs Lung Fluke
Eggs (bile) Oral Ingestion
Paragonimus westermani Trematode Prepatent = 10-12 w Bronchitis, thoracic & abdominal pain Praziquantel Eggs in sputum Infect snails then crabs
Miracidia (snails) Undercooked snails & crabs
Patent = 20 ys Eggs expectorated in sputum - reswallowed Penetrate intestine & diaphragm
Sporocyst→Redia
Cercaria (motile)
Metacercaria (cysts-humans)
Adult (bile duct)
Incubation =
Eggs (bile) Mostly Asymptomatic Oral Ingestion Intestinal Fluke
Fasciolopsis buski Trematode Prepatent = Praziquantel
Miracidia (snails) Pain, Fever, Ascites, Intestinal Obstruction Water Chestnuts Snails/Water Chestnut/Bamboo
Patent =
Sporocyst→Redia
Cercaria (motile)
Incubation = Eggs (Nits = Formites?) Pediculicide (all of family)
Head Lice - Tickling or Itchy Scalp Person to Person Adults attached to scalp Anoplura (bloodsucking)
Pediculus humana capita Ectoparasite Prepatent = Nymphs (immature) Wash clothes & sheets
Generally Asymptomatic Formites Nits Prefer Straight Hair
Patent = Adults Nit Comb
Body Lice
Incubation =
Typhus Anoplura (bloodsucking)
Pediculus humana corpora Ectoparasite Prepatent =
Trench Fever
Patent =
Relapsing Fever
Incubation =
Anoplura (bloodsucking)
Phthirus pubis Ectoparasite Prepatent = Crabs – Itching & Allergic Reaction Person to Person (STD) Pediculicide (partners)
Prefer Pubic Hair
Patent =
Scabies – Scrub Typhus
Eggs
Incubation = Hyperkeratosis & Hyperplasia of Skin
Larvae Person to Person Live in keratinous layer of skin
Sarcoptes scabei Ectoparasite Prepatent = 2º Infections Examination of skin scraping
Nymphs Can be STD Lesions first on hands
Patent = Scaling with AIDS
Ducts?
Prefer hands, feet, genitals and axila
Incubation = Myasis – Bot Fly
Eggs (bloodsucker legs – ticks) Surgical Removal
Dermatobia hominis Ectoparasite Prepatent = Furuncle (burrow of maggot) Human botfly
Larvae (skin) Pork Fat or Meat
Patent = Infect open wound, nose, ear, scalp
Incubation =
Oestrus ovis Ectoparasite Prepatent = Myasis - Ocular
Patent =
Incubation =
Myasis - Screw Worm
Wohlfaritia Ectoparasite Prepatent =
Necrotic & Healthy Tissue
Patent =
Incubation =
Myasis – Debridement
Lucilia serratica Prepatent =
Necrotic Tissue Only
Patent =
Organism Type Time Life Cycle-Forms Disease & Symptoms Transmission Treatment Diagnosis Other
Incubation = Tungiasis – Sand Flea/Chigger
Males die after mating Extrication with needle
Tunga penetrans Ectoparasite Prepatent = Erythymatous Spot – itchy & painful Invasion of Skin (foot) Female gets 1000X larger
Females invade tissue Topical antiseptics
Patent = 2º Infections
Incubation = Leech Help reattach digits
Ectoparasite
Hirudu medicinalis Prepatent = Attach to skin Promote circulation
(Analid Worm)
Patent = 2º Infections Prevent coagulation