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General Procedure
of Shipbuilding
Soo-Kwan Oh
Technical/ Marketing Manager
For the benefit of business and people
SUMMARY
1 FROM CONTRACT TO
DELIVERY
2 CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY
3 LARGE CONTAINER VESSEL
2
1
> From Contract to
Delivery
3
1 From Contract to Delivery CONCEPT
Owner Project Shipyard
Contract/ Business Dept.
CONTRACT Ship Sales Engineering Dept.
Basic/ Production
DESIGN Purchasing of Material Purchasing Dept.
Owner/ Class Approval
Hull
Hull Outfitting
Machinery Outfitting
PRODUCTION
Electric Outfitting
Painting
Quality Assurance
Production Control
DELIVERY A/S
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 4
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
Owner Broker
Contract/ Business Dept.
* Owner Shipyard
Project Planning * Shipyard Ship Sales Engineering Dept.
Purpose OFFER
Route
Economic BRIEF SPEC’
Negotiation Full Spec’/ Class
Technical Meeting Cost Balance
Total Quantity
Letter of Intent Option
Delivery Date
Contract Specification
CONTRACT Contract G/A, Midship, Piping Diagram
Accommodation Plan
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 5
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 6
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
75K MIDSHIP
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 7
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
75K MIDSHIP
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 8
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM OUTFIT
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 9
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM OUTFIT
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 10
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM OUTFIT
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 11
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM-MACHINERY
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 12
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM-MACHINERY
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 13
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
DIAGRAM-MACHINERY
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 14
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
ACCOMMODATION PLAN
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 15
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
ACCOMMODATION PLAN
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 16
1 From Contract to Delivery INITIAL STAGE
ACCOMMODATION PLAN
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 17
1 From Contract to Delivery DESIGN STAGE
Key Design
DESIGN STAGE Production Design
Lines, Propeller
General Arrangement
Basic Design Trim & Stability
Loading, etc.
Hull Key Plan : Midship Section
Construction Profile & Deck Plan
Shell Expansion
Structure Drawing : Cargo Hold
Engine Room/ Fore Body/ Aft Body
Stern Frame/ Accommodation
Production Drawing : Shop Drawing/ Cutting Plan
Hull Design
Structural Analysis : Static Analysis –Coarse Mesh/ Fine Mesh
Fatigue Analysis
Sloshing Analysis
Bow Impact & Slamming Analysis
Vibration Analysis
Painting
Purchasing Order : Steel Plate, Angle etc, Paint
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 18
1 From Contract to Delivery DESIGN STAGE
Key Design : Piping Diagram, Ventilation
Mooring, Anchoring, Steering
Life Saving, Fire Fighting
Traffic Arrangement
Hull Outfitting Design Production Design : Pipe Piece, Traffic Piece, etc
Small Equipment
Accommodation Design : Interior, Piping, Outfitting
Purchasing Order : Pipe, Valve, Equipment
Key Design : E/R Piping Diagram,
Machinery Arrangement, M/E,
Generator, Boiler, Compressor
Machinery Outfitting
Production Design : Pipe Piece, Vent Piece, etc.
Small Equipment
Purchasing Order : Equipment, Valve, etc.
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 19
1 From Contract to Delivery DESIGN STAGE
Key Design : Automation
Electrical System
Navigation Equipment
Electric Outfitting Production Design : Cable Piece
Light Equipment
Purchasing Order : Switch Board
Equipment, Cable, Sensor
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 20
1 From Contract to Delivery PRODUCTION STAGE
Yard Facility Production Control
Production Control Production – Hull, Hull Outfitting,
CONDITION
Machinery Outfitting, Paint
Material Control
Quality Assurance
HULL PRODUCTION
Cutting Sub-Assembly Assembly Each Block
P.E Block Inspection
Pre-Outfitting
Painting Owner/ Class
Grand P.E Dock Erection
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 21
1 From Contract to Delivery PRODUCTION STAGE
OUTFITTING PRODUCTION
Pre-Outfitting Outfitting Outfitting
In Block In Dock In Quay
PAINTING
Cosmetic
Block Painting Dock Painting
Painting
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 22
1 From Contract to Delivery DELIVERY & A/S
READY TO SEA TRIAL Official Sea Trial
Shipyard, Owner, Class
Shipyard Ship owner
Speed
Endurance
Tank Test
Anchoring/ Mooring
Rudder, Steering
Vibration, Noise
Equipment Operation
Navigation
Correction Delivery
Departure A/S
If Any Sign
(1 YEAR)
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 23
2
> Classification
24
2 Classification MAJOR WORK
SHIP’S SAFETY DURING LIFE TIME
Yard Design
DRAWING APPROVAL
Maker Design
INSPECTION DURING BUILDING
CERTIFICATION
Intermediate
INSPECTION AFTER DELIVERY
Periodical
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 25
CLASS PROCESS
SHIP NEW CONSTRUCTION :
Commercial Design review Follow-up in service
T0 T0 + C
Contract Delivery
to Owner
RFC
Signed Ad 523
signed by
LPO
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 26
CLASS PROCESS
Design review : basically 4 BV actors
BVN surveyors
Field surveyor
LPO
Marine Center
DTM support
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 27
CLASS PROCESS
Design review
T0 T0 + C
LPO core activity : Design review
Contract Delivery
• Design review can start before RFC signed to Owner
( TAKE CARE - CONTRACT DEFINITION )
•Completed when Ad 523 + annexes are examined and
signed
( technical green light given to CM for Class certificate )
RFC Ad 523
Signed signed by
LPO
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 28
CLASS PROCESS
Design review
LPO core business : Design review against Referential
T0 T0 + C
• Referential : BV Rules / IMO Reg.
Contract Delivery
• LPO Interpretations :
to Owner
- allowed with BV Rules ( within general conditions)
- not allowed for IMO Reg.
• Rules : technical interpretations / protect interest of
Owner ( final CLIENT )
RFC • High technical knowledge frequently requested as Ad 523
Signed Clients may be less educated / powerfull than BV signed by
LPO
• Great risk of uncontrolled move from design review
activity to Consultancy activity
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 29
CLASS PROCESS
Follow-up in service
T0 + C LPO activity : Scrap
Delivery
• Design review at any time in case of
to Owner
conversion
• Rules : technical interpretations / protect or
interest of Owner
• Technical support of CMs / Station surveys
• Several LPOs may be concerned Change
Ad 523 of
signed by • Technical documentation processing Class
LPO ( drawings + calculation sheets )
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 30
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Different from Class design review : BV acts as designer in scope of
Consultancy
Technical expertise and knowledge is ( must be ) sold to Client
Highly profitable
HIGH RISK OF :
- transfer of Yard know-how
- confusion on status of conclusions
- pressure from management
ALWAYS BE CLEAR ABOUT THE CAP YOU WEAR / THE FORMAT OF
COMMENTS YOU ARE ALLOWED TO GIVE
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 31
2 Classification IACS MEMBERS
MEMBER
ABS : American Bureau of Shipping
BV : Bureau Veritas
CCS : China Classification Society
DNV : Det Norske Veritas
GL : Germanischer Lloyd
KR : Korean Register of Shipping
LR : Lloyd Register
NK : Nippon Kaiji Kyokai
RINA : Registro Italiano Navale
RS : Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 32
2 Classification IACS MEMBERS
ASSOCIATES
IRS : Indian Register of Shipping
REQUIREMENTS
- Procedural Requirement
- Unified Requirements
- Unified Interpretations
- Guide Line & Recommendations, etc.
Web Site
www.iacs.org.uk
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 33
3
> Large Container Vessel
34
1 General : Large Container
SUMMARY Vessels
2 Bureau Veritas References
in Large Container Vessels
3 BV Hull Expertise
- Steps of review process
- Torsion analysis
- Fatigue analysis
- Bow flare analysis
4 BV Lashing Expertise
5 BV Shaft Alignment Expertise
6 Parametric Roll Calculation
35
1 GENERAL LARGE CONTAINER VESSELS
The size range for the largest containerships is expected to increase
significantly in the near future as economies of scale remains the
dominant operational factor driving efficient transport.
The Largest containerships currently in service are in the 7000-8000 TEU
range. Many leading shipyard have developed designs for vessels with
additional containers rows, tiers and holds. Increase main dimension
and capacity up to 9000/10000 TEU.
In the future the carrying capacity of containerships is expected to
increase to 12000 TEU and above
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 36
1 GENERAL LARGE CONTAINER VESSELS
Fleet development for container ships
Fleet development in '000 teu
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 37
1 GENERAL LARGE CONTAINER VESSELS
Order Books for container ships
Order book Feb 2005, number of ships
250
200
150
100
50
0
<1000 1000- 2000- 3000- 4000- 5000- 6000- 7000- 8000+
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 38
1 GENERAL LARGE CONTAINER VESSELS
Challenges with the increase of size of containerships
• Torsion/Warping stress
• Fatigue
• Acceleration forces on lashing
• Engine power
• Shaft alignment
• Parametric roll
• Slamming/Bow impact
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 39
2 BV REFERENCES CONTAINER SHIPS BUILDING
LAST MAIN REFERENCES
• HHI
» 1x5,500 TEU containerships for YANG MING LINE
» 1x7,800 TEU containership for CMA CGM
» 10x5,100 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building)
» 2x5,100 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building at HSHI)
» 2x9,200 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building)
» 2x9,200 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building at HSHI)
» 2x8,200 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building)
» 2x8,200 TEU containerships for CMA CGM (under building at HSHI)
» 1x8,200 TEU containership for YANG MING LINE (under building)
• DSME
» 1x6,500 TEU containership for CGM CMA
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 40
2 BV REFERENCES CONTAINER SHIPS BUILDING
LAST MAIN REFERENCES
• HHIC
» 2x1,600 TEU containerships for DELMAS
» 4x1,600 TEU containerships for VROON
» 2x4,300 TEU containerships for CMA CGM
» 3x6,500 TEU containerships for CMA CGM
• SHI
» 8 x 5,770 TEU containerships for CMA CGM
• CSBC
» 18x2,200 TEU containerships for WAN HAI LINES, DELMAS, CMA CGM,
YANG MING LINE
• IMABARI
» 3x5,500 TEU containerships for COSCO
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 41
2 BV REFERENCES PROJECT MANAGEMENT
< 9,200 TEU CONTAINERSHIP >
Main Dimensions:
• Length btw. PP 333,44 m
• Breadth 42,8 m
• Depth, to upper deck 27,3 m
• Draught, summer 14,5 m
• Speed 24,25 kn
• Power 68656 kW
Key elements: Between half December and the end of March the complete structure has been
reviewed. This was only possible in close cooperation with the Shipyard. Several meetings at the
shipyard site, exchanging information and calculation results and discussing the findings, have
taken place. Two offices of Bureau Veritas, Korea and Paris, have been working around the clock
in order to make the deadlines of the shipyard.
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 42
CRITIAL AREA OF LARGE CONTAINER
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE
SHIPS
Hatch coamings /
Superstructures connection
Longitudinal Hatch Coamings
Bow Flare
impact
Bottom
Slamming
Transverse Bulkhead
connections Cross-deck structures
Hatch corners
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 43
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE STEP OF REVIEW PROCESS
DESIGN REVIEW PROCESS
» General and subdivision arrangement
» Mid-ship section : Longitudinal strength and local rule scantlings
» All sections : Longitudinal strength and local rules scantlings
» Torsion model : Warping stress estimation all along the vessel
(to be included in the global stress)
» Key drawings: primary members calculation (local + global stress)
» Detail drawings / reinforcement : bracket reinforcement under stack...
» Bow impact and flat forward bottom area
» Other calculations: Loading manual strength analysis, Lashing...
IN PARALLEL TO DESIGN REVIEW PROCESS
» FEM (VeriSTAR) calculations: double check for design review
» Fatigue Analysis with Mars/VeriSTAR
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 44
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
MARS - TORCIS ANALYSIS
» TORCIS calculation 2 calculations:
wave 60 degree
wave 120 degree
Modelisation of
all cargo holds
Estimation of shear force
in cross deck beams
Estimation of warping stress
in side shell , upper-deck
all along the vessel N/mm2
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 45
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
MARS - TORCIS ANALYSIS
Buckling due to warping Fatigue due to warping
(L27) 16 years
(L28) 17 years
(L29) 13 years
(L30) 15 years
(L31) 17 years
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 46
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Analyses based on complete ship model
VeriSTAR is use for
- Buckling analysis (coarse mesh)
- Yielding analysis (fine mesh)
- Fatigue analysis (very fine mesh)
Full model of 9200 TEU containership
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 47
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Methodology and steps of a VeriSTAR CSM calculations
»σX1 = γs1 σs1 + γw1(Cfvσwv1+Cfhσwh1 + CfΏσΩ )
Quartering sea: Maximize static , vertical bending (50%), horizontal bending (100%) and torsion (100%)
50% Vertical Bending moment Maximum Torsion at fore part
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 48
6 3D FEM CALCULATIONS COMPLETE SHIP MODEL
VERISTAR
Methodology and steps of a VeriSTAR CSM calculations
» Coarse mesh modelling : full ship
» Definition of ballast areas and container loading points
» Static calculation with lightship weight: loading conditions
– lightship (checking case)
– ballast (maximum Bending moment)
– full load (maximum draft)
– compare data with loading manual
(draft,displacement,still water bending moment…)
» Wave Load calculations: load cases
– based on selection of design waves (table 5)
– Head Sea (longitudinal strength)
– Beam Sea (transverse strength)
– Quartering sea (torsion strength)
» Fine mesh analyses
– based on areas to be analysed (Table 1)
– Hatch corners, cross deck, connection superstructure,connection girders...
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 49
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE COMPLETE SHIP MODEL
Principle Design wave load (see also Table 5)
» Maximum Vertical Wave Bending Moment in Hogging condition
» Maximum Wave Torque at vicinity of 0.25L (aft part)
» Maximum Wave Torque at mid-ship
» Maximum Wave Torque at vicinity of 0.75L (fore part)
Sea keeping calculation
» Maximum vertical acceleration in inclined conditions
Iterative process
» Maximum vertical acceleration in upright conditions
» Maximum transverse acceleration
Wave design load to be associate with loading conditions
» Ballast, full load
» Load cases
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 50
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Stresses and Deformation
Stress in Hatch coaming
Connection superstructure
Stress Cross deck
Stress Hatch corners
Stress Girders
Buckling in bottom area Buckling in bulkhead and bilge area
Head Sea Condition Quartering sea condition
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 51
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Areas to be analysed through fine Mesh models
Examples:
- Hatch Corners
- Connection of hatch coaming
with superstructure
- Transverse Bulkhead
- Support Bulkhead
- Transverse Frame
- Bottom Girders
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 52
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
HATCH CORNERS
Typical stress range in head sea Typical stress range in oblique sea
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 53
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Support Bulkhead
Maximum pressure
in alternate condition
one bay empty
Shear stress
at maximum draft
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 54
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE TORSION ANALYSIS
Connection with
superstructure
Stress concentrations
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 55
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Steps for Fatigue calculation of side shell longitudinals:
» 1st step : 2D Fatigue Analysis
» 2nd Step: 3D Fatigue Analysis
Fatigue calculations for Hatch corners
» One Step: 3D Fatigue Analysis
Cracks in side shell longitudinal due to fatigue
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 56
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Side Shell longitudinals
To compare with Mars results
Fatigue
Hot spot 1
Damage Fatigue
Life calculation
to be over 20 years
Fatigue
Hot spot 2
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 57
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Hatch Corners
In order to increase fatigue life,
compromise between:
- sufficient reinforcement
- smooth grinding
Especially fore part area due to high
torsional loads
Hot spot edge of the corner
Hatch corner in the midship and fore part
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 58
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE FATIGUE ANALYSIS
Hatch Corners
In order to increase fatigue life,
compromise between:
- sufficient reinforcement
- smooth grinding
Smooth Grinding improves
the fatigue life by 2
Hot spot edge of the corner
Hatch corner in the aft part at ER
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 59
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE SLAMMING/ BOW IMPACT
Slamming
Maximum impact in forward area:
- Buckling in transverse frames
- Buckling on side shell plate and stiffeners
- Detail connections in forward area
Blow flare analysis
VeriSTAR calculations with maximum vertical
acceleration and in sagging condition.
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 60
3 BV HULL EXPERTISE SLAMMING/ BOW IMPACT
Buckling in transverse frame at fore part
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF SHIPBUILDING - DD/MM/YY 61
END
Thank You
for
Your Attention !
62
