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ZigBee
Agenda
Intro
Market
Applications
Requirements
Standardization
Technical
Specification
Software stack
Integration
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee
A very low cost, low power
consumption two-way, wireless
communications standard for
automation, toys, & PC peripherals
For NEC Internal Use Only
MARKET
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee Mission:
To bring about the existence of a broad range of
interoperable consumer devices by establishing open
industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered
peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring
the lowest cost and lowest power consumption
communications between compliant devices anywhere
in and around the home.
For NEC Internal Use Only
The Need for ZigBee
Low Power consumption
6 months to 5 years battery life for most applications
Low Cost
At least half the cost of Bluetooth solutions
High density of nodes per network
250 nodes per network, multiple co-located networks
Data rate requirements
Few bits to 250kbps sufficient
Simple protocol, Global Implementation
2.4GHz
Standard in a fragmented market
Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues
Pent up demand due to lack of standard
For NEC Internal Use Only
Objective of ZigBee
Interoperable consumer devices
Open industry specification
Peripheral, control and entertainment
devicesLowest cost and lowest power
consumption
Anywhere in and around the home
For NEC Internal Use Only
Traget Market:
A multimedia PC with interactive gaming options or a 32"
television equipped with Home Theatre features, Internet
access (e.g. WebTV) or a video gaming console (e.g. Sega,
Nintendo, Sony). These residents potentially have the need for
advanced HID and toy solutions that could enhance their living
or entertainment experiences.
Low cost solutions for interconnectivity between toys, such as,
TomoguchisExisting homes with installed security, home
automation or HVAC systems, and new homes with plans for
these systems.
The Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) market may also find use
for ZigBee products for controlling multimedia presentations,
conference rooms, training rooms and automation or control
functions.
For NEC Internal Use Only
Must have features:
Saftey meets Government regulations:
As safe as coordless phone
Unlicensed Band
Low Cost BOM
Reliability
Throughput degrades gracefully
Ease of Use…
Ability to add/remove new devices
Register once…authenticate each time
Global market
Minimum battery life 6months/2 years
For NEC Internal Use Only
Network Clusters will grow in the
Home
Pre 2001 Model
TV
VCR
SATELLITE
AV Net Audio System
TERRESTRIAL STB
CABLE
Camcorder...
MODEM
OWN CONTENT PC
PC Net
Printer
xDSL Scanner...
Phone
PHONE Tel Net Fax...
Environmental
Security
H.Auto Net Medical
Domestic app…
For NEC Internal Use Only
Network Clusters will
Interconnect/inter-operate in
Home and Away
2001 Model and beyond
TV
VCR
Entertainment Audio System
SATELLITE
STB
TERRESTRIAL Camcorder...
PC
GATEWAY
CABLE Productivity Printer
xDSL Scanner...
Phone
PHONE Fax
H.Auto Net Environmental
BB Wireless Security
Medical
Domestic app…
For NEC Internal Use Only
BOM/Node Price Development
based on Dataquest, Instat and BMA Communications
$
250 New technologies will lead to a sharp
demand decrease in cost for the different
200 applications
150 Sharp demand decrease leads on the other
hand to step increase in customer demand
100 For 2000/1,
50 <300kps; BOM < $6.00
0
<22Mbps; BOM < $20-30
>22Mbps; BOM < $60-70
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
For 2003/4,
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
<300kps; BOM < $2.50
<100kbps <300kbps
<22Mbps; BOM < $8-18
<2Mbps <22Mbps
>22Mbps
>22Mbps; BOM < $20-35
For NEC Internal Use Only
Market Size – Low Data Rate (No
BT)
Low Data Rate Market
600
500
Million units
400
300 Others
200 Industrial Applications
100 Home Environment
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal
For NEC Internal Use Only
Market Segmentation 2000 - 2004
Segment Market Share 2002
•Industrial Applications will drive initial
market
0%
•Home Environment will become
48%
Home Important
Industrial
52%
Others • Over time, there will be varied
Applications (Other)
Segm ent Market Share 2005
18%
Home
13%
Industrial
Others
69%
For NEC Internal Use Only
Wireless connectivity outlook:
For NEC Internal Use Only
Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook
Cellular technologies
Range
Meters
GSM GPRS
10,000
Ricochet
1,000 WLAN technologies
HomeRF
OpenAir
100
802.11b 802.11g
ZigBee
Bluetooth
PAN technologies
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
For NEC Internal Use Only
Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook
Range
Meters GSM GPRS EDGE
10,000
Ricochet
1,000
HomeRF 802.11b
OpenAir
100
Hiper
LAN/1
ZigBee
Bluetooth
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
For NEC Internal Use Only
Wireless Connectivity Industry
Outlook
Range
Meters GSM GPRS EDGE 3G
10,000
Ricochet
1,000
HomeRF 802.11a
OpenAir
100 ZigBee
Hiper
LAN/2
Bluetooth 2.0
Bluetooth
Bandwidth
kbps
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
For NEC Internal Use Only
Industry Outlook
ZigBee ratified ZigBee
RF-Lite Products on
(802.15.4)
(ZigBee) the market
SIG created
802.11b First 802.11a 802.11a
standard products on 802.11g standard
ratified the market standard ratified 2002/03
ratified
BT special 1st BT devices BT 2.0 standard
interest group on market, BT rolled out
becomes public, 1.1 standard
and BT 1.0 initial rolled out
specs released
HiperLAN 2
HiperLAN 2 will
standard
premier
ratified in 2000
HiperLAN 1
HiperLAN 1
products on the
ratified in 1996
market
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
For NEC Internal Use Only
Target Applications 1
Desktop PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home Theatre TV)
Computer peripherals;
HID devices
Video conference equipment
Remote control
Video gaming equipment
Multi-player PC & video games
Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
Remote controls for audio and video equipment
PC Enhanced & stand alone toys
In-room coverage
Home+yard coverage
For NEC Internal Use Only
Target Applications 2
Home appliances/general consumer electronic devices
Existing home security systems, electrical & heating systems
Wireless door and opening monitoring, system control
Wireless Keypads
Smoke and flame detectors
Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home;
Blinds/Shades
Pool/Spa equipment
Garage door openers
Voice Control
New device categories that have not yet been developed, such as
news tablets, and keyboards with built-in displays
For NEC Internal Use Only
Device Examples:
HID devices
Video gaming equipment;
Multi-player PC & video games
Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
Remote controls for audio and video equipment
Glass breakage monitoring (sensors);
Wireless Keypads;
Child Monitor;
Smoke and flame detectors;
Fire Pull stations;
Personal transponders;
Lighting and remote control of appliances in the home;
Fireplaces
Pool/Spa equipment
Garage door openers For NEC Internal Use Only
Target Market summary:
· TV
· VCR
· Monitors
· DVD
· Sensors Industrial & Consumer · CD
· Automation Electronics
Commercial · Remote
· Control
PC
Peripherals
· Mouse
Personal Low Data Rate · Keyboard
Radio Devices · Joystick
Healthcare · Gamepad
Monitors
Diagnostics
Sensors Security
PETs Home
Toys & HVAC
Gameboys Automation Lighting
Games Educational Closures
For NEC Internal Use Only
Market Requirements
Global licence free ISM band operation
Unrestricted geographic use
RF penetration through walls & ceilings
Automatic/semi-automatic installation
Ability to add or remove devices
Possible voice support
For NEC Internal Use Only
Market Requirements, cont...
10k-115.2kbps data throughput
10-75m coverage range (home/garden)
Support for 32-255 nodes
Support for 4 critical devices
4-100 co-located networks
0.5-2 year battery life
Up to 5ms-1 permitted mobility
Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2003!
For NEC Internal Use Only
Success Factors
Low cost
Data type support
Ease of installation
Reliable data transfer
Short range operation
Reasonable battery life
Unlicensed band
Unrestricted geographical use
Global implementation
Governmental regulations
For NEC Internal Use Only
STANDARDIZATION
For NEC Internal Use Only
History
Low-rate solution for HomeRF, January 1998
Initial MRD, October 1998
Initial RSI/TRD, October 1999
Proposals submitted, July 2000
Initial specification, v0.2, September 2000
Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4, March 2001
Proposal accepted by IEEE, July 2001
For NEC Internal Use Only
HomeRF-Lite -> Firefly -> RF-Lite -
> ZigBee
Description
Low data rate (<250kbps), very low cost (BOM<$6.00)
consumer market
Replaces wired solutions that require low data rates
Replaces IrDA links with a low cost wireless network
Simple MAC protocol: master-slave or virtual point-to-point
applications, reduces system compexity
Applications: peripherals to PC, temperature control, home
security, toys, etc.
For NEC Internal Use Only
Some Participants
(22 Companies in total)
For NEC Internal Use Only
Technical:
For NEC Internal Use Only
Protocol Features
Master/slave topology
Automatic network configuration
Dynamic slave device addressing
Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)
Full handshaking for packet transfers
Power management features
Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes
For NEC Internal Use Only
Protocol Features Cont...
CSMA-CA channel access mechanism
28kbps (Optional) & 200kbps (actual) data throughput
Service discovery
Low impact internet capability
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee Protocol Stack
Application
Application Interface
Network Layer
ZigBee Alliance
Data Link Layer
MAC Layer
IEEE
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
ZigBee
Silicon Application
Stack
For NEC Internal Use Only
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
User Interface
Group Call
Cordless
Intercom
Headset
vMessage
Networking
vCard
vNote
vCal
Dial-up
Fax Service
Discovery
Telephony OBEX Protocol
Voice
Control
Protocol RFCOMM
(Serial Port)
HOST
L2CAP
Host Control Interface
Link Manager
MODULE
Link Controller
Baseband
RF
Bluetooth
Silicon Applications
Stack
For NEC Internal Use Only
Direct Sequence
Spread spectrum regulations allow higher transmit power
Longer range
Transmit power: -4 - +20dBm
Direct sequence
Faster acquisition than frequency hopping
Complexity in digital domain (cheaper)
Spread using length 11 bit Barker sequence
Optimal autocorrelation properties
Short sequence gives fast acquisition
Used in IEEE802.11
For NEC Internal Use Only
Raw Bit Rates
250kbps
28kbps low bit rate option :
Trade data rate for extra range via coding
Over air bit rate remains 200kbps
Longer preamble and SOP
reliable synchronisation at low SNR
For NEC Internal Use Only
Range Estimation
0dBm 10dBm 20dBm
250kbps
13 29 66
28kbps
23 54 134
Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
For NEC Internal Use Only
Network Topology
Network coordinator
Network node
IEEE node
Communications flow
Virtual links
For NEC Internal Use Only
Other Network Forms
Network coordinator
Ad-hoc network
Network node
Gateway
Communications flow
Gateway enabled network
For NEC Internal Use Only
Supported Traffic Types
Periodic data
Application defined rate
Intermittent
Basic communication
Repetitive low latency data
Allocation of guaranteed time slots
For NEC Internal Use Only
The Network Coordinator
Transmits network beacons
Sets up a network
Manages network nodes
Stores network node information
Routes messages between paired nodes
Receives constantly
For NEC Internal Use Only
The Network Node
Is generally battery powered
Searches for available networks
Transfers data from its application as necessary
Determines whether data is pending
Requests data from the network coordinator
Can sleep for extended periods
For NEC Internal Use Only
Stack System Requirements
8-bit C, e.g. 80c51
Full protocol stack <32k
Simple node only stack ~4k
Coordinators require extra RAM
node device database
transaction table
pairing table
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee Chip Set Solution
Low Data Rate, DSSS @ 2,4GHz
Receive Data
Single Chip Micro +
DSSS MAC+
Radio + RAM/ROM
PA
Modem
Transmit Data
Baseband
Radio
For NEC Internal Use Only
Feature Set RF Front-End IC
Single chip direct conversion transceiver for ZigBee applications in
the 2.4GHz ISM band
DSSS 2.2Mchips/sec
Integrated antenna filter, LNA, VCO, synthesizer, PLL, preamplifier
3-wire control bus interface
Direct conversion architecture from 2.45 GHz RF directly base band
Battery powered design (min. VCC=1.8V)
Output power –4 to +20dBm (0dBm typical)
Digitally controlled RX gain control for DSSS
No off-chip components (LNA, Pre PA, VCO, Synthesizer)
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee Base Band & MAC
Single chip Modem and MAC
80C51 (or equivalent) 8-bit low power micro controller
core
Interfaces:
Full duplex UART for communication with host processor or
other devices
2 3 wire buses for host and RF Front-end communication
Master/slave I2C
2 analog inputs
Minimum external components for low BOM
CMOS 0.18 or other low cost similar capablity process
For NEC Internal Use Only
Low Data Rate Roadmap
One Chip Radio+BB
Low Cost
Single Chip Solutions
One Chip Radio+BB
Slave Device
One Chip Radio+ BB
RF CMOS
Two Chip Solutions
BB
Slave Device
Single Chip DSSS Cost reduced
Radio + Modem
Base Band
Microprocessor+ Slave Device
Housekeeping+MAC
2002 2003 2004 2005
For NEC Internal Use Only
Protocol Features
Master/slave topology
Automatic network configuration
Dynamic slave device addressing
Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)
Full handshaking for packet transfers
Power management features
Up to 254 (+ master) network nodes
For NEC Internal Use Only
Protocol Features Cont...
CSMA-CA channel access mechanism
15ms frame structure
TDMA slots can be allocated
28kbps & 250kbps data throughput
Service discovery
Low impact internet capability
For NEC Internal Use Only
Frequency Bands
2400.0 2446.5 2475.0 2483.5
2.4GHz ISM band USA
Channel spacing: 4MHz
F = 2404 + 4k MHz with k = Europe
0, 1, …, 25
Common band:
Spain*
USA, Europe including
France and Spain
2446.5 – 2475.0 MHZ France*
k = 15, …, 22; equals 8
channels Japan*
915MHz ISM band USA only
868MHz Europe Common
* Harmonization with FCC in progress
For NEC Internal Use Only
Raw Bit Rates
250kbps
28kbps low bit rate option:
Trade data rate for extra range via coding
Over air bit rate remains 250kbps
Longer preamble and SOP
reliable synchronisation at low SNR
For NEC Internal Use Only
Range Estimation (meters)
0dBm 10dBm 20dBm
250kbps
13 29 66
28kbps
23 54 134
Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
For NEC Internal Use Only
Summary
Solution that effectively addresses the needs of
the target market place with:
Low data rate (<250Kbps)
Low cost (~ BT/2)
Very low power (6 months - 2 years on 2 AA
batteries.)
Network Solution
For NEC Internal Use Only
ZigBee vs. Bluetooth
For NEC Internal Use Only
Bluetooth Network Topology
Pico-net
• 1 master:
• 7 active slaves A
• 200+ parked slaves M
P
M
• Each network has a unique
hopping pattern / ID P
P
A
P
P A A
Radio Design
All radios are symmetric (can be master or slave) Scatternet
• Multiple pico-nets co-located
• Device can be on multiple pico-nets
(Performance tradeoff)
For NEC Internal Use Only
Networking
ZigBee:
• Large master-slave networks, with fast access
• Slave - initiated communication, (minimises slave energy requirements)
• Virtual peer-peer device pairing links
Bluetooth:
• Dynamic ad-hoc transient Pico-nets
• Dynamic master role negotiation
• Extensive profiles to ensure compatibility
• Active / Park modes
For NEC Internal Use Only
Typical Applications
ZigBee:
• Static networks between low cost devices
• Sensors
• Automation and control
• Data exchange
Bluetooth:
• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices
• Handsfree audio
• Screen graphics, pictures…
• File transfer
For NEC Internal Use Only
Air Interface
ZigBee - Control Applications
Bluetooth - Audio
ZigBee:
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• 250kb/s
• Optimised for short packets
• CSMA channel access
• TDMA slots can be allocated for critical devices
Bluetooth:
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(1600 hop/s)
• 720kb/s (for voice, audio and bulk data)
• Poll - reply channel access
• Very low latency frame structure (<1ms)
For NEC Internal Use Only
Power Considerations
ZigBee:
• 2+ years from ‘normal’ batteries
• Designed to optimise slave power requirements
Bluetooth:
• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)
• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality
For NEC Internal Use Only
Timing Considerations
ZigBee:
• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically
• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically
Bluetooth:
• New slave enumeration = >3s
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically
• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
For NEC Internal Use Only
Error / Security Considerations
ZigBee:
• Error detection / re-transmissions
• Fully handshaked protocol
• Application level security
Bluetooth:
• Forward error correction
• 0, 40 & 64-bit encryption
For NEC Internal Use Only
Cost Standpoint
ZigBee:
• Minimum slave cost
• Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host platform
• System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-application
realisation
Bluetooth:
• Low added cost connectivity
• Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7…)
• 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f. specifications
For NEC Internal Use Only
Solution Prices
Two different solutions optimised for different
applications…...
ZigBee:
• Price 2002 - $6
• Price 2003 - $1.5-2.5
Bluetooth:
• Price Now - $25
• Price 2003 - $5
For NEC Internal Use Only
