A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 1
A FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Resources and References
The following provides a guide to useful resources and case studies for enterprise
development in the Biosciences. Key references for the slide material for each topic are
given as well as a guide to further reading material that can be used for further development.
Key Resources
The following resources are useful for all aspects of entrepreneurship in the Biosciences.
1. Stokes, D. (2006), „Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship‟, Thomson
Learning.
Practical guide to business planning and management with strong theme for
translation into teaching.
2. Longenecker et al. (2006), „Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis,
International Edition‟, Thomson South-Western.
Useful resource for entrepreneurship and enterprise. Contains numerous case
studies and frameworks to aid business development and management. Has a
strong US bias to case study material but may of the themes are generic in
nature.
3. Department of Trade and Industry
www.dti.gov.uk/sectors/biotech/index.html
This part of the DTI web site contains information and guidance for a range of
business sectors and
4. BIGT Report (2003)
www.bioindustry.org/bigtreport/index2.html
This site contains the final report of the Bioscience Innovation and Growth
Team, and its recommendations to government, aimed at improving the health
and wealth of the country as a whole, as well as that of the patients, the NHS
and the bioscience industry itself. The report has been funded by the DTI but
is the work of many individuals, industry groups and potential beneficiaries of
the bioscience industry.
5. BioEntrepreneur
www.nature.com/bioent
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 2
Resource supporting the large Biotech sector in the US. Includes tool kit, case
studies and articles from entrepreneurs in field. Free registration.
6. BBSRC Bioscience Exploitation Guide
www.bbsrc.ac.uk/biobusiness_guide/Welcome.html
Available in both hard copy and web-based formats this guide details the
different routes to commercialising a bioscience idea, providing information
on sources of funding for new ventures together with a directory of
organisations offering advice and professional services.
7. Business Link Website
www.businesslink.gov.uk
This provides a comprehensive guide to all aspects of the business start up. It
contains on-line evaluation exercises, action plans and links to selected
resources to aid the start-up process.
Case Studies
Useful publicly available case studies for the Biosciences.
1. Start-ups
www.nature.com/bioent/startup/index.html
Selected biotechnology start-ups that are making the news. Companies are selected on
the basis of the track record of their founding scientists, the novelty and breadth of
application of their technologies, the experience of their management, and potential
for access to defined and lucrative target markets.
2. Bioentrepreneurs’ accounts
www.bbsrc.ac.uk/biobusiness_guide/Welcome.html
Discussions from entrepreneurs of the commercialisation process in the Biosciences.
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 3
Key Topics
1: Context
References:
Antoncic, B and Hirsh, RD (2003), “Clarifying the intrapreneurship concept”, Journal of
Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(1), 7-24.
Curran, J. and Stanworth, J., (1989), „Education and Training for Enterprise: Some Problems
of Classification, Evaluation, Policy and Research‟, International Small Business Journal, 7,
2, pp.11-22
Fry L., (1996), „Entrepreneurship – A planning approach - book disks‟, South-Western
Educational Publishing
Department of Trade and industry – Sector specific references
www.dti.gov.uk/sectors/biotech/index.html
DTI, (2003) „BIGT‟http://www.bioindustry.org/bigtreport/index2.html
www.bioindustry.org/bigtreport/index2.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/bioent
Ithaka Life Sciences (2004), „Bioscience Yorkshire Enterprise Fellowship Introductory
Workshop‟
http://www.ithaka.co.uk/site/articles/docs/BYEF%20workshop%20040720%20draft%205.pp
t
Searle, S., Graves, B. and Towler, C. (2003), „Commercialising biotechnology in the UK‟,
www.nature.com/bioent/building/tech/012003/full/bioent710.html doi:10.1038/bioent710
Walsh V. and Green, K (1993), „Demand, the public sector, innovation in biotechnology‟, in
E. J. Blakely and K.W. Willoughbey (Eds), Biotechnology Review No 1: Management and
Economic Potential of Biotechnology, pp 28-46.
Further reading:
Searle, S., Graves, B. and Towler, C. (2003), „Commercialising biotechnology in the UK‟,
www.nature.com/bioent/building/tech/012003/full/bioent710.html doi:10.1038/bioent710
Discussion of the route to commercialisation used by Imperial College for
taking bioscience ideas to market
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 4
2: Self Awareness
References:
Cartland, J.W.; Hoy, F.; Boulton, W.R. and Carland, J.C., (1984) „Differentiating
entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization‟, Academy of Management
Review, 9(2), 354-359.
Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy (2006)
www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/issues/entrepreneurship/wellknown.htm
Links to Biographies and company profiles of key Bioscience entrepreneurs in the
UK.
Deakins (1996) „Entrepreneurship and small firms‟, McGraw Hill
DTI, Promoting Female Entrepreneurship, 2005
http://www.sbs.gov.uk/SBS_Gov_files/services/female-entrepreneurship.pdf
Longenecker, Justin G.; Moore, Carlos W.; Petty, J. William (2006), „Small Business
Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis, International Edition‟, Thomson South-Western.
Chapter 1 „The Entrepreneurial Life‟ discusses the nature and motivation of
entrepreneurs through case studies and frameworks.
Stokes, D. (2002), Small Business Management, Continuum.
Chapter 2 Discusses attributes and a range of different entrepreneurs
Useful further reading:
Mehta, S. (2004), „Paths to entrepreneurship in the life sciences‟,
http://www.nature.com/bioent/building/entre/102004/full/bioent831.html#fig1
Describes two key types of entrepreneur in the Biosciences – Technopreneurs
and market perceivers and highlights their strengths and weaknesses and
general concerns on the route to developing an enterprise.
Entrepreneurial assessment examples:
These seem to be some of the better on line examples evaluating traits although their validity
is questionable.
http://www.potentielentrepreneur.ca/client/questionnairenewsection1en.asp
http://www.wid.org/equity/2004/05/Entrepreneurs%20Quiz.doc
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 5
3: Idea Generation and Selection
References:
Longenecker, Justin G.; Moore, Carlos W.; Petty, J. William (2006), „Small Business
Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis, International Edition‟, Thomson South-Western.
Chapter 3 „Getting Started‟ offers sources of business ideas and mechanisms
for their evaluation.
Peters, T. (1989), „Practice “Creative Swiping”‟, Thriving on Chaos, London: Pan Books pp.
228-236.
Pichot III, G. (1986), „Intrapreneuring‟, New York: Harper and Rowe.
Wheelwright. S. C. and Clark. K. B. (1992), „Revolutionizing Product Development‟, New
York: The Free Press in www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/.../paradigm/innova.html
Further reading:
Mehta, S. „Paths to entrepreneurship in the life sciences‟, Building a Business, Published
online: 26 October 2004, doi:10.1038/bioent831
www.nature.com/bioent/building/entre/102004/full/bioent831.html
Discusses examples of technology push and market pull
Rowley, W. (2002), „Biotechnology overview: application and forecasts‟, Foresight, 4, 4, pp
4 – 12.
Overview of potential application of new Biotechnology
Stokes, D. (2006), „Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship‟, Thomson Learning.
This contains a methodology for generating and selecting business
ideas.
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 6
4: Project Management
References:
Buchanan, D. and Boddy, D. (1992), The Expertise of the Change Agent: Public performance
and backstage activity. Prentice Hall.
Fowler, K. (2006) „Running a meeting‟
www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/RunningMeetings.htm
Wiley (2006), „Project management tools‟
www.wiley.co.uk/wileychi/innovate/website/pages/atoz/projectmanagementools.htm
MIT EDU (2006), „How and why to use responsibility charts‟
web.mit.edu/hr/oed/learn/teams/tool_resp_chart.doc
Gantt Chart, www.smartdraw.com/tutorials/gantt/index.htm
Further reading:
Lock (2003), „Project Management‟, 3rd Edition, Gower
Classic text for project management education. Beyond the scope that is
required of managing this type of project but may interest some readers.
Boddy (2003), „Managing Projects‟, Prentice Hall Financial Times.
5: Business Strategy and Risk Analysis
References:
BBSRC Bioscience Exploitation Guide
www.bbsrc.ac.uk/biobusiness_guide/Welcome.html
See exploitation strategies
Brunet, J.P., Mintzberg, H and Water, J.(1986) in Lamb, R.(ed) „Advances in Strategic
Management‟, (Vol. 4), Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs , NJ
Ithaka Life Sciences (2004), „Bioscience Yorkshire Enterprise Fellowship Introductory
Workshop‟
http://www.ithaka.co.uk/site/articles/docs/BYEF%20workshop%20040720%20draft%205.pp
t
Morrell, J. (2001), „How to forecast: A Guide for Business‟, Gower.
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 7
Further reading:
Barret ,W.A., (2005), „Building a strategy for maximizing intellectual property value‟,
Published online: 25 January 2005, doi:10.1038/bioent842
Article demonstrating the link between business strategy and intellectual
property
Scholes, K. (2004), Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, FT Prentice Hall
Classic set text for strategy including case study examples.
6: Intellectual Property Rights and Patents
References:
BBSRC Guide to IPR
www.bbsrc.ac.uk/business/ip/Intellectual%20Property.pdf
Bioscience research resource specifically related to IPR for Biotechnology
DTI IPR Resource
www.intellectual-property.gov.uk/index.htm
UK Government resource relating to IPR
World Wide Patent Offices
UK: www.patent.gov.uk
Europe: www.european-patent-office.org
USA: www.uspto.gov
UK Patent Office on Biotechnology
www.patent.gov.uk/patent/reference/biotechguide/index.htm
Guide specifically created to deal with some of the complex issues related to
patenting biotechnology
www.patent.gov.uk/about/ippd/faq/biofaq.htm#5
Frequently asked questions about patenting biotechnology
Chartered Institute of Patent Agents:
www.cipa.org.uk
Institute of Patent Attorneys:
www.itma.org.uk
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 8
Further reading:
Dove, A. (2003) „Perfecting your patent search‟, Published online:
29 January 2003, doi:10.1038/bioent711
http://www.nature.com/bioent/toolkit/guide/012003/full/bioent711.html
Use of the internet for patent searching
Harris F. Brotman (2004), „Protecting your investment‟, Published
online: 26 April, doi:10.1038/bioent802,
www.nature.com/bioent/building/ip/042004/full/bioent802.html
Discusses the importance of IPR for Biosciences
Department of Foreign Affair and Trade, (2001), Australian Government, Intellectual
Property and Biotechnology: A training guide
www.dfat.gov.au/publications/biotech/downloads/Whole_Handbook.pdf
An excellent and substantial guide to IPR in Biotechnology
Business Link Website
www.businesslink.gov.uk
Intellectual Property and its protection are discussed in some detail; provides a
practical guide to those wishing to protect and defend their intellectual
property.
7: Market and Competitor Analysis
References:
BBSRC Bioscience Exploitation Guide
http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/biobusiness_guide/Welcome.html
See Evaluating Market Potential
Scarborough, N. and Zimmerer (2003), „Effective Small Business Management: An
Entrepreneurial Approach, International Edition‟, Prentice Hall.
Further Reading:
Carlucci, S., Page A., and Finegold, D. (2005), The role of competitive intelligence in biotech
startups, Published online: 21 March 2005, doi:10.1038/bioent850,
http://www.nature.com/bioent/building/planning/032005/full/bioent850.html
This article discusses the importance and scope of „competitive intelligence‟ that Biotech
start up organisation needs to monitor continuously.
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 9
8: Marketing Strategy
References:
Bitner, M. J., Boom, B. H. and Tetrealt (1995) „The service encounter‟ in J.E.G. Bateson
(Ed.), Managing Services Marketing: Text and Readings (3rd ed). Fort Worth TX USA:
Dryden Press.
Useful web resources:
CIM Guide to Market Planning, (2006)
http://www.cim.co.uk/CIM/sho/html/tooDetails.cfm?objectID=142CC52D-5425-4DB9-
A2D51683B39341FA
This provides a proforma and worked example for developing a marketing
plan.
Business Link Website
www.businesslink.gov.uk
Marketing strategy is discussed in some detail and provides a practical guide.
9: Operational Strategy
References:
Howells. J et al. (2006), „The management of R&D outsourcing. The case of the
pharmaceutical industry‟, RDMA Conference, Windermere, July
Porter, M.E. (1985), ‘Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior
Performance’, Free Press
UK business incubators
www.ukbi.org.uk
Useful web resources:
Business Link Website
www.businesslink.gov.uk
Marketing strategy is discussed in some detail and provides a practical guide.
Further Reading:
Kiplinger, J. and Kurt.L (2002), The nuts and bolts of startups, Nature Biotechnology
20, June, BE29-BE31
http://www.nature.com/bioent/building/infra/012003/full/nbt0602supp-BE29.html
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 10
Discusses the practical aspects of setting up an enterprise in the biosciences
once funding has been received.
Smith, M. (2002), Innovation in Manchester, Nature Biotechnology, 20, June, BE24-BE26
www.nature.com/bioent/building/infra/012003/full/nbt0602supp-BE24.html
Discusses the activities of the incubator centre in Manchester
10: The Management Team
References:
Ithaka Life Sciences (2004), „Bioscience Yorkshire Enterprise Fellowship Introductory
Workshop‟.
http://www.ithaka.co.uk/site/articles/docs/BYEF%20workshop%20040720%20draft%205.pp
t
Longenecker, Justin G.; Moore, Carlos W.; Petty, J. William (2006), „Small Business
Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis, International Edition‟, Thomson South-Western.
Further Reading:
Li, J. and Halal, W. (2002), „Reinventing the biotech manager‟, Nature Biotechnology,
20, BE61-BE63.
www.nature.com/bioent/building/hr/012003/full/nbt0602supp-BE61.html
This article discusses the characteristics and aptitude of a manager in the
dynamic, capital intensive environment of biotechnology.
11: Financial Planning
References:
DTI, (2003) „BIGT‟, http://www.bioindustry.org/bigtreport/index2.html
Greiner, L. E. (1998), „Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow‟, Harvard Business
Review, May-June, 1998. http://www.nature.com/bioent
Ithaka Life Sciences (2004), „Bioscience Yorkshire Enterprise Fellowship Introductory
Workshop‟.
http://www.ithaka.co.uk/site/articles/docs/BYEF%20workshop%20040720%20draft%205.pp
t
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/
A framework for enterprise development and entrepreneurship: Resources and references 11
Useful websites:
Business Link Website
www.businesslink.gov.uk
Financial projections and funding are discussed in some detail and provides a
practical guide. There is also excellent guidance on tax and PAYE.
Further reading:
Stokes, D.(2006), „Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship‟, Thomson Learning.
12: ‘Pitching’ the Idea
References:
Longenecker, Justin G.; Moore, Carlos W.; Petty, J. William (2006), „Small Business
Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis, International Edition‟, Thomson South-Western.
Scarborough, N. and Zimmerer (2003). Effective small business management: An
Entrepreneurial Approach (International Edition), Prentice Hall.
Further reading:
Weissman, J. (2003), ‘Presenting to Win: The Art of Telling Your Story’, Financial Times
Prentice Hall.
A best selling book that will aid all aspects of presentations.
Dann & Gaskell (2006), Reading.rtf
Available through the Centre for Bioscience, The Higher Education Academy
http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/enterprise/