motivation

							Motivation and
Emotion
    Chapter 10



     Internal processes that:
     1.   Guide
     2.   Activate
     3.   Sustain
Motivation
Physiological
      Hunger
      Sexual motivation


Cognitive
      Expectancy
      Self-fulfillment
Theories of Motivation
   Drive Theory
   Arousal Theory
   Expectancy Theory
   Goal-Setting Theory




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Drive Theory
•   Biological needs arising within our
    bodies create unpleasant states of
    arousal
•   Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc.
•   Homeostasis- balanced physiological
    state
•   Motivation is basically a process in which
    various biological needs PUSH us to
    actions
                               Drive Theory: An
                               Overview
                                           Biological need
                                 (need for food, water, oxygen, etc.


                                            Drive state
                                        (hunger, thirst, etc.)


                               Activation of many different behaviors

Behaviors that do not reduce drive are weakened        Behaviors that reduce drive are strenghtened
Arousal Theory
   Optimization NOT Minimization
   Arousal: our general level of
    activation
   May fluctuate
   Biological influences??
     Sensation   seekers
   Yerkes-Dodson law
Yerkes-Dodson law
   There is a relationship between,
    optimal performance and the level
    of arousal necessary.
Expectancy Theory
   Behavior is determined by
    expectations (desirable outcomes).
   Thoughts about future PULL your
    behavior.
   Incentives: almost anything we
    have learned to value.
        Goal-Setting
•   Wood & Locke(1990)
    •    Specific
    •    Challenging
    •    Attainable


•   Feedback can improve
    performance.
•   Take life in strides…
                            Maslow’s Needs
                            Hierarchy
             An arrangement of needs from the most basic to those at the highest levels.

                                                     Self-actualization Needs
                                                     Need for self-fulfillment


                                                        Esteem Needs
                        Need to develop self-respect, gain the approval of others, and achieve success.


                                                           Deficiency needs
                                                            (basic needs)

                        Social Needs
Need to have friends, be loved and appreciated and to belong.


                        Safety needs
       Neesd for feeling safe and secure (in one's life)


                    Physiological needs
             Food, water, oxygen, and SLEEP!!!
Emotions
   1.   Physiological responses
   2.   Subjective feelings
   3.   Expressive reactions
How do we respond?
Cannon – Bard
  •   Earliest theory
  •   Simultaneous occurrence .


James – Lange
  •More  preferred
  •Interpretations determine emotions
  •Facial feedback hypothesis
Why go to scary movies?
Schacter – Singer
  •   Two stage theory
  •   Dutton & Aron (1974)

Opponent-Process
  •   Every action has an equal and
      opposite reaction
The Emotional Brain
Anterior vs. Posterior
   •   Pleasant – Unpleasant
   •   Arousal


Right vs. Left
   •   Avoidence – withdrawl
   •   Positive affect - Rewards
Speaking without Words
1. Nonverbal Cues
2. Gestures
3. Body language