HES 20study 20guide

							                                                      Health Science
                                                        Greg Burchett

Lecture Exam #1 Study Guide
Your first exam is a combination of multiple choice, true-false, fill-in, and short answer questions. Make sure to bring a 100
question scantron form (882E), pencils, and erasers. Get to class prior to the beginning of class (don=t be late). The most
important thing is to remember to read the questions carefully, look at all of the possible answers, then decide on which answer is
correct. Make sure you mark all answers clearly. If you have to change an answer, make sure to completely erase the previous
answer, and clearly mark the new answer. This study guide is designed to help you organize your notes, and think about the
material on the exam. This is not designed to tell you what to study. I try to make this list fairly complete, but there may be
additional material on the midterm. Good luck!

Introduction to course; Wellness; The science of stress:
         What does the term “wellness” mean? How does this contribute to a healthy lifestyle?
         What is the current life expectancy in the United States? How has this changed through time?
         Men and women have different life expectancies – can you describe the factors that lead to this?
         What are current death rates in the United States? How have these changed over time?
         What are some of the leading causes of death in America?
         What impact does lifestyle have on death rates? What impact does genetics play?
         How do personal life decisions impact health?
         What is the definition of stress? Know the roles of both the “stressor” and “stress response.”
         Be able to describe Hans Selye’s “General Adaptation Syndrome.”
         What is they basic role of your nervous system?
         Know that the autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS.
         Be able to compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, and how they effect organs.
         What is the relationship between the nervous system, the endocrine system, and hormones?
         Know the relationship between the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.
         What do these hormones (ACTH, glucocorticoids, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) do when you are stressed?
         What is the “fight or flight” response?
         What is “homeostasis”?
         What are effective ways in dealing with stress? What ways are generally ineffective?
         Be able to compare “Type A” and “Type B” personalities, and how each generally deals with stress.
         What is the “Hardy personality” and what features promote health and wellness?
         Look at how stress relates to various health topics (heart disease, immune function, cancer, etc.).
         What is “Psychoneuroimmunology?”

         Note: Wellness is a way of thinking. Think about how times have changed, versus a couple of hundred years ago. People
         are living longer, have lower chances of dying every year, and have better options for health care. Yet, personal choice in
         your lifestyle drastically impacts your quality of life. Think about how things have changed since the past, and how you
         personally live your life. What can you expect for your future? If you are unhappy with the possible outcome, can you
         change your lifestyle? If you can change it, and you don’t, why not? Stress is something that all of us deal with, every
         day of our lives. Given this fact, the effect of stress is now the primary concern. How do you deal with stress? What are
         some of the methods that you deal with stress? Do these work, or do they do more damage than good? Understand what
         a stressor is, and what the stress response is. What hormones are involved in the stress response? How can your body
         experience homeostasis? What kind of personality do you have, and how does this contribute to your stress response?
         Remember, you cannot control your genetics, and how your body uses hormones to react to stress. But, you have total
         control over your reactions, your choices, and the ways in which you allow stress to control your life.

Skeletal and muscular systems:
         Be able to compare (and describe) your axial and appendicular skeleton.
         Why are the bones in your skeletal system considered “alive”? What are some functions of bone?
         What two things are bones made from?
         Make sure you can identify the eight bones on a skull.
         Be able to identify the bones found in the backbone, arms and legs.
         What is the function of a vertebrae? What are “discs” between vertebrae? What is a “blown disc”?
         Know how your scapula, your clavicle, and your humerus relate to one another.
         How do your humerus, elbow, radius and ulna relate to one another?
         Know the bones of the wrist and hand. How does arthritis impact the movement of bones in your hand.
         What is your pelvic girdle? What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
         Know how your hip and femur relate to one another.
        How does your femur, your knee, your tibia and fibula relate to one another? Know the bones of your ankle and foot.
        Know how your bones can be affected by vitamin deficiency, and how broken bones heal.
        How does your skeletal and muscular systems relate to one another? What function does each have?
        Know, and be able to describe, the three types of muscle tissue found in your body.
        Know basic muscle anatomy, and the process of muscular contraction. Be able to describe how your muscles contract.

        Note: The skeletal and muscular systems are related, so that your body has structure, support, and is capable of
        movement. Your bones are alive, and have many important functions for your health. Your muscles allow you to move,
        as well as move things throughout your body. Make sure you know the basic bones that were discussed in class, and the
        basic types of muscles, as well as be able to explain (in basic terms) how a muscle contracts.

The nervous and digestive systems:
        What is the main “control center” of your body? How is this “center” connected to the rest of your body?
        How do your brain and spinal column communicate with the rest of your body?
        How does the central NS and the peripheral NS relate to one another?
        Know the basic regions on the exterior of your brain, and what functions may be found there.
        Where is your hypothalamus found? How does this relate to your “primitive brain”?
        What is your limbic system, and what aspects of your personality are related to the limbic system?
        Know the basic structure of a nerve cell, a neuron, the myelin sheath, and the neuromuscular junction.
        What are neurotransmitters? How do these convey information across the synaptic cleft?
        What are the parts of the digestive system? What is the basic pathway of food? What is digested where?
        Know the parts and functions of your mouth, including the teeth, the tongue, and salivary glands.
        What is the basic structure of your tooth?
        What is the structure of your stomach? What does your stomach do? What is an ulcer?
        What is your small intestine? What does it do? How do villi contribute to surface area in your small intestine?
        Your duodenum is the first part of your small intestine. What role does it play in digestion?
        What is the role of the large intestine?

        Note: This week covered the basics of both the nervous and digestive systems. Know what “parts” make up each system,
        and be able to describe how each function.

Human nutrition:
       What two things does your food provide?
       What are the functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and of proteins?
       What are the types of carbohydrates? Where are they found? What are “simple” or “complex” carbohydrates?
       Know the terms glycogen, starch, cellulose, starch. What is the recommended amount of carbohydrates per day?
       What role does fiber play?
       What are lipids? What three things are called lipids? What are the functions of lipids in your diet?
       What is an unsaturated fat? What are saturated fats? Be able to compare and contrast these fats.
       What is “hydrogenation” and why are fats hydrogenated?
       Be able to compare HDL and LDL cholesterol.
       What is the recommended amount of fats per day that you should eat?
       What are “essential” amino acids? How many do humans require?
       What are complete proteins? How does this compare with incomplete proteins?
       What are good sources of complete proteins? What sources of proteins are not complete?
       What is the recommended amount of proteins that should be found in your diet daily?
       What is the food pyramid? How should this be used in your daily life?
       What are vitamins? Know the difference between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.
       What are minerals?
       How does diet influence cardiovascular health? How can diet influence cancer rates?
       Know how to read and understand a basic food label.
       What are fad diets? Do fad diets work?

        Note: Nutrition is a very interesting topic that concerns itself not only with what you eat, but what your body can actually
        utilize. If you consume food products, but can’t digest it, does it really help you? Think about energy (calories), think
        about nutrients (carbs/lipids/proteins, vitamins and minerals), and what are considered “good” or “bad” and why.
Lecture Exam #2 Study Guide
This exam has quite a lot of material on it - it covers many things that directly impact your lives, or the life of someone that you
know. Topics like alcohol, tobacco, and psychoactive drugs are areas that, unfortunately, are often abused. Think about your
personal experiences, what you have seen, and try to understand what your choices can do to your quality of life.

Exercise and weight management:
         What is exercise? What is meant by physical fitness?
         What are the five components of physical fitness?
         What are some benefits of exercise?
         Know the relationship of exercise and cardiovascular health, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes.
         How can you begin an exercise program? Why should you see a doctor?
         Why are warming up and cooling down periods so important?
         What benefits does stretching have? Why is this important?
         What is body weight? What is body mass?
         Why is there such an emphasis on weight, rather than health, especially in younger age brackets.
         Why is body weight so variable between people? What are some of the reasons?
         What is an “ideal” body weight? How do you calculate this for men and women? Be able to do this.
         What is the body mass index? How does this compare to the ideal body weight?
         Be able to calculate a BMI, and interpret its results.
         What is a calorie? How are calories calculated in foods? How many calories should you eat?
         Why is calculating body fat important? What categories of body fat are there?
         What are the four factors that contribute to body fat?
         What is anorexia nervosa? What are its symptoms, its consequences, and possible treatments?
         What is bulimia nervosa? What are its symptoms, its consequences, and possible treatments?
         What is binge-eating disorder? What are its symptoms, its consequences, and possible treatments?

         Note: Exercise and weight management are among the areas that most American’s think they should be concerned with,
         yet few actually put forward the effort. Do you exercise? Do you monitor what you eat? If not, what are some of the
         reasons why you do not? How can you make exercise a daily habit? What do you think some of the benefits of exercise
         are? Many young people are fixated on the “look” which exercise gives, but remember, looking good does not equate to
         being healthy. Exercise can also do damage to your body - you should take it seriously, not be over-zealous in your
         exercise program, and keep it fun. If you enjoy working out, for the right reasons, the chances that you will continue to
         exercise are much higher. Why is weight such an important social concern? Why should you let society, advertisers, and
         especially your peers tell you what weight you should be? Is lower weight the indicator of good health? Who is more
         prone to worry about weight - men or women? Adults or teenagers? Know what factors influence weight - from your
         genetics, to your habits, to the kinds of foods that you eat. Know the impact that society has on your weight, what impact
         advertising has on your weight, and the impact that your psychological health has on your weight. Remember the basic
         laws of physics - if you eat more calories than your body needs in a day, over time, you will gain weight. If you eat fewer
         calories than your body uses in a day, over time, you will lose weight. This simple fact gives you great power over one of
         the biggest issues that most people personally face in their lifetimes - their weight. Weight gain is a huge issue in
         America - think about current and future trends, and their impact on health.

Psychoactive drugs and addictive behaviors:
        Why are psychoactive drugs made? What is the main function of a psychoactive drug?
        Who is susceptible to psychoactive drugs?
        What relationship does addictive behavior and psychoactive drug use have with one another?
        What are some examples of addictive behaviors? Can you think of any in your life?
        Are people with addictive behaviors morally weak? Is there a biochemical reason?
        What are pharmacological properties of psychoactive drugs?
        What is acclimation? Why is this such a concern for people who first try drugs?
        What is a CNS depressant? How do CNS depressant’s affect your body?
        What are the two main types of CNS depressants? Be able to give examples of each.
        What are CNS stimulants? How do CNS stimulants affect your body?
        What are opoids? How do they affect your body? What are some examples?
        Know what the active chemical in marijuana is, and how it affects your body?
        What are current trends of drug use in America?

         Note: Think about how psychoactive drugs, and the person who has an “addictive personality,” affects health. How do
         they alter your consciousness? Why are people so susceptible to addictive behaviors, which may also include drug use?
         What kind of behavior’s in your life are addictive? Do you use drugs? If so, do you think you are in control of your drug
         use? Think about even Ainnocent@ drugs like alcohol, caffeine, or tobacco. Remember, drug use is the outcome of
         addictive behaviors, and people who use drugs have bigger issues in their lives, and these other issues lead to drug use.
         This is a very important topic for you. Even if you personally don’t do drugs, out of the hundred or so people that sit
         around you in this class, about half are currently using drugs, and a majority have tried them. Why is this? What is it
         about someone’s life, that makes them think so badly about themselves, that they feel the need to turn to a substance to
         alter their sense of reality? This is a serious issue, one that requires you to seriously question your life, your happiness,
         your sadness, your anger, and why you turn to drugs.

Alcohol and tobacco use:
        What is alcohol? How is alcohol made? What is fermentation? What is distillation?
        What does the term “proof” mean? What is considered “one drink”?
        How and where is alcohol absorbed into your bloodstream?
        Where is alcohol metabolized in your body? How is alcohol excreted from your body?
        What is BAC? What factors affect BAC? What lowers BAC?
        What are short-term and chronic effects of alcohol consumption?
        What is binge drinking? What age groups binge drink? Why are binge drinkers usually this age?
        What should you do if a person is unconscious or passed-out at a party?
        How does alcohol interact with other drugs?
        Know the relationship between alcohol use and cardiovascular disease, digestive disease, cancer and FAS.
        Are people who use tobacco considered addicts? Think about what an addict is.
        How many people use tobacco? What are the four reasons why people smoke? How does this affect you?
        How does cigarette smoke compare to smog?
        What is a carcinogen? What does it do to you, and which ones are found in tobacco smoke?
        What is carbon monoxide? How does this affect you? How much is found in tobacco smoke?
        If you consume one pack per day, how much smoke have you inhaled?
        How much would one pack per day, over your adult lifetime, cost you?
        What is cardiovascular disease? How does smoking contribute to CD?
        What is lung cancer? How does smoking contribute to lung cancer? What other cancers is smoking linked to?
        Think about the different kinds of Asmokeless@ tobacco products. How do they compare?
        What affect does smoking have on people who do not smoke?

         Note: Alcohol was one of the first things that mankind learned how to make, and has been a part of society since the
         dawn of civilization. Alcohol can enhance social situations, but it is also one of the easiest things that can be abused.
         Who is more likely to abuse alcohol? Mature adults, or teens/young adults? Why do you think this is? Who binge
         drinks? Why would someone want to binge drink? Many of the same psychological factors that cause a person to
         become addicted to psychoactive drugs or tobacco also are the root cause of alcoholism. Think about your experiences,
         either personally or when you observe others. If you have been drinking heavily during parties, try this one night - don=t
         drink. For one evening, just sit back and watch everyone else drink. Think about what changes in their behaviors are
         happening. Write down your observations (you are now a scientist), and come talk to me about them - not only is it a
         learning experience, but believe it or not, it can be fun. Think about this - A high percentage of people who sit around
         you in class smoke. They smoke - and may even lie when asked if they smoke. They lie to you, and they lie to
         themselves. Smokers are in denial to the fact that they are addicted to smoking, to the consequences of smoking, and to
         the cost of smoking to their pocketbook, and to society. Think about smokers, how they justify smoking, how they react
         when they try to quit smoking, and how they continue to smoke even though they know it is harmful. What other product
         is produced in America that does not have to tell you what is in it? The tobacco industry has an exemption to this
         labeling law, and they do not have to tell you the ingredients. Can you think of anything else that doesn=t have to? Why
         do you think this is? Know what smoking is, why it is addictive, what damage it can cause, and realize the consequences
         to your body and to society.

Health care, aging, death and dying, and environmental health:
         What four qualifications were discussed in class for a health professional?
         What are independent practitioners? What are the five main types discussed in class?
         What are allied health care providers? How is their training/job responsibilities different than independent practioners?
         What are the unconventional practitioners discussed in class and in your text?
         What is health insurance? What do they provide for most people?
         What are indemnity plans? What is Afee for service@? What is a deductible?
         What are managed-care plans? HMO’s? PPO’s? POS?
         What is medicare? What are its two parts, and how are they different than each other?
         What is medicaid? How is this different than medicare?
         How do you manage your own medical problems?
         What is self-assessment? How can you self-assess your health? How do you know when to see a physician?
         What self-treatment options are available to you?
         What is efficient medical care? What is a physician/patient partnership? How should you communicate?
         What are medical and surgical options?
         How do your personal life choices sacrifice optimal health?
         What is the clinical definition of death?
         What are the eight ways to “age-proof’ yourself?
         What is dementia? What are its early signs? What is Alzheimer’s disease?
         What are aspects of clean water, clean air, solid waste and hazardous waste disposal that are of concern?
         What are examples of “factors” in the environment which you have control of?
         What aspects of your environment which you have no control of?

         Note: This material covers the basics of four chapters in your text, and is designed to help you understand the basics. If
         you can answer these questions, regardless of which chapter they come from, you will have the material that you need for
         the exam. Think about the health care system, how you age, the prospect of your death (or of a close family member),
         and the health of your environment.


Final Exam Study Guide
This is it! The final exam is comprehensive, meaning that it covers material from the entire course. Basically speaking, half of the
exam is like another midterm (the material from the last exam covered “in-depth”), and the remainder of the information will be
from the other two exams, but these are more of a conceptual nature, rather than the “in-depth” manner in which your previous
exams were made. You only need one scantron form, pencils and erasers. Good luck!

Immune system:
       What is non-specific defense? What are the four components of non-specific defense?
       What is specific defense? How does it compare with non-specific defense?
       What are the five kinds of white blood cells? (remember that you should never let monkeys eat banana’s).
       What are interferons?
       What is inflammation? What role does histamine play in inflammation?
       Be able to basically describe how your body deals with damaged cells (the process that I discussed in class).
       What is the lymphatic system? What are the four lymph vessels discussed in class?
       What is an antigen? What are allergies? How do antihistamines help with allergies?
       What are antibodies? What is their function?
       What are lymphocytes? Why are they included in specific defense? What are the two types?
       What are B cells and T cells? What are the three types of T cells?
       What is an “immunodeficiency disease”?
       What is an “autoimmune disease”?

         Note: Your immune system helps keep your body safe from anything that is trying to “invade” it, including bacteria,
         viruses, fungus, or anything else you can think of. Think of how your immune system can “specifically” attack
         something, or how your immune system will fight off anything, no matter what it is.

Reproductive anatomy:
       Know the location/function of ovaries, follicles, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris, and bartholins gland.
       What is the endometrium? What happens to it when the woman is not pregnant? What happens during pregnancy?
       What is the placenta? Know how the placenta delivers oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
       Know the location/function of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, cervix, urethra, penis, bulbourethral gland.
       What is semen?
       Can you compare and contrast the male and female reproductive tracts?
       How does an egg (ova) get fertilized by sperm, to make a zygote?

         Note: Understand both the parts and function of male and female reproductive systems. Try to imagine following an egg
         (ova) or a sperm, from where they are formed, until they form a baby. After fertilization, and implantation, what happens
         in the endometrium? How is the placenta formed? What happens?

Fetal growth and development:
         What are the phases of menstruation? How long does menstruation generally last?
         Know the stages of fetal growth and development from the lecture:
         Zygote formation, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, sperm, ova, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
         Trophoblast, chorion, amnion, placenta (structure and function), and changes during the trimesters of pregnancy.
         What is the projected cost of raising a child? Who makes the best parents?
          What is preconception care? What are the things that need to be addressed, and why?
          What are infertility issues? Can these be treated? What are some of the emotional responses to infertility?
          How do you detect a pregnancy? What are the early signs of pregnancy?
          What are the ways in which you can diagnose fetal abnormalities?
          How can drugs and chemicals affect pregnancy? How do STD’s affect pregnancy?

          Note: After understanding the male and female reproductive anatomy, now gain an understanding of how babies are
          conceived, what “pregnancy” is, how the placenta forms, and the stages of development.


Sexually transmitted disease:
         Know these basic STD’s (HIV/AIDS; Chlamydia; Gonorrhea; PID; Genital Warts; Herpes; Hepatitis B; Syphilis).
         What causes each of these?
         What are the symptoms that indicate each one of these?
         What are possible treatments of each one of these?

          Note: This section is straight-forward, and pretty much out of the textbook material. Be able to understand the difference
          between a bacterial and viral-caused disease. Know what the symptoms are for each, and what possible treatments exist.


Cardiovascular system and health:
        What two things make up blood?
        What is plasma? What is it in, and why is it important? What are formed elements?
        What are arteries? What are veins? How are these similar or different?
        Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? Which veins carry oxygenated blood?
        Know the structure of the heart discussed in class (be able to identify them).
        What is the pulmonary circuit? What is the systemic circuit?
        What is systolic pressure? What causes this pressure?
        What is diastolic pressure? What causes this pressure?
        What is normal blood pressure for humans?
        What is the role of the sino-atrial node?
        What things increase heart rates? What things decrease heart rates?
        What are the six factors that affect cardiovascular health?
        What is contained in tobacco smoke? What adverse effects on your body happen due to tobacco smoke?
        What is cholesterol? Why is this important in your body?
        What are LDL’s? What are HDL’s? Which one is “good? Which one is “bad”? What levels are desirable or risky?
        How does physical activity affect cardiovascular heath? How does obesity affect cardiovascular health?
        What is diabetes, and how does it relate to cardiovascular health?
        What are the six major forms of heart disease?
        What are the four diagnostic methods used to detect heart disease? What is CPR?
        What are some possible treatments of heart disease? What role does anger and stress have in cardiovascular health?

          Note: The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to your tissues, and to remove toxins
          and waste products away from your cells. Can you describe how blood flows through the heart? Can you describe what
          blood is, and things that can be found in your blood that can cause your heart disease?


Cancer:
          What is a tumor? What are the two kinds of tumors?
          Which type of tumor is growing rapidly? What is this rapid growth called?
          What are the three basic ways in which tumors can be detected?
          What is a biopsy? How can this help detect cancer?
          Know the four basic types of cancer, and examples of each.
          What are the common types of cancers?
          What are the four basic causes of cancer?
          What have scientists learned about the genetics of cancer?
          What is a mutation? What gene has been shown, when mutated, to cause many types of cancers?
          Know these terms: oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, mutagen,.
          What is the p53 gene? BRC1?
          What are some dietary causes of cancer?
          What kind of carcinogens can you find in nature?
What are the ways in which you may be able to detect cancer in your life?
What are the three general ways in which cancer can be treated?
What are some current areas of research in the detection, treatment, and cure of cancer?

Note: Cancer is one of the most terrifying topics relating to your health. Most people either know someone who has
cancer, has had cancer, or will have cancer in their lifetime. Remember, early detection is the key. This is why it is
vitally important for you to be familiar with your body, know what it does normally, and what some possible signs of
cancer may be.