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Document Sample
Radioactive Decay
Initial quantity for half-life 5000
Half-life 432.2
0 5,000
432.2 2,500
864.4 1,250
1296.6 625 6,000
1728.8 313
2161 156
2593.2 78 5,000
3025.4 39
3457.6 20
quantity (see units specified)
3889.8 10 4,000
4322 5
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0 500 1000 1500
Americium Am 241 432.2 years alpha Industrial
Californium Cf 252 2.64 years alpha Industrial
Carbon C 14 5715 years beta Research
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days beta and gamma Medical
Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes gamma Medical
Uranium U 234 245500 years alpha Industrial
Radioactive Decay
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
time (see units of half life)
smoke detectors
inspection for hidden explosives
Dating organic samples
Treating cancer
Positron emission tomography
nuclear fuel
HALF LIVES OF SELECTED RADIOACITVE ISOTOPES
SOURCE: webelements.com
Radiation
Element Symbol Isotope half life produced Use
Aluminium Al 26 710000 years gamma Medical
Aluminium Al 26 710000 years gamma Research
Americium Am 241 432.2 years alpha Industrial
Argon Ar 41 1.82 hours beta Industrial
Cadmium Cd 109 462 days gamma Industrial
Caesium Cs 137 30.2 years beta Medical
Caesium Cs 137 30.2 years beta Industrial
Calcium Ca 47 4.536 days beta Research
Californium Cf 252 2.64 years alpha Industrial
Carbon C 11 20.3 minutes gamma Medical
Carbon C 14 5715 years beta Research
Carbon C 14 5715 years beta Industrial
Chlorine Cl 36 301000 years beta Research
Chromium Cr 51 27.70 days gamma Research
Cobalt Co 57 271.8 days gamma Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days beta and gamma Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days beta and gamma Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days beta and gamma Industry
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days beta and gamma Industry
Copper Cu 64 12.701 hours gamma Medical
Copper Cu 67 2.580 days beta Medical
Curium Cm 244 18.11 years alpha Industrial
Fluorine F 18 1.83 hours gamma Medical
Dysprosium Dy 165 2.33 h beta Medical
Gallium Ga 67 3.260 days gamma Medical
Gold Au 198 2.694 days beta Industrial
Hydrogen H 2 stable stable Chemistry
Hydrogen H 3 beta Medical
Hydrogen H 3 12.32 years beta Industrial
Indium In 111 2.8049 days gamma Medical
Iodine I 131 8.040 days beta and gamma Medical
Iodine I 123 13.2 hours gamma Medical
Iodine I 125 59.4 d gamma Medical
Iodine I 129 1.7 x 107 years beta Medical
Iridium Ir 192 73.83 days beta Medical
Iridium Ir 192 73.83 days beta Industrial
Iron Fe 55 2.73 years gamma Medical
Iron Fe 55 2.73 years gamma Industrial
Iron Fe 59 44.51 days beta Medical
Krypton Kr 81 210000 years gamma Medical
Krypton Kr 85 10.73 years beta Industrial
Lanthanum La 140 1.678 days beta Industrial
Manganese Mn 54 312.2 days gamma Industrial
Nickel Ni 63 100 years beta Industrial
Nickel Ni 63 100 years beta Research
Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes gamma Medical
Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes gamma Industrial
Nitrogen N 15 122.2 seconds stable Industrial
Oxygen O 15 122.2 seconds gamma Medical
Oxygen O 18 stable Medical
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days beta Medical
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days beta Industrial
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days beta Research
Phosphorus P 33 25.3 days beta Research
Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years alpha Industrial
Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years alpha Medical
Polonium Po 210 138.38 days alpha Industrial
Potassium K 42 12.36 hours beta Industrial
Potassium K 42 12.36 hours beta Medical
Promethium Pm 147 2.6234 years beta Industrial
Radium Ra 226 1599 years alpha Industrial
Rubidium Rb 81 4.57 hours gamma Medical
Rubidium Rb 82 76 seconds gamma Medical
Samarium Sm 152 stable Medical
Samarium Sm 153 1.929 days beta Medical
Scandium Sc 46 83.81 days beta and gamma Industrial
Scandium Sc 46 83.81 days beta and gamma Industrial
Selenium Se 75 119.78 days gamma Research
Selenium Se 75 119.78 days gamma Industrial
Silver Ag 110m 24.6 seconds beta and gamma Industrial
Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours beta Industrial
Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours beta Medical
Strontium Sr 85 64.85 days gamma Research
Strontium Sr 87 gamma Research
Strontium Sr 89 50.52 days gamma Medical
Strontium Sr 92 2.71 hours beta Medical
Sulfur S 35 87.2 days beta Medical
Technetium Tc 99m 6 hours beta Medical
Thallium Tl 201 3.040 days gamma Medical
pure beta emitter,
Thallium Tl 204 3.78 years gamma Industrial
Thorium Th 229 7880 years alpha Industrial
Thorium Th 230 75380 years alpha Industrial
Thorium Th 230 75380 years Research
Uranium U 234 245500 years alpha Medical
Uranium U 234 245500 years alpha Industrial
Xenon Xe 133 5.243 days beta Medical
Ytterbium Yb 169 32.026 days gamma Medical
Yttrium Y 90 64.10 hours beta Medical
Zinc Zn 65 244.26 days gamma Industrial
ISOTOPES
Specific Use
Alzheimer's disease
Acid rain
Smoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to measure levels of toxic lead in dried
paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production, to help determine
where oil wells should be drilled, useful for a level gauge, a X-ray fluorescence analysis. Am241-Be9 is useful for
ventilation tests in building research
to analyse metal alloys for checking stock, scrap sorting, X-ray fluorescene analysis.
treatment of cancerous tumous, measurement of correct dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticals sand, ensure
measurement and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines, determine whether oil wells are plugged by
the right fill level for food and drug packaging, tradiotracer for identification of sources of soil erosion and
deposition
to study the cellular functions and bone formation in mammals
to inspect luggage for hidden explosives, to gauge moistute content of soil in the road construction and building
industries, to measure moisture of materials srored in soils
glucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography, produces positrons in the brain or other
organs and monitored by PET
Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs old
isotopic tracer, investigations of photosynthesis, also glucose through the body, to ensure that potential new
drugs are metabolised without forming harmful by-products, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastics
measurement of sources of chloride and age of water (up to 2 million years), used for thickness gauge for paper,
plastics
to study red blood cell survival rates
Isotopic tracer - for pernicious anemia, X-ray fluorescence analysis
Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipment
isotopic tracer - vitamin B12 with tagged with Co60 can be used to study the absorption of vitamin B12 from the
gastrointestinal tract
Isotopic tracer - for finding flaws in metal castings, together with Ag110m, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure
performance of blast furnace, level gauge, density gauge
Isotope dilution - used to calculate amount of compounds
Isotopic tracer - brain tumours absorb Copper, genetic diseases affecting copper metabolism such as Wilson's
and Menke's disease
when injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the
tumour
used in mining to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling operations
PET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment, fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) is useful for
Energy metabolism diagnosis
in colloidal from to treat arthritic joints
isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammationmovement in river beds and ocean floor, together with
trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, trace sand and disorders associated with AIDS
Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, togther with Ir192 and Cr57 to label
sand to study coastal erosion
isotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving hydrogen
self luminous aircraft and commercial exit safety of potential new drugs
life science and drug metabolism to ensuresigns, luminous dials, gauges and wrist watches, production of
luminous paint, geological and hydrological prospecting,measure "young" groundwater, tracer to study sewage
and liquid waste
Isotopic tracer absorbed by brain tumours
imaging of the thyroid gland, treatment of thyroid cancer and Graves' disease, Iodine accumulates in the thyroid,
also brain tumors, abnormal liver function, renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction
Diagnosis of thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders including brain function
Diagnosis of thyroid disorders, biomedical research, glomerular filtration rate of kidneys, deep vein thrombosis,
radioimmuno assays, show the presence of hormones in tiny quantities
used to check radioactivity counters
Implants for tumour irradiation (brachytherapy)
Test welds in boilers, pipelines and aircraft parts, radiography of steel to discover flaws
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron
Analyse electroplating solutions and detect the presence of sulfur in the air
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron
imaging of pulmonary ventilation as clothes dryers, washing machines, gauge the thickness of thin plastics and
indicator lights in appliances such
sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper, measure dust and pollutant levels. Leaks in sealed containers with the
escaping atoms detected by means of their radiation
together with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water
to detect explosives, voltage and current surge protection devices, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastic
electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs
Positron emission tomography
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the
environment
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the
environment
Positron Emission Tomography, incorporated emission Tomography, as Oxygen-18 water, heart blockage
preparation of F18-deoxyglucose for Positron into metabolically important molecules
detection, deficiencies in heart valves, brain scanning for tumour detection, energy expenditure in humans and
total body water composition in humans
treating ovarian and bone cancer
isotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plants
molecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera (excess red blood cells)
molecular biology and genetics research
energy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraft
power heart pacemakers
reduce the static charge in production of photographic film and other materials
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and passage of elements through the
environment
exchangeable potassium in ccoronary blood flow
electric blanket thermostats, useful for thickness gauge of film and leather
makes lighting rods more effecctive, with Be-9 is useful for moisture gauge
imaging of pulmonary ventilation
Positron Emission Tomography, short-term effects of physiologic alterations or of drugs, used to identify blood-
brain-barrier deficits
treating ovarian and bone cancer
relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic phosphates
isotopic tracer - to investigate the silt movement in rivers
together with Ag110m, La140, Co60 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace
protein studies in life science research, study the production of enzymes, useful for density gauge
weld inspection of pipelines, useful for density gauge
together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace
detecting leaks in underground pipes, oil well studies
isotopic tracer - monitor blood flow, to detect constrictions or obstructions
bone formation and metabolism
isotopic tracer - study bone growth
relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic phosphates
treating ovarian and bone cancer
medical treatment
produce images of the brain, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, gall bladder, skeleton and cardiovascular system, about
70% of nuclear medicine procedures, useful for thickness gauge of film and leather
injected into blood stream, concentrates in normal heart muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue, area is
then photographed with a nuclear scintillation camera to show damaged areas
measurement of dust and pollutant levels on filter paper, gauge thickness of plastic, sheet metal and rubber, used
for thickness gauge for paper, plastics
helps fluorescent lights last longer, with Tungsten - to improve stability and efficiency of electric arc welding rods
provide colouring and fluorescence in coloured glazes and glassware
dating sediments, as old as 400,000 years
provide natural colouring and brightness to dental fixtures\
fuel, production of fluorescent glassware, coloured glazes and wall tiles
determination of functional lung capacity and blood flow studies
cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain
targetted cancer treatments, silicate colloid for treatment of arthritis in larger joints
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water
