Prepared by Alex Kassianenko, CFSAP
PACKAGED ICE INDUSTRY FOOD SAFETY REFERENCE COMPENDIUM
Canada
1. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Food Safety Enhancement Program: Implementation
Manual, Volume 2, Ice Supply.
2. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2002. General Principles of Food Hygiene: Assessment
Standard, Draft.
3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2002. Making It Clear. Renewing the Federal
Regulations on Bottled Water: A Discussion Paper (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-
aliment/friia-raaii/frp-pra/water-eau/e_rfr_bottle_water.html).
4. Canadian Food Inspection System. 2002. Code of Hygienic Practice for Commercial
Prepackaged and Non-Prepackaged Water. Draft (http://www.cfis.agr.ca).
5. Health Canada. Food and Drugs Act and Regulations, Part B, Division 12: Prepackaged
Water and Ice (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food…gs-aliments_drogues/act-loi/e_index.html).
6. Health Canada. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality, 6th edition
(http://www.hv-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ehd/catalogue/bch_pubs/dwsixth.htm).
USA
1. Administrative Rules of Montana, Drinking Water and Ice
(http://www.dphhs.state.mt.us/hpsd/pubheal/healsafe/pdf/drinking_water_ice_rules.pdf).
2. American National Standards Institute. Bottled Water and Packaged Ice Accredited Program
(http://www.ansi.org/global_report/gar.files/GAR_5.pdf).
3. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers. 2002. Ice
manufacture. ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook, Chapter 33, pp. 33.1-33.7.
4. Anonymous. 2003. Researches design system to improve disinfection of water used in food
processing, Georgia Institute of Technology, February 27.
5. Association of Food and Drug Officials. 1989. Guidelines for the inspection and
enforcement of GMP regulations for handling and manufacturing packaged ice, Tel.: (717)
757-2888.
6. Beller, M. 1992. Hepatitis A outbreak in Anchorage, Alaska, traced to ice slush beverages.
West. J. Med. 156:624-627.
7. Bentley, W.H. 1995. Packaged ice sanitation yesterday and today. Journal of the
Association of Food and Drug Officials 59:35-42.
8. Calderon, R.L. 2000. The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water, Food
and Chemical Toxicology, 38:S13-S20.
9. Cannon, R.O., J.R. Poliner, R.B. Hirschhorn, D.C. Rodeheaver, P.R. Silverman, E.A. Brown,
G.H. Talbot, S.E. Stine, S.S. Monroe, D.T. Dennis, and R.I. Glass. 1991. A multistate
outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with consumption of commercial ice. J.
Infect. Dis. 164:860-863. (Erratum, 166:698).
10. Centers for Disease Control. 2002. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United
States, 1999-2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51.
11. Centers for Disease Control. 1987. Outbreak of viral gastroenteritis-Pennsylvania and
Delaware, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 36:709.
12. Centers for Disease Control. 1972. Infectious hepatitis-Wickes, Arkansas. Epidemiology
Ref. No. 71-130-2. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
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Department of Health. Food Hygiene. Florida Administrative Code 1998, Chapter 64E-11.
Sanitary Facilities and Controls
(http://www.myflorida.com/doea/healthfamily/laws/elderissues/doeadoh64-e11.html).
13. Dickens, D.L., H.L. Dupont, and P.C. Johnson. 1985. Survival of bacterial enteropathogens
in the ice of popular drinks. Am. Med. Assoc. 253:3141-3143.
14. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2001.
Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and
Reduction/Elimination of Microbiological Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce
(http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift3-toc.html).
15. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Guidance for Industry: Guide to Minimize Microbial
Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
(http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/prodguid.html).
16. General Assembly of Pennsylvania. 1993. House Bill No. 1551
(http://legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/BI/BT/1993/0/HB1551P1742.HTM).
17. Illinois Department of Public Health, Division of Food, Drugs and Dairies. 1999. Ice is a
food, too!, Hands on food safety (http://www.idph.state.il.us/pdf/fdsfty3.pdf).
18. International Packaged Ice Association. A Guide to the Sanitation of Packaged Ice, Tel.
(919) 787-5181, (800) 742-0627.
19. International Packaged Ice Association. Ice: The Forgotten Food, Tel. (919) 787-5181, (800)
742-0627.
20. International Packaged Ice Association. Packaged Ice Quality Control Standards
(http://packagedice.com/piqcs.htm).
21. Khan, A.S., C.L. Moe, R.I. Glass, S.S. Monroe, M.K. Estes, L.E. Chapman, X. Jiang, C.
Humphrey, E. Pon, and J.K. Iskander. 1994. Norwalk virus-associated gastroenteritis traced
to ice consumption aboard a cruise ship in Hawaii: Comparison and application of molecular
method-based assays, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 32:318-22.
22. Los Angeles County Environmental Health, Food and Milk Program. Health Advisory:
Retail Ice Manufacturing and Packaging
(http://www.lapublichealth.org/eh/special/icepack.html).
23. McElroy, T. 1997. Crawford announces ice recall, Department Press Release, Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, October 29
(http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/press/1997/102997b.html).
24. Milliorn, M. 2002. Ice: the forgotten food. Contaminated ice can lead to foodborne illness,
Nov. 1 (http://DayDots.com).
25. Moyer, N.P., G.M. Breuer, N.H. Hall, J.L. Kempf, L.A. Friell, G.M. Ronald. 1993. Testing
of Packaged Ice Sold in Iowa, Journal of Food Protection, 56: 426-431.
26. National Sanitation Foundation International. Bottled Water and Packaged Ice Certification
Programs (http://www.nsf.org/bwpi).
27. State of Main, Department of Agriculture, Food & Rural Resources, Chapter 351, Packaged
Ice Manufacturing and Processing (http://www.state.me.us/sos/cec/rcn/apa/01/chaps01.htm).
28. State of Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. Special Requirements: 9-5 Ice Plants
(http://ag.utah.gov/regsvcs/ch9.pdf).
29. Schmidt, R.H., and G.E. Rodrick. 1999. Microbial, physical, and chemical quality of
packaged ice in Florida, Journal of Food Protection, 62: 526-531.
30. Texas Department of Health. 1999. Barrels of ice in dormitory responsible for spread of E.
coli illness at Drill Team camp, TDH News Release, July 27
(http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/news/b_new287.htm).
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter 1, Part
110 (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/cfr110.html).
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Brazil
1. Viera, R.H.S.F. Souza, O.V., and T.R. Patel. 1997. Bacteriological quality of ice used in
Mucuripe-Market in Fortaleza, Brazil, Food Control 8:83-85.
Australia and New Zealand
1. Australia New Zealand Food Authority. 2000. Survey on the Microbiological Quality of
Unpackaged Ice, Australia New Zealand Food Surveillance Newsletter.
2. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Standard S5: Packaged Water and Packaged Ice
(http://www.foodstandards.gov.au).
3. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Standard 3.2.2: Food Safety Practices and General
Requirements (Australia only) (http://www.foodstandards.gov.au).
4. Queensland Government, Environmental Health Unit, Australia. 2002. Public Health Fact
Sheets: Guide to Safe Handling of Ice (http://www.health.qld.gov.au/phs/edu).
Mauritius
1. Ministry of Health and of the Quality of Life (MOH). Food Regulations made under the
Food Act 1998, Part 30: Ice (http://ncb.intnet.mu/moh/foodact98).
Taiwan
1. Department of Health. Food Sanitary Standards: Sanitary Standard for Ice Products
(http://www.food.doh.gov.tw/announce/laws/hygiene_standed_e_1.htm).
Europe
1. Anonymous. 2003. Ice cube alert on bacteria by watchdogs, Northampton Chronicle, U.K.,
January 8 (http://www.northantsnew.co.uk/ref/news_chron.asp?ID=15576).
2. Council Directive 93/43/EEC of June 1993 on the hygiene of foodstuffs
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sfp/mr/mr06_en.pdf).
3. EuroSurveillance. 1997. Microbiological quality of ice cream and ice cubes. Communicable
Diseases 6 (7), Wks 25-28. Northern Ireland.
4. Her Majesty Stationary Office. Industry Guide to Good Hygiene Practice: Catering Guide,
1997, London (http://doh.gov.uk/busguide/foodsafe/cater.htm).
5. Her Majesty Stationary Office. The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995
No. 1763, Statutory Instrument, London (http://www.hmso.gov.uk).
6. Holt, M.S. 2000. Sources of chemical contaminants and routes into the freshwater
environment, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38:S21-S27.
7. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Department of Health, Scottish Office, Welsh
Office. 1990. Food Safety Act 1990, Code of Practice no. 9: food hygiene inspections. Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
8. Nichols, G., I. Gillespie, J. De-Louvois. 2000. The microbiological quality of ice used to
cool drinks and ready-to-eat food from retail and catering premises in the United Kingdom,
Journal of Food Protection, 63:78:82.
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9. Pawsey, R.K., and P. Howard. 2001. Drinking ice as a vector for gastrointestinal disease.
British Food Journal 103:253-263.
10. U.K. East Riding Of Yorkshire Council, Public Protection Division-Food Safety. Food
Hygiene Advice Note-FH9: Hygienic Handling of Ice for Use in Drinks
(http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/living/consumerprotection/foodservices/pdf/fh09.pdf).
International
1. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2001. Recommended International Code of Practice:
General Principles of Food Hygiene, CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 3 (1997), Amended 1999
(http://www.codexalimentarius.net.STANDARD/standard.htm).
2. World Health Organization. Water and Sanitation
(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/index.html).
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