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Common Risk Measures Descriptions and Comparisons

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Common Risk Measures

Descriptions and Comparisons





William C. Wojciechowski

VIGRE Computational Finance Seminar

Rice University

October 15, 2003

Defining Risk



 What is risk?

 How is risk measured?

 Types of risk – market, credit, liquidity, etc.

 Finance is one area of risk management



 Against The Gods: The Remarkable Story of

Risk - Peter L. Bernstein

Defining Risk



 Risk - chance that an investment’s return will

be less than expected.

 Market Risk – loss in value due to decline in

price

 Event Risk – catastrophic actions cause

decrease in value

 Liquidity Risk – lose value by not being able to

transact

Measuring Risk



 X - a random variable representing the value of

an investment at some future time t



 Scalar, such as volatility of X?



 Vector, such as a value and probability?



 Consider the whole distribution of X?

Common Risk Measures



 Dispersion Measures

Common Risk Measures



 More dispersion does NOT equal more risk



 Normal mixture model with possible large win







 Normal model without possible large win

Common Risk Measures



 More dispersion does NOT equal more risk

Cumulativ e Return Comparison

250

200

Cumulative Return



150

100

50

0









0 50 100 150 200 250





SD(Black) = 3.19 SD(Orange) = 0.96

Common Risk Measures



 More dispersion does not equal larger positive

returns

Cumulativ e Return Comparison

0

-50

Cumulative Return



-100

-150

-200









0 50 100 150 200 250





SD(Black) = 2.96 SD(Orange) = 1.02

Common Risk Measures



 Dispersion below a target

 Fishburn family

Common Risk Measures



 VAR (Value at Risk) Measures

Common Risk Measures



 Accumulate VAR (AVAR)

Common Risk Measures



 Simulations

– Generate random return streams X and Y

– For each risk measure, calculate the risk of X and Y

– Count the number of times the risk measure makes

the correct decision

Simulations



 Possibility of large gain

Simulations



 Moderate chance of large loss

Simulations



 Small chance of catastrophic loss

Conclusions



 There are many possible measures of risk



 Appears none of the common risk measures

universally applies to all situations



 Research opportunities are abundant

Reference



 Guy Kaplanski and Yoram Kroll, “VAR risk

measures vs traditional risk measures: an

analysis and survey”, Journal of Risk, 4,

Spring, 2002



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