Semester I Hrs 6
Cred. 4
CORE COURSE-I Code 04PBO 1401
Marks 100
ALGAE, FUNGI, LICHENS AND PLANT PATHOLOGY
Unit 1: Algae- General features, distribution (terrestrial, freshwater & marine), thallus
organization, cell structure, reproduction: vegetative, asexual, sexual, life histories,
Classification (Bold & Wynne), salient features of major classes (Prochlorophyta,
Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Pheophyta, Rhodophyta) and
economic importance.
Unit 2: Fungi- General features, distribution, mode of nutrition, thallus organization, cell
structure,reproduction, fruit bodies, hetrothallism, parasexuality, classification
(Alexopoulus and Mims) general characters of major classes (Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Deuteromycotina), economic importance and
mycorrhizae.
Unit 3: Lichens- General features, distribution, thallus organization, reproduction and
spread classification and economic importance.
Unit 4: Plant Pathology- Organism and causal factor responsible for plant diseases-
methods of studying plant diseases-Koch’s postulates-common terminologies used in
plant pathology-symptomology, Etiology, Epiphytology, control measures, Host parasite
interactions-toxins, defense mechanisms in plant-integrated disease management.
Unit 5: Common plant diseases of India (Tobacco Mosaic, Cucumber mosaic, Little leaf
disease of Brinjal, Citrus canker, Rice blight, Tikka disease, Wilt of Cotton, Downy
mildew, White rust, Damping off, Disease of seedlings, Rust of Wheat, Root knot of
tomato, general account of plant galls caused by insects and mites, a brief account on
angiosperm parasite.
Books for Study:
1. Bold,H.C and M.J. Wyne (1978)-Introduction to Algae-Structure & Reproduction-
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
2. Chapman,V.J & Chapman (1973)-The Algae-ELBS and Mcmillan, London.
3. Fritsch,F.E (1935)-The structure and reproduction of the Algae (2Vols)-Cambridge
University Press, England.
4. Kumar,H.D and Singh,H.N. (1982)-A text book on Algae-Affiliates-East –West Press
Madras.
5. Sharma,O.P (1986)-Text book of Algae-TataMcGraw-Hill,New Delhi
6. Venkatraman,G.S. et.al.,(1974)-Algae form &function-Today &Tomorrow
Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Alexopoulus,C.J and Mims, C.W. (1979)-Introductory mycology-Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi.
8. Atlas, R.N (1988)-Fundamentals & application-Microbiology.
9. Bold, H.C.,et. al., (1980)-Morphology of Plants and Fungi-Harper & Row Publ., Inc.,
New York.
10. Hale,Jr.M.E.(1983)-Biology of Lichens-Edward Arnold, Maryland.
11. Mehrota,R.S Plant Pathology-Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
12. Nagarajan,S and K.Muralidharan-Dynamics of plant diseases-Allied publishers,
India.
13. Rangaswami,G., (1972)-Diseases of crop plants in India-Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited.
Semester I Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 1402
Marks 100
CORE COURSE - II
BRYOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY
Unit-1 Bryophytes: Classification (Watson)-General features of major groups
(Marchantiales, Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales, Funariales and
Polytrichales ) - distribution of bryophytes - comparative study of gametophytes and
sporophytes. Economical and ecological importance.
Unit-2 Pteridophytes: General characterist; Classification (Sporne, l975) - Stelar
evolution - structure and reproduction of the major groups (individual life cycles need not
be studied) - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida
Unit-3 Pteridophytes (Contd): Soral and Sporangial evolution, heterospory and seed
habit. Evolution of gametophytes and sex organs in pteridophytes. Apospory and
Apogamy. Economic importance of pteridophytes..
Unit-4 Gymnosperms: Classification (K.R.Sporne, 1972) –a general account on the
morphology, distribution, anatomical and reproductive characteristics of the major groups
of (Pteridospermales, Bennetitales, Pentoxytales, Corditales, Cycadales, Coniferales,
Ginkgoales, Taxales and Gnetales) - economic importance of Gymnosperms.
Unit-5 Paleobotany: A General account on Geological Time Scale-Fossils and methods
of fossilization. Process and fossil diversity -geological era - study of the following fossil
genera: Rhynia Lepidodendron, Calamites and Williamsonia.
Books for study:
1. Venkataraman, et al.,(1974), Algae-Form & Function. Today and Tomorrow Publishing
Co.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Introductory Mycology. Wiley & Mins.C.W., Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.
3. Prempuri, 1973. Bryophytes - A Broad perspective. Atma Ram & Sons, New Delhi.
4. Spome,K.R, 1975. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson & Co., London.
5. Spome,K.R.,1967. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson & Co., London.
6. Foster & Gifford, 1959. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. COH, Freeman &
Co.
7. Delevoryas, T., 1977. Plant Diversification. Holt, Rinehart & Wintson, New York.
8. Chapman, V.J. & ChapmanJ).J. The Algae. ELBS & MacMillan, London Fungi.
Pradeep
9. S.Srivastava,H.N.,1999. Publications, Jalandhar, The Fundamanetals of Mycology
10. Bumet,J.H.,1971. ELBS, London Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold, Mayland.
Morphology of Vascular Plants. Mac Millan Co., New York.
11. Bierhorst, 1971. Paleobotany, Paleoecology & Evolution. Praeger Publishing,
U.S.A.
Semester I Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 1403P
CORE COURSE-III
Marks 100
Practical for CC I & II
Algae:
Cyanophyta : Gloeocapsa, spirulina
Chlorophyta : Hydrodictyon, Ulothrix, Bulbochaete, Fritschiella,
Enteromorpha, Closterium (Desmids), Acetabularia.
Charophyta : Nitella.
Eulenophyta : Euglena
Xanthophta : Botrydium
Bacillariophyta : Cyclotell and Navicula (Diatoms)
Phaeophyta : Padina, Turbinaria, Sargassum
Rhodophyta : Batrachospermum, Ceramium, Gracilaria, Amphiroa
Fungi:
Ascomycotina : Taphrina,Xylaria
Basidiomycotina : Lycoperdon
Dueteromycotina : Cercospora,Fusarium,Colletotrichum
Examination of Mycorrhizal Association
Lichens : Usnea
Plant Pathology : Study of the following diseases:-
Fungi : Club root of Crucifers (Plasmodiophora brassicae)
Whip smut of Sugarcane (Ustilago scitaminea)
Bacteria : Ring rot of Potato (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
Viruses : Tungro Virus of Rice,Vein clearing in Bhendi
Mycoplasma : Little leaf disease of Brinjal
Nematodes : Root knot of Sugarcane by Meloidogyne
Bryophytes : Study of morphological and anatomical feature of the following:
Targionia, Reboulia, Plagiochasma, Anthoceros and Pogonatum.
Pteridophytes: Study of morphology and anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the following: Isoetes, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda,
Gleichenia, Salvinia & Azolla.
Gymnosperms: Study of morphology and anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the following- Cupressus, Podocarpus and Ephedra.
Paleobotany : Study of internal morphology of Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Calamites
and Williamsonia. ( Extinct and fossil forms)
Hrs 6
Semester I Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 1404
Marks 100
Core Course-IV
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Unit-1 History-The Discovery of microorganisms, spontaneous generation conflict,
koch’s postulates, scope and relevance of microbiology.
Microscopy: Bright-Field microscope, Dark-field Microscope phase-contrast microscope,
Fluorescence Microscope & Electron Microscope.
Classification of Algae (Fridge) Fungi (Alexopholis) Bacteria (Berqey’s Determinative
Bacteriology). Brief account on Protozoa.
Unit-2 Prokaryotic cell structure and function-overview of prokaryotic cell structure,
prokaryotic cell structure, prokaryotic cell membranes, cytoplasmic matrix, robosomes
and inclusions, nucleoid, prokaryotic cell wall, capsulres, slime layers, and slayers and
bacterial endospores.
Eucaryotic cell structure and function: overview of Eucaryotic cell structure, Cytoplasmic
matrix, microfilaments. Intermediate Filaments, and microtubular, endoplasmic
reticulam, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus and cell division and cilia
and Flagella. Culture media: synthetic media, complex media and types of media. Spreed
plate, streak plate and pour plate and Growth curve.
Unit-3 Viruses: General properties and Ultra structure, cultivation, virus purification and
Assay, Structure of transmission. Chemical nature-replication, transmission. Virons and
prions. Protozoa: Distribution, importance, Morphology, Nutrition, Encystment and
Excytment Locomotary organelles and Reproduction.
Unit-4 Immunology: Immune system-Historical perspective, innate immunity-Acquired
immunity cell and organs of the immune system-Immune-system cells. Organs of the
immune system.
Unit-5 Antigen and Antibody (types, structure, requirements and antigen-antibody
interaction) Detection of antibody (Immuno electrophorein, ELISA & RIA)
Books for study:
1. Prescott(1993), Microbiology-Wm.C.Brown Publishers
2. Janis kuby (1997), Immunology-W.H. Freeman & company
3. Carpenter P.L. (1967), Microbiology- Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
4. Davis, B.D., Dulbecco, R.Eiser, H.N.& Grinsberg, H.S. (1980)- Microbiology-
Harper & Row, NewYork.
5. Edmond, P.(1978)-Microbiology: An environment perspective-Mac Millan& co.,
N.Delhi.
6. Ketchum, P.A. (1988), Microbiology-Concepts and applications; John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y.
7. Pelczar, M.H.Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R.(1993) – Microbiology-Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing co., Ltd., NewDelhi.
8. Postage, J.91975)-Microbes & Man-penguin Book, Baltimore.
9. Power and Daginwara (1994)- General Microbiology-Himalayan Publishing
House.
10. Schegal, H.E.(1986)- General Microbiology-Cambridge University, London.
11. Stainer, R.Y. Adelberg, E.A. and Ingram,J.L. (1978)-General Microbiology-
MacMillan & co., London.
12. Staley,J.T. et al (1984)-Bergey’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology Vol.I-IV
Williams & Wilkins, London.
13. Salle, A.J. (1974)-Fundamental principles of Bacteriology –Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing co., NewDelhi.
14. Starr, M.O.et.al. (1981)-The Prokaryotes: A hand book on Habitat, Isolation &
Identification of Bacteria.
Hrs 6
Semester I Cred. 4
Code 04PB0 1405P
Marks 100
Core Course-V
Practical for CC-IV
1. Isolation of microbes from soil-serial dilution and plating
2. Gram’s staining of Bacteria found in Curd, Root-Nodule.
3. Growth Curve of Bacteria
4. Isolation of Rhizobium from root-nodules of Legumes
5. Effect of different antibodies on bacterial growth (antibiotic sensitivity)
6. Effect of pH on bacterial growth
7. Microbial analysis of Milk by methylene-blue reduction test
8. Demonstration of IAA production by Soil Bacteria.
Semester II Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 2406
Marks 100
Core Course-VI
TAXONOMY, ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERM’S
Unit 1 Taxonomy :. A brief account on morphological terms used in Taxonomy- History
and Classification of Angiosperms- A detailed study of classification proposed by
Bentham & Hooker- An outline classification of Hutchinson and Takhtajan- Modern
tools of classification-Numerical Taxonomy- Chemotaxonomy-Biosystematics.
Unit 2. International code of Botanical Nomenclature- Typification-Principles of priority
and their limitations-Effective and valid publication-Author citation-Choice and rejection
of names-BSI and its role-Monographs-Floras-Types of keys-Study of the families and
their economic importance of plants mentioned in practical syllabus
Unit 3 Anatomy : Meristems, their organization and theories-Anatomy of cell wall, light
and electron microscopic-Vascular differentiation in primary and secondary tissues-
Transfer Cells,their distribution, structure ,and significance-Vascular cambium-Structural
diversity and phylogenetic trends of specialization of xylem and phloem- Root stem
transition-Importance of plant anatomy in other fields of botany.
Unit 4.Wood technology : Structure, identification, classification and commercial
importance of wood-Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of wood-Weathering
of wood-Defects in wood-Natural defects (knots, reaction wood-compression and tension
wood)-Defects due to seasoning and machining (checks, warping, case hardening,
collapse, raised grains)-Defects due to fungus and insects-Wood preservation methods-
Commercial woods of South India.
Unit 5. Embryology : Details of microsporogenesis –morphology,cytology and
physiology of anther tepetum-Pollen –Stigma compatibility-Megasporogenesis-Female
gametophyte( mono, bi and tetrasporic )- Diversity in the organization of female
gametophyte- Endosperm types and significance-Role of synergids,and antipodals –
Concepts of fertilization-Apomixis-Agamospermy-Apospory-Polyembryony and their
importance.
Books for study:
Angiosperm Taxonomy
1. Benson, L.- Plant Classification - D.C. Healthe & Co, Boston, R.
2. Dahlgren, R. (1984) - The Families of Monocotyledons: structure, evolution and
Taxonomy - Springer Verlag.
3. Davis, P.H. & Heywood, V.H. - Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy -Oliver & Boyd,
London.
4. Jefferey, C.(1969) -An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy-J & A. Churchill Ltd., London.
5. Gamble, J.S. (1933) - Flora of the Presidency of Madras - Botanical survey of India,
Calcutta.
6. Greuter, W. et.al (1989) - International code of botanical nomenclature -Intn.Ass. Plant
Tax. Leiden.
7. Henry & Chandrabose - Botanical nomenclature.
8. Heenry Wood, V.N.- Plant Taxonomy - Edward Arnold, London.
9. Heywood,V.H.(ed.,)(1968)-Modem methods in plant taxonomy-Academic Press, N.Y.
10. Hutchinson, J. (1969) - The genera of Flowering Plants - Clarendon Press.
11. Lawrence, G.H.M.(1944) - Taxonomy of vascular plants - Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
12. Pandey, B.P.(1997) - Taxonomy ofAngiosperms - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
13. Porter, C.L. -Taxonomy of flowering plants- Euasia Publishing House, NewDelhi.
14. Rendle, A.B. - Classification of flowering Plants (Vol.1 & II) - Cambridge
University Press, London.
15. Singh, V. & Jain, K.K. (1989) - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Rastogi, Meerut.
16. Takhtajan, A.L. (1969) - Flowering Plants - Origin and dispersal - Oliver & Boyed.
17. Vashista, P.C. (1990) - Taxonomy ofAngiosperms - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Anatomy
1. Brown et.al. (1949)-Textbook of Wood Technology - McGraw Hill.
2. Chowdhury, K.A. & Ghose, S.S. (1958) - Indian Woods - Publications Division, Gov.
of India.
3. Clowers, F.A.L. (91961) - Apical Meristems - Blackwell Scientific Publ. Oxford.
4. Cutter, e.G. (1978) - Plant anatomy - Edward Arnold Publ. Ltd. London.
5. Easu, K. (91953) - Plant anatomy - John Wiley * & Sons Inc.N.Y.
6. Fahn, A., (1989) - Plant anatomy - Maxwell, MacMilIan, Singapore (P) Ltd.,
7. Metcaife & Chalk (1950) - Anatomy of the dicotyledons & Monocotyledons (VoLI,II).
8. Pandey, B.P. (1989) - Plant anatomy - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
9. Singh, V.Pande, P.C. & Jain D.K. (1987) - Anatomy of seed plants -.Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.
Embryology
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (1981) - Embryology ofAngiosperms - Vikas Publi.
House (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Maheswari, P. (1963) - An Introduction to embryology of angiosperms -International
society of Plant Morphologies, University of Delhi.
3. Raghavan, V. (1976) - Experimental embryogenesis is Vascular Plants -Academic
Press, London.
Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Semester II
Code 04PBO 2407
Marks 100
Core Course-VII
CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Unit-1 Cell Biology:
Structural organization of the cell - specialized plant cell types " cell wall (primary and
secondary), plasma membrane (structure, models and functions, channels, pumps and
receptors) - Plasmodesmata
Unit-2 Cell organelles:
Plastids - Mitochondria - Ribosomes - ER, Golgi, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Glyosomes,
Peroxisosomes, Spherosomes, Ergarstic cell inclusion and nucleus (structure including
ultrastructure and functions), Programmed Cell Death (PCD), Basic techniques in cell
biology (Cell fractionation and separation of cell organelles)
Unit-3 Molecular Biology :
Expression of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial genome, RNA editing, Nucleo cytoplasmic
interactions, synthesis, packing and transport of chemicals within the cell - cytoskeleton,
roles of microtubules and filaments - cell cycle events and their genetic control.
Unit-4 Genetics:
Basic account on Mendelian Genetics and interactions - linkage - crossing over - gene
mapping - sex linkage - cytoplasmic inheritance, polyploidy - basic account on mutation
(causative agents, induction, types, inheritance of mutation)" basic account on population
genetics (Hardey Weinberg's law)
Unit-5 Plant Breeding:
Objectives of Plant Breeding - genetic variability and its role in plant breeding - breeding
methods in self pollinated, cross pollinated, vegetative propagated and apomictic plants,
inbreeding depression theories, role of hybrid vigour in plant breeding - mutation
breeding.
Books for study:
Cell and Molecular Biology
1. De Robertis, E.D.P., and De Robertis, E.M.F. (1980) cell and molecular biology
- Saunders International Edn,, Philadelphia.
2. Du Praw, E.J. (1969) - Cell & Molecular biology - Academic Press, N.Y.
3. Freifelder, D(1986) - Molecular Biology - Jones & Barriet Publishing INC., Boston,
Portola Valley.
4. Gunning, B.E.S. & Steer, M.W(1975) - Ultra - structure and the biology of cells
- Edward Arnold.
5. Gustafson, J.P. (1984) - Gene manipulation in plant improvement. Plenum Press, N.Y.
6. Leadbetter, M.C. (1970) - Introduction to the fine structure of plant cells -Springer
Verlag.
7. Levin, B (1974) - Gene expression; Vol.1 Bacterial Genomes, Vol.II Eucaryotic
chromosomes - Wiley Inter Science. London.
8. Levin, B. (1998) - Genes VI - Oxford University Press, London.
9. Packer, L.(1976) - Mitochondria: Bioenergetics, biogenesis and membrane structure
Academic press, N.Y.
10. Rastogi, S.C. Sharma, V.N. Anuradha Tandon (91993) - concepts in Molecular
Biology - Wiley Eastern Ltd.
11. Sheeler, P., & Bianchi, D.(1987) - Cell and Molecular Biology.
12. Verma, P.S. & S. Agarwal, V.K. (1998) - Concept of Molecular Biology -
S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
13. Gomperts, B.D. (1976) - The Plasma membrane: Models for its structure &
Function Academic Press.
14. Risley, M.S. (1986) - Chromosome structure and function - Van Nostrand, Reinholt.
15. Rost, T.L. Gifford, Jr. & Ernest, M.(1977) - Mechanism and control of cell division
- Academic Press, N.Y.
16. Segal, H.L. & Doyle, D.J. (1978) - Protein turnover and Lysosomal functions –
Academic Press, N.Y.
17. Whaley, W.G. (1975) - The Golgi Apparatus, Springer Verlag.
Genetics:
.
1. Dayanasargar, V.R. 1989, Cytology & geneleics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
2. Gardner, E.J. (1972)- Principles of genetics - John Wiley and sons, N.Y.
3. Rothwell, N.V. (1983) - genetics - Oxford University Press, U.K.
4. Sharma, A.K. & Sharma. A. (1985) - Advances in Chromosome and cell
genetics - Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., India.
5. Sinnot, E.W. Dunn, L.E.. & Dobshansky, T. (1973) - Principles of genetics,
TMH Edn.
6. Strickberger, M.W. (1976) - genetics 2nd Ed., MacMUIan Publishing Co., N.Y.
Plant Breeding:
1. Allard, R.W., 1960 Principles of Plant breeding, John Wiley & Sons, New Yark.
2. Chopra V.L., 1989, Plant breeding, Oxford IBH, New Delhi.
3. Jensen, N.F.(1988) - Plant breeding methodology - Wiley Inerscience Publications,
N.Y.
4. Sundararaj, D.D. & Thulasidas, G. & Durairaj, *M.S. (1997) - Introduction to
Cytogenetics & Plant breeding - Popular Book Depot, Chennai.
5. Stent, G.S. & Calender, R. (1978) -Molecular Genetics - an Introductory narrative –
CBS -Publishers, New Delhi.
Hrs 6
Semester II
Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 2408 P
Marks 100
Core Course-VIII
(Practical for CC VI & VII)
Taxonomy ofAngiosperms
Examination of polypetelous, gamopetalous, monochlamydcous, dichlamydcous &
Monocotyledonous flowers showing various stages of hypogyny, perigyny and epigyny
Study of plants belonging to the following families: (Scnsu Bentham and Hooker's
System):Menispermaceae,Polygalaceae,Caryophyllaceae,Rhamnaceae,Sapindaceae,
Lythraceae, Aizoaceae, Sapotaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Loranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Commelinaceae and Cyperaceae.
Anatomy
1. Dissection of shoot apex in Hydrilla and whole mount
2. Examination of L.S. of shoots and root apices
3. Examination of R.L.S., T.L.S., and T.S of a vascular cambium
4. Demonstration of primary pit-fields in Onion epidermal peel.
5. Examination of different types pits ~ Secondary wall thickening - annular, helical and
scalriform and pitted thickening.
6. Wood structure - T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S., - showing variations in vessel elements,
fibres, axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma.
7. Identification of different types of stomata - Monocot and dicot types,
8. Identification of wood defects - spotter.
Embryology
1. Slides showing developmental stages of anther, embryosac, endosperm and embryo
2. Dissection of endosperm haustoria - Cucurbitaceae - Cucumis, Papilionaceae –
Peltophorum
3. Dissection of Embryo- Tridax / Crotalaria / Cyamopsis.
4. Methods of testing pollen viability using - (a). Alexander's stain; (b). acid -lest
Cell and Molecular Biology, and Plant Breeding
1. Squash and Smear techniques- Onion root tip and Rheo flowerbuds.
2. Histochemical staining of DNA & RNA
3. Isolation of Plasmid-DNA.
Genetics practicals which include working out genetic problems.
Hrs 6
Semester II Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 2501
Marks 100
Elective-I
HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE DESIGNING
Unit-1 Values of horticulture –classification of horticulture – kinds of soil and soil
fertility-Fertilizers-organic and inorganic fertilizers-method of application, Biofertilizers-
Irrigation system-surface irrigation system, overhead irrigation and drip irrigation.
Unit-2 Plant propagation methods-cutting, layering, grafting, budding-micro propagation
and its importance-cultivation of important fruit trees-coconut, mango, banana and citrus.
Unit-3 Classification of vegetables based on method of culture-Kitchen garden-model
Kitchen garden-Cultural aspects of vegetable growth-nursery bed preparation-Cultivation
of important vegetable crops-Bringal, Tomato, Okra, Beans & Bitter guard. Garden pests,
Diseases and parasites- controlling methods.
Unit-4 Landscape gardening: Garden components, principles in laying out a garden-
Lawn-methods of lawn making, Lawn care, and mowing procedures-model layout for a
house and public place-Indoor plants and care of Indoor plants.
Unit-5 Green houses-Cultivation of important flowering plants-roses, jasmine and
chrysanthemum-Cut flowers – Flower arrangements and prolonging the vase life of
flowers-Pot pourri.
Books for Study:
Pratibha,P.Trivedi(1987): Home gardening, ICAR Publication, NewDelhi
Kumar.N (1977): Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil,
India
Bose,T.K.& Mukherjee,D(1972): Gardening in India, Oxford & 1BH Publishing Co.,
Kolkatta, Mumbai, NewDelhi
Randhawa (1997): Ornamental Horticulture in India, Today&Tomarrow Publishers,
NewDelhi.
Edmond Senn.& Arews and Halfacre(1987): Fundamentals of Horticulture,
TataMcGraw Hill book Co., Ltd. NewDelhi.
Nambisan,K.M.P. (1992). Design, Elements of Landscape gardening, Oxford & 1BH
Publishing Co., NewDelhi
Hrs 6
Semester II Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 2502
Marks 100
Elective-II
COMMERCIAL PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Unit-1 Nutrient media-plant growth regulators-Aseptic manipulation-Sterilization of
culture vessels, media, culture room and plant materials-Precautions during aseptic
manipulation.
Unit-2 Totipotency-Organogenesis and somatic embryo genesis-synthetic seeds-somatic
hybridization and cybridization and their importance.
Unit-3 Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium-Secondary metabolite production-
cell selection for high yielding compound, mass cultivation, Bioreactors, Immobilized
cell culture, hairy root culture - Biotransformation.
Unit-4 Micropropagation: Stages in micropropagation-Factors influencing micro
propagation-Application and limitations of micropropagation-Production of disease free
plants, methods of virus elimination, virus indexing, eradication of pathogen other than
viruses.
Unit-5 Economic and bottlenecks in commercial tissue culture: Selection of plants and
location for commercial tissue culture, optimizing production, possibilities of lowering
the cost-Genetic stability in commercial tissue culture-maintenance of genetic stability in
culture –methods for detection of genetic variation.
Books for study:
1. Bhojwani, S.S.& Razdan, M.K.(1983) Plant tissue culture: theory and
Practical. Elsevier Science Publishers, Netherlands.
2. Dodds,J.H.&Robers, I.W.(1985), Experiments in plant tissue culture
Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
3. Kalyan Kumar De 91992), An Introduction to plant tissue culture, NewCentral
Book Agency, Calcutta.
4. Reinert, J. and Bajaj,Y.P.S.(1977), Plant cell, tissue and organ culture : Narosa
Publishing House, NewDelhi.
5. Vasil, I.K.(1986), Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants-3 volumes,
Academic press, Inc.
6. Mascarenhas, A.F.& Rajani Nadgauda-Tissue culture Publication&Information
Directorate (C.S.T.R., Govt. of India).
7. Razoan,M.K.(2003), Introduction to Plant tissue culture, Oxford & IBH
Publication, NewDelhi.
8. Prakash,J.& R.L.M.Picrik.(1993), Plant Biotechnology-Commercial prospects
& Problems, Oxford &IBH, Publication, NewDelhi.
Hrs 6
Semester III Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 3409
Marks 100
Core Course-IX
BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
Biotechnology
Unit-1 Microbial Biotechnology: Concepts and scope of biotechnology, microbial
production of polysaccharides (Xanthan, Dextran), Proteins (Chymosin), enzymes
(amylase), antibiotics - antibacterial (penicillin cephalosporin) ; antifungal agents and
antitumer antibodies; alcohol (ethanol), organic acids (acetic acid and citric acid).
Microbial biotechnology in sewage and waste water treatment; production of oil
biofertilizers, - SCP, mycorrhizal and phosphate solubilising bacteria; microbial
insecticides (Bacillus thurinsiensis, Trichoderma viridi).
Unit-2 Plant Biotechnology: Cell culture and production of secondary metabolites,
biotransformation, Cryopreservation. Bioprocess Technology : Selection of bioreactors -
Submerged reactors, surface reactors, mechanically agitate reactors, non - mechanically
agitate reactors, computerized fermentors, recovery and purification of fermented
products. Application of plant tissue culture in Agriculture and Forestry Food Process
technology : Elementary idea of canning and packing, stabilization and Pasteurization of
food products - technology of food products - bread, cheese, and yogurt. Food
preservation - modem methods of preservation of meat and other animal foods.
Unit-3 Biostatistics: Sampling techniques - Data collection, tabular and graphical
representation of data; mean, median, mode, range, variance, standard deviation and
standard error, Test of significance – T-test, Chi-square test, F-test. Probability
distribution - Binomial, Poison and normal distribution. Correlation and regression -
Simple, multiple regression, curvilinear regression. Analysis of variance -one-way, two-
way ANOVA.
Unit-4 Bioinformatics: Introduction to computer system and their functions. Use of
computer networking - LAN, WAN, MODEM, Fibre optics network. Introduction to
Internet, WWW, NICN ET, ERNET, VSNL, ISDN.
Unit-5 Introduction to databanks
Protein sequence databanks - NBRF, FIR, SWISS - PROT, PDB
Nucleic acids data bank - Gene Bank - EMBL.
Analysis tools for sequence data banks- pair wise alignment - alignment - CLU STAL,
PRAS, BLAST, FASTA algorithm to analyze sequence data, structural data bank, the
Cambridge structural database (CSD).
Books for study:
1. De Roberties, E.D.P. and De Roberties, E.M.F. 1995. Cell and Molecular Biology,
8th edn. B.LWaverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Levin B.2000 Genes VII Oxford university press.
3. Freifelder, D.I 986. Molecular Biology. Jones and Bardett Publishing INC.
Boston, Portola valley.
4. Krap G.1999, Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments 2nd edn.
Haris, D (ed), John wiles& sons. New York.
5. Elliot, W.H. and Elliot, D.C.I 997 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
6. Old and Primrose, 1989. Principles of gene manipulation ^ edition publishers
Business service.
7. Stanbury, P.F.& A.Whitaker, 1995, Principles of Fermentations technology
Pergamon press, Oxford.
8. Mansi, E. & Charlie Bryce, . Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology,
British Library Cataloging and publishing.
9. Chawla, H.S.I 998. Biotechnology in crop improvement International Book
distributing campany.
10. Hammond, J.Mcgarvey, C. and Yusibov, V.(pds) Plant Biotechnology. Springer
verlag 2000.
Biostatistics and Bioinformatics:
1. Gupta, S.P. 2001 Statistical methods. Sultan and Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
2. Snellcar G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1967 Statistical methods, Oxford & IBH Publ.
Co. New Delhi. .
3. Alexis Leon, M.Leon, 2000, Fundamentals of Computer Science &
Communication / Engineering, Leon Tech World, Chennai.
4. Baxevanis. A, Ovellette. F.B.F. 1998. Bioinformatics: A Practical guide to the
analysis of / genes and proteins. John wiley and sons. New York.
5. Waterman, MS. 1995. Introduction to computational biology: Waps, sequences
and genomes. Chapman & Hall, London.
6. Mani,K. and Viyaraj, N (2002) Bioinformatics for beginners, Kalaikathir
Achchagam, Coimbatore, India
7. Rashidi, H. H. & Buehler (2002) Bioinformatics Basics: Applications in
Biological Sciences and Medicines, CRC Press, London.
8. Alexis Leon, M. Leon (2000) Fundamentals of computer science &
communication engineering, Leon Tech World, Chennai.
9. Cynthia Gibas & Per Jambek (2001) Developing Bioinformatics computer skills,
Shroff publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd (O’ Reiley), Mumbai.
Hrs 6
Semester III Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 3410
Marks 100
Core Course-X
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS
Unit-1 Carbohydrates : Classification and structure of mono, di, and Polysaccharides;
stereo isomers, enantiomers and epimers. Amino acids and Proteins; Structure,
characteristics and classification of amino acids, protein and non protein amino acids,
amino acid biosynthesis, peptide bond and polypeptide chain, primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structure of proteins.
Unit-2 Enzymes : General aspects (classification and structure), allosteric mechanism,
regulatory and active sites, isozymes, kinetics, enzymatic catalysis, Michaelis – Menton equation
and its significance. Lipids : Classification and structure, biosynthesis of fatty acids, saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids. Nucleic acids : Composition of nucleic acids and
synthesis of nucleotides.
Unit-3 Biophysics : Bioenergetics, laws of thermodynamics, Redox potential, Redox
coupling, ATP bioenergetics, entropy and enthalpy.Photobiology : Dual nature of light,
characteristics of solar radiation, solar energy, efficiency of atoms, absorption spectra in
molecules, energy state, de- excitation.
Unit-4 Physiology : Plant - water Relations : Water transport processes, diffusion,
osmosis, water potential, chemical potential, absorption of water, water transport through
tracheids and xylem. Transpiration and its significance, factors affecting transpiration,
mechanism of stomatal movement, water sress on crop production.
Mineral "Nutrition : Nutrient uptake and transport mechanism, role of cell membrane, ion
pump and carriers, salts tress on crop production.
Photosynthesis : Ultra structure of photosynthetic apparatus, photochemical reactions,
electron transport pathway in chloroplast membranes, photophosphorylation , C4 carbon
cycle, crassulacean acid metabolism, photorespiration.
Unit-5 Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, electron transport in mitochondria, oxidative
phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, cyanide - resistant respiration.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, reduction of N2 into ammonia, nif
genes, regulation of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase, nitrate and ammonium
assimilation.
Growth and development : Physiological role and mechanism of action of plant growth
regulators, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene.
Books for study:
Plant Physiology & Biochemistry
1. Baron, W.M.M. (1979) - Organization in Plants - Edward Arnold.
2. BIonstein, A.B. & King, P.J. (1987) - A genetic approach to Plant Biochemistry (Ed.,)
- Narosa, New Delhi.
4. Brett. C.T.. Hillman, J.R. (Ed.) (1985) - Biochemistry of Plant cell walls -Cambridge
University Press, U.K.
5. Bryant, C (1980) - The biology of Respiration (2nd Edn.).
6. Devlin, R.W- (1969) - Plant physiology - Van Nostrand, Reinholt Co., N.Y.
7. Fang, F.K. (1982) - Light reaction path of photosynthesis, Vol.35 Molecular biology.
Biochemistry & Biophysics - Springer - Verlag.
8. Freifelder, D. (1985) - Essentials of modem biochemistry-Jones & Barlett.
10. Jain,V.K.(1990)-PlantPhysiology-S.Chand&Co.
11. KumarH-D. & Singh, H.N. (1990) Plant Metabolism.
12. Lascelles, J. (1973) - Microbial Photosynthesis - Van Nostrand - Reinhold.
13. Lehninger, A.L. (1985) - Biochemistry - Worth Publishers.
14. Leopold, A.C. (1973) - Plant growth and development - Tata McGraw-Hill Co..
16. Malik, C.P. & Srivastava, (1995) - Plant physiology.
17. Meyer, Anderson & Bonning (1965) - Introduction to Plant Physiology -D.Van
Nostrand.
18. Noggle & Fritz ( )- Introductory Plant Plant physiology Prentice - Hall of
India.
19. Norton, G.( 1978) - Plant Proteins - Butterworths, London.
20. Palmer, J.M.(ed.,)(1984) - The physiology and Biochemistry of plant Respiration –
Cambridge University Press, U.K.
21. Postage, J-R- (1982) - The fundamentals of Nitrogen fixation - Cambridge
University Press, U.K.
22. Salisbury & Ross ( )-Plant Physiology.
23. Bonner & Vamer ( ) - Plant Biochemistry
24. Corn & Stumph ( ) - Outlines of Biochemistry
25. Lehninger, A.L., (1975) - Biochemistry - (2nd Edn.,) Worth, New York.
27. Barker, G.(1969) - Understanding the chemistry of the cell - Edward Arnold, London.
Biophysics
1. Achemman, E. ( ) - Biophysical Science - Prentice Hall Inc., Engelwood, California.
2. Epstein, H.T. ( ) - Elementary Biophysics- Addition Wesley Publ. Reading
3. Casey, E.J. (1962) - Biophysics - concepts and mechanisms - van Nostrand Reinhold
co., & East- west Press, New Delhi.
4. Lehninger, A.L. (1971) ~ Bioenergitics: The Molecular Basis of biological energy
transformation - Addition Wiley.
5. Salil Bose ( ) - Elementary Biophysics.
Semester III Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Code 04PB0 3411
Marks 100
Core Course-XI
Practical Core Course for IX & X
Practicals:
1. Determination of water potential in different tissues
2. Effect of temperature on membrane permeability.
3. Isolation of intact chloroplast.
4. Estimation of chloroplast pigments: Chlorophyll a, b &Total chlorophyll by
Arnon’s method.
5. Estimation of carotenoids.
6. Absorption spectrum of chloroplast pigments.
7. Invitro assay of NR.
8. Hill reaction
9. Estimation of peroxidase activity.
10. Thin layer chromatography of plant pigments.
11. Estimation of proteins by lowry / Bradford method.
12. Estimation of Lipids.
13. Estimation of sugars.
14. Estimation of amino acids.
15. Estimation of Amylase
16. Estimation of Total Nitrogen.
17. Determination of Km Value, V-max of an enzyme.
Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Semester III
Code 04PBO 3503
Marks 100
Elective III (Open)
BIOINSTRUMENTATION & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Objectives
To initiate the students into research activities and to learn to handle various instruments,
their principles and procedure etc.
Unit-1 Buffers: Characteristics and preparation. pH meter - principles, measurement of
pH., pKa. Electrometric determination, glass and reference electrodes. Gas-measuring
electrodes - basic principles, applications of Clark electrode. Centrifuges - principles,
types and operation.
Unit-2 Chromatography - basic principles - Detailed study of HPLC, Principles of Ion
exchange; molecular sieve, and affinity chromatography and TLC. Electrophoresis - basic
principles - its types, electrophoretic mobility and factors influencing. electrophoretic
mobility; Isoelectric focusing, application, PAGE. Tracer techniques - nature of
radioactivity, patterns of decay, half life - detection of radiation, measurements - GM
Counter, Scintillation counter, autoradiography and applications of isotopes.
Unit-3 Spectrophotometry - principles, instrumentation - UV/Vis. Flame photometer -
general principles - Instrumentation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, NMR, ESR
Unit-4 Fixation and staining: Theory of fixation-fixation agents, fixation fluids, vacuum
fixation and other modern methods of fixation, common fixatives-for light and electron
microscopy, pre fixatives, fixation image, importance of buffers in the preparation of
fixatives.
Unit-5 Research-types, objectives and approaches. Sample - types; Sampling Techniques.
Hypothesis; Definition , characteristics types, significance, Literature collection: web
browsing. Writing review of Literature and Journal article. Structure of thesis.
Manuscript for publication and proof correction.
Books for study:
1. Kothari.C.R. Research Methodology a Handbook, Concept Publishing Company,
NewDelhi.
2. Misra,R.P. Laboratory Manula in Biochemistry Wiley Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi.
3. JayaramanJ., 1985, Statistical Methods-Sultan Chand & Sons.
4. Gupta, S.P, 1990 . Metrology of Study and Scientific work Research, Narosa
Publishing House. Life Science Book House, Madurai.
5. Clark,J.N, 1964, Hand book of Basic Microtechnique,McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
6. Plummer,D.T.,1978, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw-
HilI Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Semester III Hrs 3
Cred. 2
Code 04PBO 3601
Marks 100
Extra Disciplinary Course –I
HERBAL THERAPY
Unit-1 Introduction- -human body- functions in health and illness- herbal knowledge-
herbs in functioning of the body- identification and authantication of plant material.
Unit-2 Assesment of relative state of health –Common diseases-choosing correct herb
to different ailments- limitations of natural therapies.
Unit-3 Phytopharmacology- Commonly used medicinal plant constituents: tannins-
alkaloids-saponins-flavones-volatile oils-gums-resins-mucilage-glycosides-. Their
utilisation
Unit-4 Aromotherapy-history-making herbal medicine-applications-chemical
components and properties--essential oils-saftey issues.
Unit-5 Traditional medicines-role of herbals in Ayurveda-Sidda- Unani-their therapeutic
uses.
Books for study:
1.Barcharts- Herbal Therapy.
2.Daniel Mowsey- Herbal tonic therapies.
3.James A Duke- The Green Pharmacy.
4.Jethro Kloss- The Classic Guide to Herbal Therapy.
5.Merrily A.Kuhn.- Herbal Therapy and Supplements.
6.Steven G.Ottariens- Medicinal Herbal Therapy.
Semester III Hrs 3
Cred. 2
Code 04PBO 3602
Marks 100
Extra Disciplinary Course –II
BOTANICAL PHARMACY
Unit-1 Introduction- Therapeutic importance of plants-Taxonomic identity- Distribution-
Plant families of medicinal importance to human health-Drying and storage of plants.
Unit-2 Specific chemical compounds derived from plants-their uses in medical practice-
names of different pharmaceutical products-Aromatherapy.
Unit-3 Indigenous medical knowledge- Intellectual property- patents-conservation of
medicinal plants.
Unit-4 Plants in the preparation of Tinctures- Decoctions- Infused oils-Lotions-Creams-
Poultices- their medicinal applications.
Unit-5 Brief introduction on Pharmocology-Pharmocognasy- Alternative medicines-
Traditional medicines like Ayurveda, Sidda, Homoeopathy, and Unani.-Herbal
preparations- Products.
Books for study:
1 Boon, H and Smith, M. 1999. The Botanical Pharmacy. Quary Press, Inc. Stewart
House Distribution Services.
2. Morten, J.F. 1977. Major Medicinal Plants. Charles C . Thomas Publishers,
Springfield, Illinois.
3. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., and Robbers, J.E. 1981. Pharmaconosy. 9th ed. Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia.
Hrs 6
Semester IV Cred. 4
Code 04PBO 4412
Marks 100
Core Course-XII
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Unit-1 Ecology: Concept and dynamics of ecosystem: Types of ecosystem components.
Food chain and energy flow, Productivity and Biogeochemical cycles (N, P, C, S).
Ecological amplitude of a species and adaptation, ecads, ecospecies, ecotypes,
Raunkiaer’s life forms. Utilization of energy resources - non renewable and renewable.
Biodiversity - Definition and levels of biodiversity
Unit-2 Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Thermal, Radiation and Noise.
Cumulative effective of pollution on global environment, Green house effect, depletion
of ozone layer, its causes and consequences. Pollution abatement strategies and
methodologies.
Unit-3 Resource Depletion: World population; growth causes, improved health facilities
and fertility, enhanced life span. Population explosion; Indian and Third World situation,
urbanization of human population, dimension of poverty, resource crunch. Industries and
environment; effluents, climate change, UN convention on climate change, emission of
green house gases- the Kyoto conference.
Unit-4 Conservation application and Technology: Remote Sensing-application and
limitations; afforestation programmes-social forestry, Chipko movement, productive,
commercial/exploitative forestry-wildlife management and its impact-environmental
monitoring and impact assessment- soil reclamation- principles, methods and
applications, Bioremediation.
Unit-5 Bio resources and Conservation: Endangered flora and fauna- their
identification and documentation- conservation of genetic resources-NGRP-Role of
IUCN, IBPGR, PGRC of FAO, Red Data Book- Conservation strategies; In situ
approach: Biosphere reserves, Forest Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries, Sacred
groves. Ex situ: Botanical garden, Seed, gene banks, tissue culture, Cryopreservation.
Environmental Education, Ecotourism. Role of International organization –WWF, UNEP,
UNDP, FAO and WB.
Semester IV Hrs 6
Cred. 4
Code 04PB0 4413P
Marks 100
Core Course -XIII
Practical for CC XII
Ecology
1. Analysis of vegetation-Quadrat, Line transect methods to analyse species
frequency, abundance, density and dominance.
2. Practical application of Raunkiar’s frequency formula.
3. Analysis of species diversity.
4. Construction of profile diagram for vegetation of study area.
Analysis of Water Samples:
5. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen content and BOD.
6. Estimation of carbonate.
7. Estimation of Bicorbonate.
8. Estimation of Chloride content.
9. Estimation of Organic content.
10. Estimation of Total dissolved solids.
11. Estimation of Total hardness.
12. Estimation of Nitrate.
13. Estimation of Calcium.
14. Estimation of Magnesium.
Conservation Biology
Students are expected to visit places of ecological interest and should submit a report
on field studies.
Books for study:
Ronald M.Atlas.1997 (2nd Ed) Principles of Microbiology, WM.C Brown
Publishers, London.
Shukla R.S. and P.S Chandel.2000. Plant ecology and soil science. S.Chand &
Company Ltd. Ram Nagar New Delhi.
Sharma,P.D. 2000. Ecology and Environment Rastogi Publications,Meerut,India.
Kumar,H.D.1997. General Ecology Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd NewDelhi.
Krishnan Kannan.1997. Fundamental of Environmental Pollution. S.Chand &
Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
Garg,M.R. V.K.Bansal & N.S.Tiwana.1997. Environmental pollution of protection.
Deep & Deep publications, New Delhi.