Arizona Lou's Collection Of Interesting Information.
*** CONTENTS *** facts.rtf
ASTRONOMY Pd 1 |
BUSINESS --------------
COMPUTERS/TV Pd 3 |
ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION
COMMUNICATIONS ==============
CULTURE/LANGUAGE
EDUCATION
ENERGY/ECOLOGY Pd |
GOVERNMENTS --------------
HEALTH & OSHA Pd 6 |
TRANSPORTATON
HISTORY --------------
TECHNOLOGY/SPACE TRAVEL Pd 7 |
WEATHER/NATURE --------------
**************** Pd 8 |
--------------
,,ASTRONOMY
EARTH:
Mass = 5.976 septillion kg = over a million billion 150 lb people
Rotation slows apx. .0016 seconds per century (day was 23 hours long 200
million years ago
1,034 mph Speed @ the equator
7,926 mi = Diameter
24,902 mi = circumference @ equator
22,240 mi = orbit above the equator of a geostationary satellite
77.0 deg N latt, 102.3 deg W longitude = 1984 magnetic north pole-moving
NW
Chandler Wobble is a 433-day lurch that may be related to uneven ocean and
atmospheric pressures on the Earth
The geographical South Pole shifts about 30'/yr
SUN:
5 billion years old
SPOT CYCLE is apx 11 yr. Low=80; High=180 spots
Diameter = apx 860,000 mi, (earth apx 8000)
Sun spot can be larger than the earth
poles rotate faster
DEGREES OF SKY AT ARM'S LENGTH (approximate)
1 degree - pinky finger width
2 degrees - thumb
3 degrees - thumb tip to first joint
5 degrees - three longest fingers
10 degrees - fist with thumb tucked in
15 degrees - pinky-to-index spread out
20 degrees - pinky-to-thumb spread out
1 degree @ 100 yd = 5' (1 minute 1")
Moon & sun covers .5 degrees in the sky
1 light year = 5.86971E+12 miles (5,869,710,000,000 (5.8 trillion miles)
Parsec=3.3 light years
Megaparsec=3.3 million light years
Big Dipper
Closest star is Alioth @ 64 LY - 3rd star from end of handle
Farthest star is Alkaid @ 138 LY - 1st star of the handle
Quasar, most distant target, w untraviolet telescopes, 1995 is distance:
3,030,303,030.3 parcecs (3 billion)
3,030 megaparcecs
10 billion light years away
60 sextillion miles [60,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (60 + 7 sets of zeros)]
1913 Slipher found the first evidence that the universe was
expandingexpanding with his V M Spectrograph @ Lowel Observatory
1929 Edwin Hubble proved universe was expanding using information form
COSTAR = Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axiial Replaceent for Hubble
-400 to +400 = range of temperature ranges of Hubble in shadow & sunlight
GREAT OBSERVATORIES Series by NASA
1990 Hubble Space Telescope
1991 Compton Gama Ray Observatory
1999 Chandra X-ray Observatory $1.3 billion
2001 Space Infrared Telescope
TIME: UTC: BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Measures)
National Instute of Standards & Technolgy, Using atomic clocks since,1958
NIST-F1 Cesium fountain clock is accurate within 1 sec in 30 billion yr
03
Older, NIST-7 Cesium beam clock was accurate within 1 sec in 3 million yr
Resonance frequency of cesium-133 is 9,192,631,770 (apx. 9.2 billion) Hz.
NIST F-1 Ccesium Fountain clock is accurate to within 1 sec in 20 million
yr
Leap second is necessary apx. evry 12-30 months:
32 seconds from 1958 to 6/97
Daylight Savings time (10/24/98) off 2 am Sunday 10/25 to 2 am Sun 4/4
Internet Time: 1000 beats of 86.4 sec = 24 hr @ Biel, Switzerland (Swatch's
home base)
Time Ball: For citizens & seamen, the Naval Observatory in Wa.D.C. dropped
a time ball every day at noon from 1845-1936. Probably where NYC got the
idea.
Moon phase (Lunar month or Synodical period) averages 29d 12h 44m 3 sec =
29.5305902777 (Alaminac)
Contains largest crater in the solar system:
4 billion years ago a glancing blow by an object
125-milles wide left the
South Pole-Aitken Crater
1,550 miles wide (= Chicago to New Orliens)
7.5 miles deep
on the moon's dark side and caused the
7.5 mile high highland area to its NE
,1Polar orbit payload is about 75% of easterly equatorial orbit
Planets
Jupitor Maybe hard liquid metallic hydrogen atmosphere @ 44 million psi
& 50,000 degrees near its hard rocky core. Moons discovered by Galileo in
1610 and called the Galilean moons.
o Callisto is 2,996 mi in diameter, Jupitor's outermost moon and the least
geologically active of the four moons of Jupiter discovered by GALILEO in
1610, is heavily cratered. Its density, 1.8 times that of water, indicates
a core of rock and a thick mantle of ices.
o Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system. With a diameter
of
3,278 mi, it is larger than the planet Mercury and its density is not
quite twice that of water, so the satellite probably has a rocky core and
thick icy mantle. Most of Ganymede's surface is dark and heavily
cratered.
OSIRIS is a large crater near 30 deg S Lat & 180 deg long.
o Europa has a diameter of 1,942 mi. It is the smallest of that planet's
and is as smooth as a billiard ball. Its bright surface is crisscrossed
by darke lines. Only a few low craters exist, which means the surface is
relatively young. Because Europa has a density 3.04 times that of water,
it probably
consists mostly of rock, with a mantle of water ice.
o Io is the most geologically active body in the solar system. Its spewing
volcanoes were first sighted by VOYAGER 2 in 1979. Scientists theorized
that tides raised in Io by the nearness of Jupiter would produce so much
frictional heat that Io would be largely molten. meteor craters
exist, because the surface is constantly being renewed. Surface
temperatures are in the range of (-235 degrees F), but in the vicinity of
eruptions they may reach 80 degrees F.
Of the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo, Io lies closest to
the planet. It is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, with a diameter of
2,255 mi), and has a high density 3.55 times that of water.
Volcanos on Io:
Loki
Pele
Tvashtar
o Amalthea, (not Gallelean) the largest satellite interior to Io's orbit,
is
irregularly shaped, about 165 mi long and 93 mi wide.
PELE is a volcano @ 19 deg S, 257 deg W
SATURN is named after the roman god, Satunr as is Saturday
ESTABLISHED SATELLITES OF SATURN*
Name Discoverer Year of Discovery
--------------------------------------------------------------
1 Atlas Voyager 1 1980
2 Prometheus Voyager 1 1980
3 Pandora Voyager 1 1980
4 Epimetheus D. Cruikshank 1980
5 Janus D. Pascu 1980
6 Mimas William Hershel 1789 245mi crator (1/3 its dia.)
7 Enceladus William Hershel 1789 smooth
8 Telesto Note 1 1980
9 Tethys Giovanni Cassini 1684
10 Calypso Note 2 1980
11 Electra P. Laques, J. Lecacheaux 1980
12 Dione Giovanni Cassini 1684
13 Rhea Giovanni Cassini 1672
14 Titan Christiaan Huygens 1655 2nd largest solar sys. moon
15 Hyperion W. Bond, W. Lassell 1848
16 Iapetus Giovanni Cassini 1671
17 Phoebe William Pickering 1898 eccentric, retrograde orbit
---------------------------------------------------------------
* Several other satellites are definitely known to exist,
bringing the total number up to 24, and others are suspected.
NEUTRON STAR spoon full would outweigh Mt Everest
,,BUSINESS
10 million Americans have their identity stolen each year (2007)
The 5 P's: of business:
Product
Pricing
Promotions
Packaging
Profit
CELL PHONE
Technologies
GSM - T-Mobile & Cingular/ATT (most countries around the world)
CDMA - sPRINT & vERIZON Sprint, Verizon & Nextel
CUSTOMERS
$425 average cost to secure a new customer, 2003
Best customer service survey: #1 Nextell, #2 Verison, Absolute last,
Sprint, via JD Powers, 2003
FOOD LION in Avon, NC, on one weekend shift one cashier will gross $8,000
INSURANCE, Auto, Collision & Comprehensive - drop when the annual premium
is greater than 1/10 the value of the car.
Swimming pool, average, backyard holds 12,000-14,000 gal water, uses 18-20
yd shotcrete & has 18-20 in-floor cleaning jets & one light (3/02)
CREDIT CARD:
Solicitations over last yr (8/17/02) 5 billion (50/US household) - Phone
1 888 5OPTOUT 1 888 567-8688 (8/17/02 IP to opt out of credit report
pre-screening for 2-yr)
Usage: 1.7 million swipes per hour during the 32 shopping days from
Thanksgiving to Christmas in 2001
"You do have 9000 tons on your train don't you?" (18,000,000 lb)
"You are restricted to 45 mph for the rest of your trip for fuel economy"
800 million rolls of film processed in U.S. in 1999
-400 million golf balls manufactured every year (1994) (most use the
icosahedrons dimple pattern w 20 triangles
-Cost to wash 18-wheeler = $49.99 (w wax etc =6
-Coca-Cola spent nearly $400 million on domestic advertising in 1992
-1994: 1% of the soft drink market represents $500 million, retail
-Super Bowl 93 30sec commercial $850,000
-American child sees 10,000 food commercials/yr (industrialized food,
nutrition lost
-Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders
Spend 25 hr/wk practicing, including relearning 37 routines set to new
music
All have regular jobs (full-time or part time)
Receive $15/game
-$8 million to race an Indy car for one season (March-Sept)
-Monthly phone bill for GE's 300? 800 western area phone lines = $150,000
-Cost to develop the 1995 Neon subcompact by Chrysler = $1.3 billion
-McDonald's
San Bernardino, Ca, McD's first drive-in (drive thru?)
Coffee sales total $1.35 million/day '94
Typical McD:
$1 million to build & equip '98
$30,000-$60,000/yr energy bill depending on size, age & location
Xerox's '94 national record: 280,000 copies without machine maintenance
-General Motors was founded in Sep 16, 1908 by William Crapo Durant
-Federal Express, founded by Frederick W. Smith, moves 2 million
packages/day, processes 80 million transactions on computer/day, has 467
jets, is largest employer in Memphis in 1/94
-AIRPLENES
Boeing 747
Apx 500 passengers
11 tons fuel/hr (22,000lb or 16,5000? gal/hr)
747-400 (1989)
524 passengers max
212' wing span
8400 mi range
800k (400 tons) - 870k lb gross weight
Concord: 16 made (last 2 in 1980), designed to fly 'til 2015 (35 yr)
128 passengers
1st commercial run 1/21/76, Paris to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Mach 2 (1350 mph)
8/95 round-the-world record in 31:27 hours
In '96: $6400 round trip N.Y.- Paris, 3 hr.
$236,000 to charter, Paris to U.S.
$7 billion development
14 h r maintenance/flight hr
World Helicopter records in 1/96:
249mph in 1986 with a Westland Lynx
40,820 ft in 1972 with a French Aerospaciale Lama
-LEGO
1949 "automatic binding brick"
1953 renamed to "Lego
110 billion made through 1992
102,981,500 ways to combine 8-stud building bricks of the same color
UTILITIY TYPES
Investor-Owned, as APS, Tucson Electric Power
Government-Operated, as SRP, City of Mesa
Cooperatively Owned (REA, 1935), as Navopache, AZ Elec. Pwr. Cooperative
Inc.
INCOME: 1988
College? over no H.S. lifetime earnings is $1 million more
Machinist with 30 years experience $11.25/hr, $450/wk, $1875/mo $22,500/yr
Retired
Educator, M.S.+ or Doctorate w VIP $573/52wk, $1985/mo $29,820/yr
Retired
INVESTMETS
Mutual fund @ 9% for 30 yr
Pizza $20/wk would give $250,000
Soda $.75 x 5/ wk would give $10,192
Mocha late $3 x 5/wk would give $43,682
,,COMPUTERS/TV
Rhym does not exist for month, orange, purple or silver
Stewardesses - longest word Left hand can type
Lollypop - by right hand
,Every letter of the alphabet Collected by Mr. Self
1 Bob was asked to quote from every zany jingle except theirs.
2 Hal G. Kumpf also said it was just six above zero in Quincy.
3 I am amazed Dave Kowing expects to qualify in the broad jump.
4 I quite expected June was a lazy time for living back there.
5 Jack expects to be in Quincy for a visit with Zelda Goodman.
6 Jack Walder bouoght five exquisite topaz pins in Mexico City.
7 Jake Hooper was not fazed by required larg volume tax cuts.
8 Jeff expects to hae two dozen big aprons made very quickly.
9 Jerry Diamond packed the fine quartz in twelve larger boxes.
10 Juan Vasquez knows of body building exercise plans for them.
11 Karen just expected him to acquire a zest for living by now.
12 Marvel Jackson was requested to pay a tax for the big prize.
13 Max delivered the wrong size pack to Jeff quite by accident.
14 Quint saw five black taxis jump the curbs and go zooming by.
15 Rex Fuji positively warned us smoking can be quite a hazard.
16 Rick Wells put five dozen quarts of jam in the box for Gary.
17 That black cover of my tax journal puzzled quite a few girls.
18 The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.
19 These new drug czars firmly backed every major export quota.
20 They flew D. G. Chavez home quickly by jet at their expense.
21 Val Gumis will quickly explain the fire hazards on this job.
22 We might require five dozen packing boxes for our July crop.
ARDUINO, $30, is an easy-to-use mocrocontroller for the
do-it-yourselfer
More capable but more complicated are "MBED" MICROCONTROLLER;
Beagle Board or a mini ITX chassis computer.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer), 1945 was the first
general purpose programmable computer. Constructed by John presper Eckert
& John W. Mauchly W U. of PA, Philadelhia
30 tons
18,000 vacuum tubes
1800 sq. ft of floor space
125 kHz CPU speed
BAR CODES - 10 digits 'til 2005, then 13 & 14 digits
First scanner purachase: Jun3 26, 1974, Troy, OH, Marsh Supermarket,
Wrigley's gum, 10-Pack
NUMBERING SYSTEMS
Base 10 - from our fingers
Base 20 - Some civilizatoins counted toes also
Base 60 - from Sumeria & Babylonia, still used for time, angles &
geographical position
,INTERNET:
Arpanet was started in 1969 by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects
Agency, later became the Internet
WWW (World Wide Web) was developed in 1989
Telnet system is for logging onto & operation distant computers
FTP (File Transfer Protocol for uploading & downloading files
HTML- hypertext markup language
Usernet forums host discussion groups known as "newsgroups"
Electronic Mail
World Wide Web is the youngest & most popular with graphics & hyperlinks
TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/became the
standard protocol used by the Internet in 1983 and remains the standard to
this day. (2001)
HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol, is the basis of the WWW since 1990
H.T.T.P./l.l. was the new standard in 1997
IPN (Interplanitary Net) May dramatically increase the availability of
info. from space experiments & include protocols to filter out interferrane
from space
Every sixty 60 seconds on the Internet:
70 domains registered
600 new videos uploaded totaling 25+ hours
1,700 Firefox downloads
12,000 new adds on Craigslist
13,000 iPhone applications downloaded
96,000 tweets
370,000 minutes of skype voice calls
694,445 search queries
168 million emails sent
FILE TYPES etc.
.eps - Encapsulated PostScript
.jpg - Joint Photographic Experts Group, compression (JPEG)
eri-jpeg - Kodak's proprietary for extended range
ATA Standard - AT Attachment open industry standard
.tif - Tagged Image File Format
,DEEP BLUE, 1996 IBM supercomputer programed to play chess against Gary
Casparov, can perform 200 million chess moves per second
tf = teraflops (floating-point operations) (trillion?)
2.5 tf '91 Supercomputer perform
3 tf '9/00
12 tf SETI@home screensaver w distributed computing
32767 = maxi integer value in BASIC 2-E15
MEMORY:
DRAM = dynamic random access (RAM) memory
MRAM = magnetoresistive RAM - up to 256k 2001
MRAM = magnetic RAM (2/20/01 IBM
SRAM = static RAM 30x faster than DRAM & cheaper than SRAM
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) card
54 mm wide
68 pins
3.3 & 5.0v
Express Card replaced - hot pluggable (open standard by ITU-T
34 mm wide
26 pins
1.5 & 3.3v
Max throughpu b=bits; B=Bytes
12 Mb/s w USB 1.1
480 Mb/s w USB 2.0
3200 Mb/s w USB 3.0 w 5Gb/s burst, not considering overhead etc
2 Gb/s through PCI express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
or PCIe, or, incorrectly, PCI-E) is point-to-point serial links, rather than
a shared parallel bus archetecture.
,COMPACT DISKS CD's vs Digital VideoDisk (nm = nanometers)
CD-ROM vs DVD single side Gain
Diameter 120 mm 120 mm (same @ 4.7")
Laser: Infared Infared (Blue= 440 nm = 15gig/side
Wavelength 700 nm 635 nm 81.4% as long
Substrate 1.2 mm .06 mm 50% thinner
Pitch 1.6 microns .74 microns 46.25% the distance
Track 3.4 miles 7.4 miles 2.1764705882 as long
Capacity 650meg,74 min 4.7 gig,133 min 6.0 times the
information
360k sectors 8.5 gig,244 min 1.8xSingle side,dual
layer
TDK 703meg, 80 min 9.4 gig,266 min 1.11 x Double side
333k sectors 17 gig,488 min 1.8 x Double/dual
Data Rate 128Kbps (bits per second)
,Data Rate Transfer speeds
USB 1.0
480mbits/s USB 2.0 (typically about half that speed)
SATA disk drive connection
3gbits/sec ESATA disk drive connection, as for internal hard drives
150kbs Normal parallel printer connection
12Mbps USB 2.0/parallel printer adapter, Cables Unlimited
,HARD DRIVES
1956 1st invented by IBM, 5 meg, $50,000, 5 meg
QWERTY keyboard invented circ 1893 to spread out frequently used keys
DVORAK Keyboard, John C. Dvorak
Fingers moove: 1 mile vs 16 miles
Words on the home row: 3000 vs 100
Home row contains 70% of your typing
CHIPS: # Bit Int/sec Transistors
INTEL 486 32 30mips
Pentium 586 64 100mips 3.1 million
LASER PRINTERS cost avg $.03/copy (Kyocera=$.0075/copy), '92
CompuServe had 850,000+ subscribers in 1995
,Y2K ,2000 10/98 Pop Sci
PROBLEM EXPECTED
1900 not a leap lear
1/1/1900 (Monday)
4/9/1999 EOF marker with SHORT Julian dates
9/9/99 Conflict if 9999 is end of file marker
1/1/2000 (Saturday) Computers will consider 1/1/1900
2/29/2000 Leap year, unlike 1900
SOLUTIONS
Encapsulation or Time Bridge: Subtract 28 yr from actual year, as 1972
mirrors 2000
Windowing (as my VCR): 00-77 = 2000's; 78-99 = 1900's
Format change from yy mm dd to c yy ddd:
1 digit for centrry (1=1900, 2=2000)
2 digits for year
3 digits for the Julian date within the year
Expand the year fild to 4 digits as 1999 & 2000
,,ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION
SNAFU (Situation Normal, All Fould Up) - WWII cartoon soldier developed by
Walt Disney to demonstarte improper millitary behavior.
Granny in the Beverly Hillbillies, Daisy Moses was played by Irene Ryan
Novie's top 10 lines
1 Bond - James Bond
4 I'll be back
ET Phone home
1998 MS150 Bike Ride used:
1800 bicycle riders
Two emergency helicopters (both needed)
70 ham radio operators
Two airplanes for surveillance
4,000 biscuits
400 pounds of frozen vegetables
6 gallons of peanut butter
300 loaves of bread
400 pounds of bologna
4 gallons of mayo
500 pounds of tossed salad
5,000 servings of coffee & condiments
12,280 pieces of fruit
26,000 snack items
1,625 gallons of sports drink
5,146 gallons of water
30,000 paper cups
3 shower trucks
220 traffic cones
2 circus tents (60x100' for sleeping in Salome, AZ)
110 port-a-potties
1,500 pounds of ice Whew!
,,COMMUNICATIONS (in apx. order of invention)
WORDS PER DAY AVERAGE Dennis Rainey
50,000 Men
60-80,000 w gusts up to 120,00
AUDIO SOUND firsts
1928 Fritz Pfleumer (Germany): Magnetic media (metal oxide) audio recording
1933 EMI demonstrated stereo sound (Britain)
1935 AEG (Germany) record/play machine
1963 Audiocassette by Philips
Music Player Evolution
1877 - Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 1880s - Nikolai Tesla invents
radio.
1887 - Emile Berliner patents gramophone, using flat zinc discs.
1906 - First radio program of voice and music is broadcast. Reginald
Fessenden broadcast the program using a continuous wave of electromagnetic
energy from Brant Rock on Massachusetts's Cape Cod.
1929 - Frequency Modulation (FM) radio introduced 1934 - Joseph Begun
builds first tape recorder for broadcasting.
1948 - Columbia Records introduces the long-playing (LP) record, which is
played at 33.3 revolutions per minute (RPM).
1949 - RCA introduces 45 RPM records.
1965 - 8-track magnetic tape introduced
1969 - Internet created
1979 - Sony Walkman cassette player introduced (By 1995, 150 million sold)
1983 - Sony and Philips introduce compact disc technology.
1986 - Sony develops MiniDisc technology, six years prior to its commercial
launch in 1992.
1989 - The Fraunhofer Institute in Germany patents MP3 format.
1992 - Phillips introduces the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC). Both Sony
(with the MiniDisc) and Phillips (with DCC) hope to takeover where audio
cassettes left off.
1998 - First MP3 players introduced (Saehan's MPMan, sold in Korea)
AMPLIFIERS, CLASS
(Electronic amplification would give clean, high-power from cheap, tiny
low-voltage units)
A Operates at low percentage of maximum for clarity (I think)
B Between A & C
C Operates mostly @ max output (I think)
D Pulse-width-modulated digital amps require lots of power, bulky
transformers & heat sinks
T Autiophile-quality: The Combinant Ditigal electronic amplifier, does
everything in digital, is clean @ all frequencies, could up 10-watt to 300
w w little distortion or interfeerence using little power
RADIO firsts:
1901 Guglielmo Marconi: Transmitted Morse code from England to
Newfoundland
1906 Reginald Fessenden (1st AM voice) invited N Atlantic shipboard radio
operators to tune in at 9pm on Christmas Eve for "somthing special:" music
(from an Edison wax drum & his violin) plus Bible reading. The operators
were surprized to hear a voice coming from their radios.
Sarnof, RCA founder, invited people to listen in to broadcasts
1924 FM developed
1945 Passive Cavity Resonator was presented to the US as a hand carved US
seal (uncovered in 1952. Sound entered a hole in the eagle's beak allowed
sound to enter, which changes the charge and modulates reflected rf from
a nearby-source to record every word said in the ambasador's office
Call letters became formalized in 1912. US gets N,W,K: N=Government, W=E.
of Mississippi W=land (now E of Missippi),K=ships? (now & W of Mississippi
ITU phonetic alphabet (International Telecommunication Union)
CTCSS = Contenuous Tone Coded Squelch Ststem (subaudible tones)
TELEPHONE
1876 Invented by A.G.Bell
1877 First switchboard, Boston
DTMF = Dual Tome Multiple Frequency
(Telephone lines: 48v neg DC open & 78-110v AC for ringer
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows simultaneous
voice/images/data. '96 costs:
$200 Instalation
$100/month for line
$300-400 ISDN MODEM
$500/month for ISDN Internet access
CORDLESS PHONES
Frequency Max. Range in feet
27 MHz 75 & above
Chemical
Fire hazard
Class 1 (Flammables) ignite @ 140 deg F
Explosive - instant production of gas or heat
Corrosive - eats away material
Reactive - combines dangerously w another substance as producing gas/heat
Cryogenic - dangerously cold
Toxic - produces illness or death, as Industrial Dermatitis
MICROWAVES
Microwave Oven was invented after a chocolat bar melted in a researcher's
pocket when he walked past a radar tube
To heat people: 2450 MHz (units in millawats per square cm
20 Warmth is felt (24% compared to noon-day sun)
35-50 Satisfactory sensation of warmth (41%)
85 Noon-day sun (100%)
1000 Microwave oven (11.8 times noon-day sun)
TENSILE STRENGTH
Space elevator (on cable from earth to geosynchronous orbit) would require
a cable to withstand 60-70 gigapascals to not break under its own weight
Nanotubes (honeycombed tube of carbon atoms) can withstand 200 gigapascles
STEEL
Stainless is chrome-rich, corrosion resistant steel, but there are
different types:
SS 304 is the most common (50% of world's production)
SS 300 is non-magnetic
SS 400 is magnetic & not as durable, corrosion resistand or rust resistant
as SS 300
TEMPERATURES/HARDNESS
Hardness Conversion Chart -
http://www.carbidedepot.com/formulas-hardness.htm
Temperatures Coeficient
Rockwell
Melting Continuous Sefvice of Friction
Hardness
Uranium Oxide 5189
Zirconium 3371
Lava (hotest) 2400
Titanium impervious to the elements mid B72 (40's)
Steel, very hard as a good knife blade B89-100 (55-62)
Steel, as 1045 Carbon in Chisel or axe 40-45
SS 304 B70 (44)
Stainless Steel 420 B81+ (50+)
Stainless Steel 440C
B97+ (60+)
SS 440A has less carbon, is softer but more stain resistant.
SS w nickel added is non-magnetic & less brittle @ low temperatures
Magnetic SS is harder, but less corrosion resistant.
nylon GSM 130 F 212 .35
120?
teflon : 621 F 500 .07 15?
Above plastic info & almost all properties of various plastic materials from:
http://www.machinist-materials.com/comparison_table_for_plastics.htm
-10
378-507 F wood ignites
482-2012 F (250-1100 C) Inside quartz envelope temp for halogen lamp
3,632 Filament temp of halogen lamp necessary for halogen cycle to occur
5,792 F Temperature of gas welding
10,000 F Visible surface of our sun (where the gas becomes too dense to
be transparant)
3 million F Upper reaches of our sun's atmosphere
10 million F Cores of stars
15 million F Core of our sun
400 million Fusion temp in hydrogen bomb 40x
Atomic bomb (fision) is 1 million times as powerful as equal weighth of
chemical bomb, like TNT
Hydrogen bomb (fusion) is 1000 times as powerful as equal weight of atomic
bomb. "Low" temperature fusion starts at 1.5 million deg C.
LIGHT: Sunlight color temperatture is 6500K and a colour rendering index
(CRI) 1.00.
Headlights for autos:
HID headlamp burners produce between 2,800 and 3,500 lumens from between
35 and 38 watts of electrical power and a color temperature of 4100K and
4400K and a CRI if ~0.75 at 42 to 85 volts 400 Hz
Halogen filament headlamp bulbs produce between 700 and 2,100 lumens from
between 40 and 72 watts and a color termerature of 3000K to 3550K and a CRI
of ≥0.98 at 12.8 V.
DAYLIGHT FILM BALANCE: noon June 21 10% clouds Washington D.C.
Wavelength in nanometers:
253.7 Fluorescent's mercury arc
400nm-Ultraviolet; 700nm Infrared
Footcandles fc = lm/sq ft Lux (apx) x previous value
.5 = Moonlight
30 = Dusk & some home reading 60
500 needed for clarical work 250 16
Used to reset circadian rhythm 5000
5000+ = Full Sunlight 10000 10
COLOR TEMPERATURES in Kelvin
1800 Sun @ sunrise or candelight
2400-2900 Household incandescent light bulbs (5 x resistance when hot),
4500 deg F, 5% of the electricity is converted to light
3200 Tungsten photo "hot lights"
5400-5900 HMI type photo "hot lights"
5500 Sun @ noon on a clear day
6770 Thick overcast sky
9000 Open shade on a clear day
25000 Open shade in the mountains on a really clear day
COLOR FILTERS
CC Filter color / Absorbs
magenta / green
cyan / red
yellow / blue
red / blue + green (cyan)
green / blue + red (magenta)
blue / red + green (yellow)
SIGHT FACTORS
Brightness
Contrast
Size
Speed
DIOPTER is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in meters
SOUND
Decibels/time to risk of permanent hearing damage
90/8hr
95/4hr
100/2hr
105/1hr
110/30min
125/1.87min
130/75sec
135/37.5sec
140/15sec
decibels Item
70-85 Vacuum cleaner
80- 95 Lawn mower
80-105 Video arcade
85-105 Manufacturing plant
Misic
Decibel Source
0 Threshold of hearing (youth 1000-4000 Hz
20 Studio for sound pictures
40 Min. levels-residential area (Chicago @ night
48 Engle 22 MT25E-U1 refrigerator
50 Private business office/light traffic @ 100';/Average
residence
60 Quiet conversation in a quiet room/Near freeway/Large
store/Accounting office
60-115 Music
70-85 Vacuum cleaner
80 Tabulating room/inside sport car @ 50mph/Pneumatic drill @ 50'
80-105 Video arcade
85-105 Manufacturing Plant
88-110 Symphony/Mortorcycle/Snowmobile
80 Heavy traffic
95-110 Power Saw
100-105 Gasoline rotary lawn mower, or a helicopter
26-128 Rock Music
122-130 Jet airplane takeoff @ 100 feet, fire alarm
134 HP Siren @ 100'
Sound transmission coefficient
35 Loud conversation is transmitted (a plane wall)
39 With acoustic batts
52 Only the loudest of sounds with:
acoustic batts
resilient chanels (metal isolatoin strips between drywall & studs)
double drywall on one side
BATTERY CHARGING schemes, tiimes, temperatures, damage, sensing efficiency,
methods, rates, control, voltages, current, cell leveling etc at:
http://www.mpoweruk.com/chargers.htm
BATTERY Energy Den Cycles Mem Self dischg
Nickel-cadmium 40 w/kg 500-1000 yes 25%/month
Nickel metal-hydride 55 w/kg 500-1000 no
20-25%/month
Nickel-hydride could double capacity of nickel-cadmiums '94
Changing the electrode lattice chemical ratio from 1:5 to 1:1.57 makes
it flexible and greatly increases the number of recharge cycles
Lithium-ion 95 w/kg 500-1200 no
10%/month
Flexible, credit-card plastic can be punched & burned 3.8v, twice energy
of
Nicads & 40% more than nickel-metal hydrides
Energy in milliamp hours:
TYPE AAA AA C D
C-Zn 151 808 1615 4308 (7/13 of Alk) very short live w hi
curnt
Alkal 280 1500 3000 8000 Shorter life w high current
Nicad 180 500 2500 4400 ok w heavy current
Li
Test: 50mA 150mA 150mA 150mA Radio Shack Tester Test Current
1.5v & 3v button = 1mA N=50mA
Type
BEST FEATURES
WORST FEATURES
Lead-acid
Available now, relatively low cost, proven technology, easy care.
short rang, high weight, toxic metal, low enberystorage
capacity to weight.
Nickel-metal hydrise
Quick-charging,fairly long range, durable now.
Aluminum-air fuel cell (aluminum oxidizes an alkaline solution)- has 13
times capacity of lithium-ion battery, Should be available 9/02
FLYWHEELS
Speed record
1985 3,100 mph rim speed
1995 4,668 mph, Barbour Stockwell Co, Cambridge, Mass (65,378 RPM)
EFICIENCY in Lumens per watt
1 Gas Plasma TV/computer screens w wide viewing angle & contrast ratio
of between 60:1 and 200:1 (5/97 apx $1.30/sq in.)
5 Backlit LCD computer screen w narrow viewing angle (5/97 apx $16/sq
in.)
15 100 w incandescent (85% of radiant energy is infared heat)
35 250 w mercury
72 40 w fluorescent
68 250 w metal halide
81 150 w high pressure sodium
128 1000 w HPS
Percent of wattage turned into light
Fluorescent 20%
Incandescent 4%
LED traffic lights use 1/7 the electricity of older incandescent ones
TV sets
19" color/ watts
'69 / 500 watt
'94 / 100 watt (80% more energy efficient)
COST PER MILLION BTU 5/92
Natural gass $6.05 (ignition temperature = > 1100 degrees F); TCF
(trillion cubic feet) will generate 100 billion KWH of electricity or, for
one year will heat 15 million homes or power 12 million natural gas vehicles.
Kerosene $7.56 (+1.51)
#2 heating oil $9.30 (+1.74)
Propane $9.74 (+.44)
Electricity 24.15 (x 2.48)
Avg.older home uses 15 kwh/day (excluding washer & dryer) 4.5k kwh/yr)
U.S. average w all appiances is 27kwh/day (9.855k kwh/yr)
PHX SRP home consumption = 13k kwh/yr
WOOD 1 cord (4x4x8') lb.Weight BTU's of heat
Aspen softwood 2,200 13 million
Hickory hardwood 4,400 25 million
COAL has over 3 times as much energy per pound as wood
NUCLEAR FUEL PELLETS have over 78,000 more energy per pound as coal
SOLAR can produce
100 mW per sq. mile
1000 w per 3 sq ft area
CSHPSS (chips) = Central Solar Heating Plant with Seasonal Storage, Mass.
China
Bought old refrigerator factories & now can't build power plants fast enough
to supply electricity to the ineficient refrigerators
Taiwan coverts unrefined scrap copper into high-resistance wire for cheap
motors
A 75 kw moror might be $1000 cheaper, but cost $30,000 more in required
power plant & distribution expenxes
Bangkok, Thailand: a $10 million "superwindow" factory could save 3,000
mw or $7 billion in utility investment
Bombay, India, an $8 million factory to make quadrupled-efficiency
compact-fluorescent lamps could save 3,700 mw or $9.4 billion in building
power plants
EFFICIENCY:
Automobiles
20 % 2001 potential energy in gasoline to energy @ the wheels - typical
gasoline engine
40 % 2001 potential energy in gasoline to energy @ the wheels - GM fuel
cells using gasoline w water & catalytic converter w CO2 byproduct
Milage
70 mpg 1999 Honda Insight, 2 passenger hybrid-drive
80 mpg 2000 Prep, GM'S 5-passenger Diesel electric sedan w a .16
coefficient of drag
235 VW AG's test vehicle 8/2002 w .159 coeficient of drag, tandom seating
video rear view mirron
8428,mpg 1999 French engineering students
Braking energy recovery
Hybrid gas/electric: 25%
Tanka's hydraulic system: 70%
Propultion
4% '92 Yamato1 MHD propulsion system
22% Tank-to-wheel direct methanol fuel cell auto (2001)
22% Tank-to-wheel of a deeisel engine w conventional transmission (2001)
22% Hydrofoil ship (18% more)
60% cargo ships (38% more
Furnace
78% High effeciency gas fireplace
96.5% High effeciency, gas '94
Solar - 6 hours of sunlight, average during entire year for USA
35-40% Glass-covered collectors
75% Unglazed Transparid Collectors (black aluminum w hols) (40% more)
Fuel Cells 40-45$ of the fuel's chemical energy is converted to elctricity.
Adding a heat exchanger can recover much of thatenergy
Power Plants, Electrical generation:
COAL-fired 40% 2001's best - hope to raise to 60% in a few years
NATURAL GAS 50% in 2001
DRAG, aerodynamic accounts for roghly 15% of fuel consumption
COEFICIENT of drag
.80 Ford 1920 Model T
.60 Chrysler 1934 Airflow auto
.40 Shelby Cobra apx 1962
.35 Plimouth Voyager, 1996
.3? Tesla electric sports car
.30 Ford 1982 Mustang
.34 Typical mid-sized 2000 sedan
.32 Oldsmobile Aurora "93 (.05 more)
.306 Toyota Sienna, 2011
.27 on SEAT Concept car (.08 more)
.27 1996 Mercedes 3-class sedan (lowest of anny other production
sedan)
.19 GM's Impact Electric car
.16 GM's PNGV (Partnership for a New Gereration Vehicle) Hybrid-drive
(diesel/electric sedan gets 80mpg)
.159 Volkswagen's AG's test vehicle 8/2002 w tandom seating & video
rear view mirron
COEFECIENT OF FRICTION:
.1 = Normal industrial applications 5 times as much as:
.005= High speed straight molecule lubrication (1/20 as much)
10% of the toal friction of an auto engine is created by the oil rings.
SPEED of garage door openers average 7in.per.sec. some are 14ips.
PRESSURE SPRAYERS: electric=1200-1500 psi; gasoline - 2200 psi
HORSEPOWER PER engine LITER
140: Saab's 1.6 l 5-cylinder, 225 hp experimental engine w variable
compression accomplished with a supercharger and by tilting the cylinder
block 12/00
HORSEPOWER PER vehicle TON
Auto 75-200
86: 5000 lb 1997 Ford Expedition pickup w 215 HP 4.6-liter engine (23 lb/hp)
Aircraft 40-50 (35 less)
Ship .25-2
TURNING RADIUS, ft. '00
AUTOMOBILE COST 10,000 miles/yr = $6169/yr ($.62/mi, $514/month), 1999
45.0 Full-sized SUv
43.7 Ford Excursion
39.7 Toyota Land Cruiser
39.5 Dodge Grand Caravan, 1996
37.0 Mercedes M-Class
36.9 Toyota Sienna, 2010
33.9 Full-sized SUV w Quadrasteer
31.5 Chevrolet Metro
ACELLERATION, sec. for 0-60 mph
11.0 Our T-bird w 5L, 302 engine
5.7 Corvette LT1 170mph top $40,000
5.4 Mercedes E55, 1999 w 3 valves & 2 plugs/cylinder (13% more efficient,
25% lighter & 40% less emissions
4.7 Corvet Z06 $50,000, 2002
4.4 Ferrari 550 Barchetta PPininfarina 5.5 l V12, roofless, $200,000
4.0 S7 by Steve Saleen: 550 hp V8, 200+mph, 42" high $375,000
3.9 Lambourghini Diablo GT (62mph=100kmh) 6l. v12, 210mph top, $325,000
3.7 Tesla electric roadster
3.7 Ferrari F50, 4.75L 520hp 12 cylinder turbo w 203mph top $500,000,'95
2.5 Caparo Vehicle Technologies; 2.4L 480hp w 205 top speed; 1036 lb; seats
2; difficult to hold below 100mph; $300,000 '06
McCleren F1 automobile, made, European car, 1997
$975,000
231 mph top speed (spedometer goes to 247)
Driver sits in the middle & slightly foreward of the w passengers
FIRST AUTO RACE: Thanksgiving 1895, 55 mi., Chicago-McKigan Ill. 7.5 avg
mph,
HEAD LIGHTS range, meters/yards/feet
50/ 54/ 163 Low beam
150/162/ 488 High beam
750/812/2438 Night-vision infrared (1999 Cadilac DeVille's head's up
display)
PROPULSION SYSTEMS Weight
10% of total displacement, freighter
SPEED RECORDS:
Drag racing mph
313.91 by Gary Sceizi in Pamona CA in 1997
326.44 by Gary Sceizi in Houston TX in 1998
Land
763mph Mach1+, Richard Noble in ThurstSSC - 5sec/mile
Train
112, 1893 by THE AMERICAN steam locomotive (4-4-0) coal burner. Capable
of 37 mph for passanger service, could attain 62 mph without a problem.
SAILING
SPEED RECORD @ Gorge
50.4 mph 9/14/92, mens' w 4.5m & 25-34k wind
43.2 mph women's w 4.5m & 25-34k wind (7.2 less)
World sailing speed record, (avg over a 500 m distance was set in
1993 by Simon McKeon in YELLOW PAGES ENDEAVOUR @ Austraila's Sandy Point.
46.52k (maybe in 18k of wind) (53.498 & 20.7 mph)
TRANS-ATLANTIC
6 days, 13 hr, 3 min., 32 sec, 1990 Frenchman Serge Madec
BOILING WATER
212 deg F @ sea-level pressure of 29.92" Hg
.9 deg decreasse for each 500 feet of increase in pressure altitude
FREEZING WATER
The volume of water increases 8-9% when it freezes
The freezing temperature of water changes .01 degree per atmosphere
Hot water freezes faster than cold water (Mpemba Effect, from Tanzanian
H.S. student, Erasto B Mpemba) probably because of a combination of the
following:
1) evaporation cools
2) evaporation reduces amount of water to be frozen
3) evaporation causes air currents
4) convection is greater in the water with higher temperatures
5) density is higher, which would contribute to convection
6) ice crystals do not form & float up to the top to provide insulation
7) Surrounding snow/frost is melted, which conducts heat faster when
refrozen
MAGNETISM types (4)
Ferromagnetism (permanent)
Paramagnetism (attraction, soft iron)
Ferrimagentism (ferrites) change from permanent to temporary above Curie
pt?
Antiferromagnetism, looses magnetic properties below the Neel temperature
Diamagnetism, repelled from magnetic field
Strength:
20 Telsa, Max steady-state, suerocnduct
EARTH QUAKES
Richter scale: Each point is 33 times the previous time
6.6 1/17/93 in Southern CA
Negawatt is megawatts of electricity saved by more efficient use
MEGAWATT Millions of watts of electricity (power)
3.2: Oil rig operates onwy
POWER PLANTS, Megawatts
110 Pebble bead nuclear power plant
120 Gas-fired power plant comleted in 2000 by Pinnacle West, 43 Ave
& Buckeye, is a combined cycle plant (gas turbine cycle is cooled by water,
which steam operates a secondary generator.
500 Phoenix's Sterling Energy's solar plant for CA Edison w 37' dishes
on 7sq mi (4500A) 2008-2012
550 Duke Energy natural gas combined cycle (turbine/steam),15mi SW
Buckeye AZ (30% more efficient than coal) slated for 2003 completion will
provide pwer for 140,000 households
600 Coal-fired, large
760 Springerville Generating Station (Tucson Electric) in 2001,
considering two 380 Mw units for 760 Mw. 11/7/01 800 mw after SRP & TEP
double size of plant
857 Nuclear, average light water
Cholla
Four Corners
1,085 Bonneville Dam, E of Portland OR
2,000 Hoover Dam
2,120 Pinacle West Capital (APS) SW Buckeye AZ
2,250 Navajo Generating Station, Page,AZ (3x750mw units). 3,775'
stacks
2,300 Gas fired combined cycle, largest existing or planned in North
America, power for 2 million homes. Expected online in 2003; $700 mil
12,600 Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay
18,200 Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China
Page
Palo Verde Nuclear Plant
Cetane Rating is the measure of the energy in fuel, as diesel fuel
Hypogolic fuel instantaneously ignites when combined w oxydizer
Pyrophoric-ignites spontaneously when exposed to air
,,GOVERNMENTS
GUNS' BACKGROUND CHECKS - 700,000 out of 30 million were denied (2.3%)
Measured in mm, caliber (hundredths in.), guage, (The number of bore-sized
lead balls to weigh a pound)
SNAFU Situation Normal, All Fould Up - WWII cartune soldier developed by
Walt Disney to demonstarte proper millitary behavior.
GAMBLING: State Lotteries
Dr. Timothy Kelley, National Gambeling Impact Study Commission, 1/02:
Lottery states spend $400 million/yr advertising (more than any other add
message) - many times deceptive &/or targeting the poor
Top 5% of the lottery players purchase 54% of the lottery tickets, spending
an average $3,750/year. That's $312.50/mo = $1,902,176.29 @ 12% for 30 yr.
Poor people spend 25 times as much of their income. People earning
$10,000/yr income, average $597/yr (5%) of it on the lottery & see it as
in investment. If, instead the'd invest $50/mo ($600/yr) from 25-65 yr,
they'd have $600,000 for retirement.
Rich people earning > 100,000/yr income average $289/yr (.2%) and see it
as entertainment
California, 2001:
20% of the players account for 90% of the sales (mostly the poor)
More than half of the 2 million heavy gamblers are from households that
earn less than $35,000/yr
41% of the lottery's heavy gamblers are from households that make leass
than $25,000, although they comprise less than 1/3 of the population
The poor heavy gamblers spend an average of more than $830/yr on the lotery
($631,573.35 in 50 yr @ 12% compunded interest)
(Also low income families watch proprotionally more television).
5% of the players account for 50% of the money spend (1999)
Blacks spend 4 times more than whites (1999)
$36 billion on lottery tickets in 1997; $11 billion into state coffers
$221 Avg purchases for lowest income (2000)
$76 Avg for more afluent
Sales surge when welfare checks come out (37 before & 348 after = over 9x)
Average lotto player nationally spends $32/month w a 1:800 million chance
of winning. The $32/month in a growth stock mutual fund from age 20-70 yr
would yield $1.5 million
CHANCE is one in(8/2001:
150,000,000 Amusement Park ride risk of dying (1/02)
80,000,000 Power Ball
15,000,000 Amusement Park ride risk of hospitalization (1/02)
3,000,000 Freezing to death (27 times more likely)
350,000 Electricuted (229 times)
250,000 Dying in a plane crash (320 times
Better chance of guessing, on the first try, the presidents personal unlisted
phone number among the 7 different area codes in the Washington DC area
Correctly guessing the birthdays of the next three strangers you run into
16 times more likely to get killed while driving 10 miles to buy the ticket
than buying the winning ticket.
If you bought 50 tickets hoping to better your odds, you would win the jackpot
once every 30,000 years on average
If you bought a powerball ticket every time you drove a mile, you'd have
to drive an average distance of 167 trips to the moon and back before you'd
win the powerball jackpot
LOTO WINNERS
Divorce rate is 4 x the national average
65% file for bandrupsy within 15 yr
DROWNINGS:
90% of couples divorse after a child drowning
Cost of long term health care for near drowining victims up to
Per year $180,000
Per lifetime $4.5 million per lifetime
MAIL: The average American receives 49,060 pieces of mail in their lifetime
- 1/3 junk mail (1996)
HIGHWAYS
One 80,000 lb 18-wheller truck puts the same wear on a road as 15,000 cars
U.S. had 45 million school students in 1998
Paradise Valley School District #69
3500 employees,apx 1996
35,078 '201, 32,000 students, '96, & 33680 in 2001-2
92 sq mi. in 10/95
Busses travel 1.5 million miles in 1993
Paradise Valley District, in 1994 had 1700 classrooms
$75,000-100,000 for a new bus, 1993
We have apx 109 busses in 1993
1700 classrooms in 1994
Fall Teachers Students Ratio Times # students
1964 147 3,450 23.5:1 ---
1974 593 12,688 21.4:1 3.7
1994 1716 31,170 18.2:1 2.5
A slender sylindrical strip of a solid marking substance = PENCIL
Pencils bouoght in 1993 = 13,146 dozen (175,752 pencils)
Reams of paper used in 1993 = 76,400 (83.2 million)
ENROLLMENT
Year Enrolment
,,,
MONEY,
Emements (most important & most understood)
1 Written game plan & goals (budget)
2 Live on less than you make
3
4 Get out of debt
5 Give! You get back more than you can ever give. It changes your life.
New security bills cost $.04 each, 5/24/2000
Ink that changes color w light angle
Security thread inbedded
Off-center picture
2897 is our current enrollment
JAPANESE EDUCAITON
Students attned school 240 days per year, 6 days a week - 133% more than
our 180 days (75%). In 1994 5-day weeks were increased to 2/month
-$2,300 ea 2 wk to collect garbage ($33/dumpster) @ L Roosevelt, '93
-$18,993/yr avg incarseratoin, 2000 in AZ ($52/day)
-$25,000/yr for incarseration, 1993
-$14 million of taxpayer's money to defend Timothy McVey (OK City bombig)
-Articles of Confederation (agreement of friendship between independent
states)made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties
1) Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; thus it
could not enforce legislation. 2) Congress had no power to tax (states did)
3) lacked the power to regulate commerce
-Constitutional Conventionn May 25, 1787, proposed at the ANNAPOLIS
CONVENTION the previous September. 1st phase (2 mo May 23-July 26) the
delegates developed general outlines, 2nd phase (10 days July 27-August 6)
five-man Committee wrote rough draft 3rd phase (1 mo August 6-September 6)
delegates debated, then Gouverneur
Morris put the document in finished form. September 17 the Constitution
was signed, then national debate, last to ratify on May 29, 1790.
REGULATIONS:
Automobile, in 1993 add $4500 to price of a new car
1st National Traffic & Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 for seat belts
etc.
Clean Air Act for emitions
,,HEALTH & OSHA
Alzheimer’s is less likely in people who are conscientious, self disciplined
& scrupulous (’07 long-term study of 1000 nuns & priests)
AUTISM – One English doctor, who used false data and has been discredited,
disbanded, disbarred & stripped of his metals, started it all by blaming
autism on vaccines.
Phil Donahugh whipped it up with an actress on his show who blamed her
child’s autism on vaccines.
Opra, ’07, put it on the air to be feared (but harmed our society greatly)
As a result in 09 measles? is increasing in Europe
AUTOIMMUNE diseases arise from an overactive immune response (80 known
conditions
Diabetes: T cells (white blood cells) destroy pancreatic cells which make
insulin
Inflammatory bowel disease
Lupus
Multiple sclerosis
Psoriasis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Drugs in the Ohio River include almost all pharmapsudicals if you measure
in parts per trillion. That dilution equals:
One second in 32,000 years
One inch in 33 round trips to the moon
One grain of sugar in an olympic-sized swimming pool
One penny in $10 billion
Heart Attack precursors 7/6/2011 from:
http://health.yahoo.net/caring/5-surprising-signs-of-an-unhealthy-heart
Any of these signs -- and particularly two or more together -- is reason
to call your doctor for a workup
1. Neck pain
2. Sexual problems
3. Dizziness, faintness, or shortness of breath
4. Indigestion, nausea, or heartburn
5. Jaw and ear pain
Homeopathic dilutions typically range from 6X (10e-6) to 30X(10e-30); a
24X (12C) dilution = a pinch of salt in both the North and South
Atlantic Oceans; 24X (13C) dilution = 1/3 drop in all the water on
Earth; 80X (40C) dilution = one molecule in the entire observable
universe. The FDA regulates homeopathic remedies, which do not have
to be proven safe or effective before being sold.
Sunscreens, 12/04 info. from Dr. Nicholas Perricone, dermatologist (check
quackwatch.com)
Old sunscreen is ok to use but consistancy might change
Physical sunscreens are preferred, as zinc oxide or micronized zinc
oxide
Chemical sunscreens react with the skin
SPF 30 is good
SPF 15: I heard that the chemicals in higher SPF can do as much damage
as the sun would
th
Vitamins ($20 billion industry - $300 million/yr in Canada) 3/09 – 9 study
in a row found that vitamins are worthless
Multiple vitamins
WOMEN: Largest multiple vitamin study ever, conducted 1993-1998, Women's
Health Initiative with 8-year average tracking (2/09) involving 40 medical
centers around the US, 161,808 post-memopausal women (50-79) found no effect
in preventing
heart attack
stroke
blood clots in the veins
cancer (breast, colon/rectum, endometrium, ovary, kidney, bladder, stomach
or lung)
early death
The findings held after researchers took body mass index, smoking,
blood pressure, a history of heart disease and other factors into account.
Instead of vitimes, use exercise, maintain a healthy weight and eat a good
diet.
MEN
Nov 08 study followed 15,000 male doctors for 10 yr reported that vitamin
E and C supplements have no effect on the risk of heart attacks, stroke,
cardiovascular death, cancer or congestive heart failure in middle-aged and
older men. They did find an increase in hemorrhagic stroke with vitamin
E use
HAPTICS - The science of touch, coming to video controllers & computers
BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION & SCANS:
Finger prints have 40 discrete markings
Iris has 266 measurable characteristics
Finger nails grow at a rate of .1"/mo (1.2"/yr); Toenales, .05" (.6")
SODA POP etc is one of the worst things you can drink. "The carbonic acid
depleats oxygen and minerals that are important for everyday life," Doug
Grant, nutritionist for the PHX Suns
VITRUVIAN MAN (spread eagle nude dude) was drawn in 1492 by Leonardo DaVinci.
Navel is center of circle; base of penis is center of square.
HYPOCHONDRIA is indicated if a person worries about a major illness for 6
months after being assured they don't have it (related to
obsesive/compulsive behavior)
NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance) is an independent watchdog
organization that accredets managed-care organizations 888-275-7585
SELF ESTEEM
Not helped with only positive comments, which is paramont to ignoring the
person. The 1st 18 months of life sets the stage for good self esteem by
positive reinforcement AND interaction (limits AND expectations)..
Affirmation only makes one feel silly & fradulant. People tend to believe
feedback they receive from others. Your performance needs to be valued by
others.
Women's Perception of their looks (survey by a soap company)
world US Brazil Japan British
Beautiful 2% 3% 6% 0%
Natural 42%
Average 26%
Attractive 9% 20%
Feminine 8%
Good Looking 10%
Cute 7%
Sexy 2%
POPULATION
World 6 million 2002
US. 1994 261 million (actual)
1998 270 million 48% is male
2005 288 million (projected in 1994)
2020 326 million (projected in 1994)
AZ 6million projected in 2004
CROWD DENSITY jammed @ front-of-the-stage-rock-concert = 4 sq ft/person
BIRTHS:
Males born in April (tallest) average .25" taller @ 18 yr than those born
in Oct (shortest)
SIAMESE TWINS orriginated w the first recorded case: in 1811 in Siam
(Thailand) who remaided attached until death at age 63 (1874)
2000 w induced labor on demand
8,000/typical weekend day
11.000/typical weekday
VITAMINES:
New York Times apx. 5/4/03, re overdoses of iron, Vitamins, A, E, & C:
Researchers say that vitamin supplements can not correct for poor diet &
multiple vitamins have not been shown to prevent any disease. Today, it
is impossible to be vitamin deficient. It's easy to reach a high enough
dose to actually INCREASE the risk of disease, as:
A: Just a little above recommended dosage of Vitamin A has been shown
to lead to osteoporosis
C: Supplements continue to show lack of any beneficial health effects
E: Supplements can increase the incidence of heart attacks & strokes
80% of the retailers for herbal remedies make false claims for their products
according to the Journal of the Journal American Medical Association,
9/17/93
,DEATHS (& other information) PER YEAR unless otherwise noted - no tabs
5 From inhaled anthrax 3/8/02 in recent terrorists attacts (not
/yr)
5 Bowing to other people (25 people during a 90's 5-yr period
7 Whooping cough (pertussis) infant deaths in California in 2010
through July in epidemic w 1500 cases. (2009 saw 3 deaths & 965 cases)
- This disease was eradicated until some parents imagined that autism
was related to immunizations.
9 Minor burns of kids & 116 fires w battery operated jeep. Mfgr
was fined $1 million for not telling the feds sooner
2.2 million)
16,300,000 pregnant women and newborns from pregnancy and childbirth
complications (99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries)
Chance of dieing & cause (one chance in your lifetime), 10/17/2001
36 Any accident
81 Motor vehicle accident
202 Firearm
344 Poisoning
400 Heart disease
600 Cancer
2,000 Stroke
4,873 Falling terrestrial object
7,000 Motor vehicle accident
10,000 Gunshot
10,455 Drowning in a bath tub
20,000 Falling down
29,860 Being caught between objects
40,000 Poison
60,000 Crossing the street
75,000 Drowning
100,000 House Fire
130,498 Suffocation by a plastic bag
500,000 Bicycle accident
1,000,000 Commercial plane crash
3,000,000 Lightning strike
100,000,000 Shark attack
300,000,000 Roller coaster accident
500,000,000 Anthrax
$14.8 billion, AZ budget in 2001 for 5.1 million people
ENDURANCE:
40 g's deceleration to stop rocket sled in 1.4 sec from 632mph w Col. John
Stapp, 1954 in NM, began to detach his retinas
FRESH AIR
CO2, ppm
300 Fresh outdoor air
800 Normal indoor/office air
1,000 Discomfort is experienced
1,500 Average domestic airliner $60,000/yr saved, recirculating 50%
air
5,000 Peak found aboard airliner
10,000 ppm (1%) CO2 will induce slightly heavier breathing (air in the
low-pressure of a balloon capsule)
50,000 Exhaled human air
ATMOSPHERE
28% Oxygen (O2) = air as you enhale
16% O2 = air you breathe exhale
0.3% CO2 = natural air
Humidity: 30%, standard minum for comfort
CIGARETTS smoked (billions)
1981 640
1993 485 (lowest)
1996 487
SECOND HAND CIGARETTE SMOKE contributes irreversibly to hardening of the
arteries (atherosclerosis), a major predictor of heart disease & stroke via
1/24/98 Journal of the American Medical Assn, Dr. George Howard @ Wake Forest
University. Followed 10,000 adults. Arteries hardened 20% faster in
nonsmokers breathing 2nd hand smoke 20hr/wk than other non smokers (1/3 as
bad as actually smoking)
DOG DROPPINGS:
Australia's 3 million dogs drop 350,000 tons/yr, creating the #1 issue for
cleaning cities & unsafe e.coli levels in bay waters
Paris, 2001, spent $10 million/yr picking up doggie poo using "caninetts"
or "motocrotte" (poo scooters, which are bothersome, noisy & poluting) to
pick up 16 tons per day from the 200,000 dog owners. 600 people/yr break
bones or are hospitalized from slipping on the poo. In 2002 "motocrottes
will be retired & fines from $180-$420 will be given.
RESEARCH
Olestra's indigestion warning, due to some people getting sick after eating
it every meal for 56 consecutive days.
Took 30 yr & $250 million to bring to market)
Removes nutrients, esp vitAMINES A,D,E,K
INJURIES
Contractile Tissue - muscle
Contusion - trama to muscle
RICE Rest/Ice/Compression/Elevate injury plus Position of tention w muscle
injury. Range of motion exercises after 48 hr. or ice if swelling renews.
SIS (Small Intestine Submucosa) from pigs, promotes healing, reduces
scarring and is FDA approved for 6 applicatoins aas skin wounds, sores
incontinence in women.
AMPUTATION of a foot, as for diabetes costs apx $40,000, with a lifetime
expendature of $400,000 to $1 million for prostheses etc.
Nerve-like sensors on a numb foot would cost $30,000
EYES
Lasic Surgery: Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis
TRANSPLANTS $ cost in 1999
8,000 Cornia
111,400 Kidney
113,700 Pncreas
244,600 Liver
257,700 Lung
303,400 Heart
473,900 Intestine
NEUTRITION:
MUSCLE FUELING
Water: Weigh before & after workout & adjust water intake. If you lose
omore than 2% (3 lb for me) during workout, need to drink more BEFORE workout.
Complex carbohydrates [for pre-workout snak & refueling within 30 minutes
after a workout]
Fruits PLU = Price Look-up Unit
Vegetables
Whole-grain breads
Cerals
Pasta (which is made of wheat)
Dary products (low fat)
Avoid sugar, honey candy bars (may cause drop in blood sugar & increased
fluid in the stomach when coupled w exercises
Our STOMACH would digest itself if it didn't produce a new layer of mucous
every 2 weeks
PH of digestive system:
1-2 Stomach
5-6 Small intestine
4 Colon
BIRD MEAT is dark for much used muscles & white for little used muscles
PROTEIN is the most abundant component of the body, second to water
50% of a body's dry weight is protein.
33% of it is in the muscles (are 20-22% protein)
20%, in the bones & cartilage
10%, in the skin
37%, in other tissues and fluids
Up to 10% of our dry body weight consists of bacteria, whose fossil record
dates back 3.5 billion yr. ago
Protein in MUSCLE allows it to contract and to hold fluid, which gives the
muscle firmness, even though it is composed of at least 75% water.
Protein turnover - time to replace 1/2 the protein:
6 days in blood plasma and liver
180 days in muscle
Muscle % of bodyweight
80% Fish
40% Male human avg.
29% Female human avg.
GRAPEFRUIT, originating in the West Indies around 1800, contains:
No Fat
Bioflavonoids - Strengthens capalaries? Dr. use to treat sprains & strains;
Beta carotene - (if pink) antioxidant nutrient; prevents cancer?
Pectin - Lowers cholesterol?
Potassium - controls blood pressure 10/24/98 blood pressure: 101/68 55
pulse Recovered from 4/14/99 black disk
Vitamin C 69% of RDA in 1/2 of a medium grapefruit
EAT broccoli, carrots, spinach & squash and get exercise, 8/92 Read Dig p
90
POTATOES provide more protein and calories per unit of land than any other
food crop: 5 times more than soybeans, corn or wheat (Jo Ostgarden, 1994
FATTY meals cause sludging (clumping of the blood cells) within an hour which
slows circulation. In 4-6 hours sludging becomes severe enough to halt
blood flow in the smallest blood vessels. The blood's ability to cary
oxygen, wastes and nutritiants is much reduced - a particular problem with
SCUBA diving.
MOLD is white the first couple of days. When growing long enough to dvelop
spores it turns green or blue. Threads ("roots") can go deep into the food.
Don't smell. Wrap & discard unless hard cheese, firm fruits, vegetables
or salami. Then cut off 1" below mold. Scooping out of jams is ok.
SUGAR
The average child consumes more that 12 oz/day or about 275 lb/yr
Soft drinks contribute about 21% of total sugar calories to the Amrcn diet
COFFEE
Cafein-free: 97% or more cafeine must be removed by:
Methylene Chloride process (most conventional)
Ethyl Acetate process
Water process
Carbon dioxide process is most expensive but the most complete
Salmon, fresh is one of the best.
Halibut (flat ocean bottom feeding fish w both eyes on top) tastes non fishy,
is very lean (tories
47 Singer Sewing Machines, NYC
50 Metropolitan Life Insurance NYC
55 Woolworth NYC
77 Chrysler NYC
97? Empire State Building (weighs 360,000 tons NYC
World Trade center 110 Sears Tower, Chicago
Prenous Twin Towers, 33' hgher than Sears TowersMilasia, 1996
1731 Sextant inventeed
1770's Geo Washington errected "jocko" (1st lawn jocky) in honor of young,
black, Tom Graves who held a lantern until he froze, for the Deleware River
crossing. Others say Jocko pointed the way for the underground railroad
for those who followed "the drinking gourd," the big dipper in the spring
& summer.
1783 1st manned balloon flight
1824 Portland Cement (color of Portland stone) invented by AspdinJoseph
E., a bricklayer
1826 First photograph: Niepce, Burgundy, France
1827 GEORG SIMON OHM finished "The Galvanic Circuit Mathematically
Treated"
1830 First all-steam railroad, England
1831 Mikola Michael Faraday discovered electric induction
1843 3/25 Thamss Tunnel (1st) was completed after apx 30 yr by Frenchman,
Mark Brunel, who invented the iron shield used
1824 Ampere, Andre Marie taught physics @ College de Francephysics (defined
unit for measuring electrical current)
1850 First undersea cable layed under the Enghlsh Channel between Dover &
Calais – carried telegraph for 3 days until French fishermen accidentally
cut it
1855? Dr John Snow discovered that cholera was spread by contanimated water
(Broad Street Pump, London, England)
1859 Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generaton of life
1859 Lenoir invented internal compustion engine: Dontaining the force of
the explosion of a tiny drop of an expensive, highly toxic substanc inside
an iorn tube driving a piston attached to a shaft by a complex series of
linkages
1859 Charles Darwin's Origin of Species
1868 Christopher Sholes patented the typewriter
1862 Alessandro Volta discovered direct current & invented the battery
1864 Alfred? Nobel lost younger brother in nitroglycerin explosion @
family's nitroglicerin factory & in 1866 invented dynamite
1865 Joseph Lister started sterilizing for surgery (before 50% surgical
patients died of infection)
1869? Jul 30 Margarine created
1872,May POPULAR SCIENCY MONTHLY first published
1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone
1879 Thomas Edison patented lightbulb in Menlo Park, N.J.
1879 California Electric Light Co, first to sell & distribute electricity
1884 Nikola Tesla invented the AC Electric generator, working for T.Edison
1885 Gottlieb Wihelm Daimler patented the 1st high-speed
internal-compustion engine, invented the caarburetor (allowed liquid
gasoline) and put it on a bicycle, and on a carriage in 1886
1986 Karl Benz built the 1st automobile: 3 wheels & 8 mph (before Daimler)
1886 Statue of Liberty was erected
1886 Coca-Cola invented in Atlanta Ga by Pemberton, a pharmacist & went
on sale as a remedy for sleepness
1888 Tesla sold his induction motor invention to George Westinghouse
1889 Safety Pin invented,NY, 4/10 by Walter Hunt; sold the patent for $400
1889 Eiffel Tower was centerpiece of exposition, & world's tallest
structure until Chrysler Bldg in 1930, N.Y, NY, designed by Gustave Eiffel
1891 December: James Naismith invented basketball in Springfield, Mass
using peach baskets,not boxes
1892 RUDOLF DIESEL, Grench-born Germine patened his engine
1893 Nov the zipper was invited to replace buttons
1894 Corrugated cardboard box invented by Henry D. Norris & Robert H.
Thompson
1894 Marconi demstontrates wireless telegraphy
1894 Lowell Observatory founded by Percival
1895 Wilhelm Roegtgen discovered X-rays Nov 8
1895 American academic regalia (cap & gown) was standardized based on the
Oxford costume. The standard was refined in 1932. Alma Mater means,
"foster mother" in French
1897 Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite, established prizes, April,for
Most important discoveries or inventions
Produced the most important work in the domain of letters
Exerted the best action for the fraternity of peoples
For the diminution of permanent armies
Formation or spreading of peace congresses
1900 Brownie camera (Latin meaning "chamber") by Kodak cost $1 - Early
Camera was a darkroom with a lens. Kodak's Box camera, 1888, cost $25.
Leica, 1924, was the first successful 35mm camera (Germany's Leitz optical
works.
1902 FAX machine invented (512k/30 = 17k/pg memory w Sharp UX-300 FAX)
1903 Wright Brothers first flight
1905/1915 Albert Einstein published Special Relativity/General
Relativity
1906 Leo Hendrik Bakeland heated phenol & formaldehyde to make Bakelite
1907 Murray Spangler combined a tin soapbox, pillowcase, fan & broomstick
for a suction sweeper. His cousin's husband, W.H.Hoover helped to market
it.
1908 Henry Ford invented assembly line (from meet packing) (perfected it
in 1913, reducing assembly from 12 hr. to 90 min (1/8) & cost from $850 to
$290 (1/3)
1908 Businessman William Taylor patented the Bramble pattern of dimples for
golf ballls, which cuts their drag in half by causing turbulance which fills
the trailing vacuum more rapidly
1912 Polish biochemist, Funk first used the word "vitamin" to describe
amines that are vital to life
1913 Cecil B DeMille was dispatched from New York to look for a little town
out west for filming THE SQUAW MAN. Flagstaff had a snow storm so he
proceeded to CA & rented a barn in Hollywood
1914 Chester W Cook patented the first snooze alarm (mechanically complex)
1921 Polygraph (Lie detector) invented by John Larson, medical student
1920 Commercial radio broadcasts began
1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, 1st antibiotic
1928 Pilot's certificate, 1st one issued to William P Crackin by US, April
1939 Chester Carlson invented the Electrostatic imaging (Xerox) Oct 21
1922 circ Henry Ford produced the Model T
1925 First moving pictures
1924 circ Marie Curie discovered radium & polonium
1926 The first pop-up toaster was invented by Toastmaster
1927 Charles Lindberg completed the first solo transatlantic flight from
N.Y. to Paris in 33.5 hr.
1928 George Eastman,s portable motion picture machine
1928 In September, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin
1929 Wall Street crash triggered the Great Depression
1929-1953 Joseph Stalen was the Soviet ruller
1932 Amelia Earhart 1st woman to fly non-stopsolo accross the Atlantic in
a Lokheed 5-B Vega
1933-1945 Alolph Hitler ruled Germany
1937 Hindenburg explodes
1939 First trans-Atlantic passerger plane service offered & WW II began
1941 First commercial TV broadcast
1946 Slinky was invented in Philadelphia
1947 First tract homes were build on Long Island, N.Y.
1947,October 14 Captain Charles E. Yeager broke the sound barrier at 670
mph in the "Glamorous Glennis", a Bell X-1. It's last flight was May 12,
1950 & is displayed at the Smithsonian Natoinal Air & Space Muxeum
1948 Transistor invented by Walter H Brattain & William Shockley (received
Nobel Prize for it in 1956
1949 Pager invented
1950 Answering Machine invented for telephone, Sept 11th
1969 First man on the moon
1951 Frist commercial computer comes online
1951,March 8, White-Out invented
1951-Nov 10 the first long distance call using an area code was completed
by the mayer of Englewood, N.J. to the mayer of Alameda, CA.
1952 First H-bomb is tested
1953 Tenzing Norgay & Edmund Hillary, 1st humans to climb Everest's 29,028'
1953 WD-40 invented: = Water Displacement + 40th formula tried
VCR firsts
1964 1st home video recorder by Sony
1970 1st VCR by Philips (H9land)
1994 LED doped w irridium gallinum nitride by Japanese = 1st blue LED (zinc
oxide LED produces mostly uv (2005)
1996 8 Everest climbers died in snow storm near sumit
1997 Costs $35,000 to join expedition (IMAX clime apx 1997)
Costs $65,000 for commercial expedition for unskilled
2 months on mountain, apx total time to top
Base camp 17,600' spend weeks adjusting to altitude @...
Camp #2 21,000'
Camp #3 Set up tents but sleep @ camp #2 for altitude aclimation
Camp #4 One night here before next-day summit attempt
1957,Oct.4 USSR launched Sputnik
1958,Jan.31 US launched Explorer
1960 LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
1960 Bob Bemer, then 49 yr old, created the ESCAPE key & sequence, lead the
establishment of ASCII, helped develop the BYTE standard of 4 BITS
1971 Portable electronic calculator was introduced
1982 U.S.FDA approved the 1st drug developed w recomniant-DNA: Insulin
1996 6 lost lives in Mt. Everest storm (one was functionally blind from RK)
1998 MPE portable player first introduced
2004 Taipei 101 in Tiawan's capital = Tallest building @ 1,666' w fastest
elivators @ 55fps (37.5 mph) for a trip to the top on a little over half
a minute where it has a 730-ton pendulum tuned passive mass damper. Cost:
$1.7 billion
,,TECHNOLOGY
CENTER FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN, North Calorina State U. - 7 principles:
Low physical effort
Perceptible information (by sound or feel)
Tolerance for error
Intuitive use
Flexibility in use
Appropriate size & space for use
Equitable use (usable by anyone, regardless of their ability)
Screws
Phillips
Robertson-square socket (more expensive)
Rollercoaster:
Dodonpa, Tokyo, 2400 hp pneumatic, 0-107 mph in 1.8 sec (tested to 115mph)
170' high 3/2002
Durampa, Tokyo Japan $24 million 0-107 mph in 1.8 sec. world's fastest as
of 12/15/01
Titan in Kitakyushu, Japan @ the Space World Amusement ParkSteepest 60deg
71mph, was fastest
Pepsi Max Big One, Black Pool England 201' tall, 75 mph, designed by Ron
Toomer, to whome roller coasters do not appeal
Superman, summer '97 @ 6-Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, CA: 15-passenger
cars415'high & 100 mph
Son of the Beast, in Parramount's King's Park in Ohio, the world's fastest
(78 mph), highest (214 ft) and first looping wooden roller coaster opened
in May,2000
ANGSTROM Unit = 10 E-10 m; 10 billionths meter (1/100,000,000 milllimeter
NANOMETER = 10 E-9 m
MICRON = 10 E-6 Meter (1 millionth of a meter)
20 = thickness of ink on dollar bill w engravers' intaglio printing
100 = human HAIR diameter for typical brunette
HELIUM BALLOON: $20,000 per flight
Raccooning = Radiation-Controled Ballooning - rising & lowering due to
expansion from heat of the sun: 130,000-80,000' for Re/Max
ORBITAL speed =1800mph (27,740kph) @ 200mi (320km) altitude
ORBETING OBJECTS being tracked by NASA in 1997 = 8014
IRIDIUM PROJECT, 1998, cost $5 billion has 881 country code
Orriginally expected to use 77 satelites (ifidium is 77th element)
Uses 66 satelites orbiting @ 485 mi (low earth orbit:310-930 mi) & 12
gqteways
$500 pager & $3000 telephone ($.70/minute + DX charges
Half the people in the world have never made a phone call, yet 80% have used
a TV (7/00)
GLOBAL-STAR will;
Use 288 SATELITES & INCLUDE DATA & VIDEO
GPS program cost the Department of Defense $10 billion
24 Satelites orbit @ 11,000 mi
1 msecond time error would cause an error of 300 m (984.25ft,328yd .2mi)
PHOTOGRAPHY
Handheld, use min. of shutter speed equal to the lens' focal length
Focal Length 60mm lens for 35mm camera = 210mm on 4x5 camera (3.5 ratio)
Catchlights are reflection of lights in the eyes of a subject
Space, from
1 meter resolution
Ikonos satelite 9/99
OrbVuew-3 2000? by Orbital Imaging
QuickBird-1 by Earth Watch
A few inches 12/16/99 millitary
ENDURANCE OF IMAGES W INKS in years
2 Ink jet papers (some)
13-60 regular photographic papers
70 Luminos Photo papers if used w their preservation inks
150 Specialized papers
VIDEO IMAGES, DETECTORS
CCD (charge-coupled device) - older still & 2001's digital TV video cameras
(640x480 pixel) 5/97
CMOS active-pixel array (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) will
allow more resolution or cheaper cameras (800x1000, .8meg pixels) 5/97
CRT Mac=72dpi; Windows= 96dpi
LCD SCREENS
ACTIVE-MATRIX has individual transistor for each pixle, is bright but uses
more power
Dual Scan (passive-matrix) LCD is dimmer & uses less power, scanning the
screen in two places @ once
Single Scan is dimmer but uses least power
DX setting is automatic ISO film speed setting w cameras
PIXELS in millions
. 256 160 x 160 Handspring Visor Delux, 2000
. 76800 320 x 240 Sarp's Zarus, 2001
1.5 CCD Electronic camera, dime-sized,'93
2 1080i DTV (Digital TV) 995 megagits per sec.uncompressed or 19.4 mbps
compressed. Bandwidth is 19.4 mbps
2.1 Nikon CoolPix 950, 1999 CCD (CMOS is cheaper but lower resolution)
6 Regular 35mm film (24x36mm) 2000
18 CCD Kodachrome film, '93
Negative size:
13 (est)x36mm Cropped Panoramic 35mm
24x36mm Regular 35mm
24x65mm Full Panoramic 35mm
45mm lens in normal mode = 90mm in panoramic mode (1:1.8 ratio)
26.2 CCD Dalsa's 2.5 sq in Megasensor
D-VHS format capacity is 32-45 gig (5/97) - VHS = Victor Home System
INFORMATION will double every 38 days by the year, 2005
DTMF = Dual Tone Multiple Frequency code (touch-tone telephones)
First telephone directory was published Feb 22, 1878
DTV: 1080i DTV 995 mps (megabytes per second) = uncompressed second of
MPEG-2 ('94) a standard for digital video compression, is used w HDTV - Could
transmit 4 programs w today's analog resolution
Parachute altitude record, 102,800', 1960 by Air Force Capt. Joe Kittinger
PICTURE ASPECT RATIO of television TV etcl (picture ratio)
10:8 Phto enlargement
11:8.5 (1.29) Printer paper
4:3 (1.33/75%) Regular TV = 1600x1200 of Nikon Coolpix 950
36:24 (1.5) 35 mm negatives
16:9 (1.78/56%) HDTV
SPACE TRAVEL
SUPERSONIC FLIGHT 1st by Chuck Yeager on Oct 14, 1947 in X-1
SINGLE-STAGE vehicle burning H & O2 must have an empty wgt that is about
1/10 of its liftoff wgt to carry a payload to orbit
Space Suits
Temperatures range in orbit is 250 deg.in the sun & -250 deg.F. in shadows
Presurization is 4.3 lb/sq.in + 34,500 ft. msl.
CRAFT Space Shuttle x-33 Venture Star
Launch date 1981 1999 2004
Height 184 67 127
Liftoff Wgt 4,500,000 273,000 2,186,000
DISCOVERY space shuttle,our 3rd orberter, (delivered 11/9/83) was named
after Henry Hudson's (discovered Hudson Bay) ship & Captain Coook's
(discovered Hawaiin Islands) ship.
COST PER LAUNCH
$500 million Space Shuttle ($1 to $5 million to fairy from Edwards AFB)
($10,000/lb)f
$100 million est. McDonnell Douglas experimentatl Delta Clipper in '93
3/18/85 record flight of the Endeavor: (July,'95 is it's next flight)
Touchdown was 2:47 MST
Nosewheel touched down after 16 da 15 hr 01 sec
Mission length was 16 da 15 hr 20 sec (19 sec later)
262 orbits
6.9 million totoal miles (25,000 miles arouond the earth)
Imaged 300 targets with $200 million UV observatory
$10,000-30000/lb in 2000 to place payload into Earth orbit
53 lb of thrust per pound of fuel per second:
3000 lb of thrust per pound of fuel for a Gas Core Nuclear Rocket (GCNR),
which uses fisioning uranium to heat liquid hydrogen to 10,000 deg.F.
SSTO (Single Stage To Orbit) vehicle's t/o weight must be 90% propellant
Liquid Fuel Rocket to:
Edge of our solar system would require the equivalent of 5 Saturn V Rockets
for a golf-ball sized payload
Shuttle
Oxygen: ues 60 4400 gal. tanker trucks for 142,000 gal to top section
of it's tank @ -297.3 deg.F . 100,000 gal boil away during delivery, storage
& filling.
Hydrogen: 50+ 10,000 gal tankers for 386,000 gal to bottom section of
shuttle's tank @ -423.2 F
Manned Mars Mission would take 80-100 shuttle-sized tanks
PIONEER 10
3/2/72 Launched
12/73 Jumptor flyby
6/01 Over 7 billion miles from Earth
2 million years, will reach Aldebaran, the star that forms the eye of Tarus
Voyager 2 will pass the star, Serius In 358,000 years.
Voyager 1 will go in orbit around the center of our galaxy and will return
to the vicinity of Earth in 289 million years. The etched gold record is
expected to complete remain intact for about 10 orbits.
NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, launched 2/17/96, will reach Eros
asteroid orbit in 2/99 after 1.3 billion-mile journey
AMSAT (Phase 3 satelite system
PHANTOM OF THE OPERA'S PHYSICAL PRODUCTION (PROPS) 9/4/94
54 motors used in 22 scene shifts
14 pyrotechnic effects
10 fog & smoke machines
49 lighting instruments for the stage
1000 lb chandelier comes crashing to the stage
141 trap doors
Over 20 tractor-trailer trucks to move props
Gamage spent $.25million during renovation to accomodate the production
MOMENT OF INITERIA (strength of a retangular beam = 1/3 b h e3
On Side Edge Times stronger
1x4 21.3 1.3 15x
2x4 10.6 42.6 4x
1x6 72.0 2.0 36x
1x8 2.6 170 63.75x
BICYCLE
Steve Roberts' $1.2 million
2 computers w heads up displaies
Types while on the road
Head's up display
Packet (computer) radio
Satalite dish
Internet
Helmet cooling system
GPS
6 alarm sensors - dials 911 & gives coordinates
Amateur Radio 2m & HF (fixed)
Solar, 74w optimal (electronics use 75w)
Pneumatic landing gear for parking & slow speed
Beginning on amphibian 11/94
FREEWAYS:
Gore points are the triangles at freeway ramps (from tranglular patterns
on land or a garment)
CLOTHING:
Nubuck lug - the hooks you lace the shoe string around on tall boots
METRIC: Meter = 10 millionth the distance form the northpole to equator
1864 Metric measures were first recognized
1897 Metric use was legalized (33 yr later)
2009 Metric fully superseeds imperial in Europe on Dec 31st
29.57 cc = 1 fluid ounce
33.8 fluid ounces = 1 leter
HARDNESS:
Mohs Hardness Scale
1 Talc
2 Gypsum 2.5 fingernail
3 Calcite 3.5 copper
4 Fluorite 4.5 iron nail
5 Apatite 5.5 glass
6 Feldspar 6.5 steel file
7 Quartz 7.0 streak plate
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
,,WEATHER/NATURE
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE at sea Earth level: atmospheric pressure:
1 atm = 14.6959488 pounds per square inch
1 atm = 29.9246899 inches of mercury
1 atm = 33.79 ft water (typical gas appliance operates on 14 w.c or
W.G (inches of water)
My CPAP @ 7cm H2O (.1psi) or .68% atmospheres or 203' lower elev 4cm
(.057psi) would be .39% or 116' lower or 11 stories lower
1 atm = 1029.9 cm water
1 atm = 760 mm mercury
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 101 325 pascals
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
SHARKS - Prefer smaller creachers and avoid people
ATTACKS
Unprovoked reported
Over the years by 2002:
2,110, worldwide
854 in US
323 in Austraila
293 in Africa
474 in Florida, our nation's leader in shark attacks
111 in CA
100 in Hawaii
In 2000
85 worldwide
54 in US
38 in FL
In 2001
76 worldwide
55 in US
37 in FL
Avoid shark attack:
Stay in groups
Avoid
Water with effluents or other discharges
Swimmming if bleeding
Twilight or darkness
Shiny jewlery
Water being fished or w bait fish
Murky water
Kudzu is the plant that is taking over & smothering the southeast US. It
was introduced in the late 1800's from China as an ornamental, and then,
in the 1930's for erosion by USDA in the southeast, & grows up to 2'/day,
declared it a weed in 1970 & in 2002 covers 100 million acres.
SHELLAC = resins of female lac bug, collected from twigs, disolved in alcohol
etc.
SEMIGLOSS URATHANE contains finly ground silica sand which:
Cuts the shine
Absorbs & deflects UV radiation
Increases durability
National Academy of Sciences: "Biological evolution can not be eliminated
from life science. Species evolve over time. The great diversity of
organisms is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled
every available nittch with life forms...related by descent from common
ancestors."
SIZES nanometer = 1/billionth meter 1 micron = ,,,
15 nm Line drqwn 1999 @ Northwestern U. by Chad A Mirkin w an
atomic force microscope apparatus
180 nm Smallest electronic circuits 1999
10,000 nm Average human hair
WATER DROPLET SIZE:
1000 micron: Sprinkler nozel
600 microns or less: Mister
Wind mph:
Breezy 15-25
Windy 20-30
Very Wndy 25-35
Wind Break needs to be 1.5 times the hight of the house & a distance 5 times
the house's hight
LIGHTNING, 4 types:
Ball - Small, glowing balls leap from clouds & quickly vanish (rare)
Forked - branches out as it travels from cloud to ground or air
Heat - Distant, seen but not heard, hot, clear summer nights
Sheet - Illuminates the clouds while obscured by them & rain
MONSOONS arrive in PHX w dewpoint 55+F deg for 3 consecutive days. 105 deg
is the optimum for monsoons
TORNADOES
Force/ Winds, mphfc
F0 40- 72 Chimneys damaged, tree branches broken
F1 73-112 Mobile homes pushed off foundation or overturned
F2 13-157 Considerable damage, mobile homes demolished, trees uprooted
F3 158-206 Roofs & walls torn down, trains overturned, cars thrown
F4 207-260 Well-constructed walls leveled
F5 261-318 Homes lifted and thrown considerable distances
Extremes:
136 F Highest Libian Desert
-126.9 F @ Russia's Vostok station in 1983
-128.6 F Antartica Lake Vostok (under 4km of ice, 1983 (A. temps never rise
above 32 F
460" Hawaii
.3" Chillian Desert
0 in the past 2 million yr: Dry Valleys, Antarctica
TREE, average, mature
Absorbs 26 lb of CO2/yr
Cleans up the polution created by a car driven 1300 miles (1997)
Gives off a year's supply of O2 for a family of 4
Mt Everest is moving 2.5"/yr toward China & likely growing a few mm/yr
Measured elevation MSL:
29,002' 1847
29,028' 1954 by B.I. Gulatee, Survey of India, using surveying techniques
29,035' May 5, 1999 by Pete Athins & Bill Crouse, US, using GPS
ANTARCTIA is the highest continent w an avg of 8,000', contains 70% of the
world's fresh water and 90% of the world's ice. It doubles in size when
the surrounding ocean freezes
Temperatures: Rarely over 0 deg F in summer.
Population is 4000, summer & 1000, winter
SNOW FLAKE contains about a billion billion water molecules (1 quinillion
or 1 wiht 18 zeros)
FULL MOON TEMPERATURES are .004 degrees F higher than new moon temperatures
Mountain winds:
Ascending, anabatic
Descending, katabatic
EARTH:
Magma (molton rock) below surface:
15 mi avg.
2 mi @ Yellowstone
Gondwanaland was the suer-continent cobination of Antarctica, Africa,
South America, New Zealand, India and Austrailia, 400 million yr ago
Contental Drift
Europe & N.America are being pushed apart by a rift in the Atlantic
Australia is being pushed briskly toward CA @ 2'/yr by an Indian Ocean
rift
Fastest is Tongan I.of Niuatoputapu in S Pacific 10"/yr
Pangaea (Gondwana?) was Earth's only cotenant & Panthalassa, only ocean
200 million yr.ago. It split into Southern Gondwana & Laurasia about 165?
millian years ago.
Continent average elevation:
7,500 ft - Antarctica
2,900 ft - Asia (including Mt. Everest & the Himalayas
OCEANS
3.5% salt
Bottom temperature world wide = 33-36 deg F
35,797' (6.78 mi) deep, Marina Trench sw of Guam
8 tons pressure per square inch = pressure 16,000 psi
Provide 99% of the Earth's actual living space
Supply over 50% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen
Half the world's popultion lives within 60 miles of a coastline
Trade winds are near & toward the equator from the NE or SE
Hurricane wind=75 mph, 100 billion kW of power (1 day = yr power for nation).
Heat released from a gig hurricane (its driving force) = 1-megaton nuclear
weapon exploding each second
BORE - a tidle wave with a high, abrupt front, like @ the mouth of the Amazon
a long straight bar of tidle wave blocks the river entrance & then the tide
rages up the river, destroying everything in its path
RIVER FLOWS in CFS (out of dams)
27,580 Salt River Canyon
57,100 Into Roosevelt Lake
Theodore Roosevelt Dam 102% -2 ft down 1/21/93
Horse Mesa Dam Apache Lake
Mormon Flat Dam Canyon Lake
34,400 Stewart Mt.Dam Saguara Lake
12,164 Tonto Creek
70,040 Granite Reef Dam
32,800 Colliege Dam, San Carlos Lake
175,000 Salt River record, '80
WATER FALL
Cascada Basaseachic falls in Mexico is one of the highest & most
picturesque, appearing in many movies.
EVEREST summit 29,028' '5/99 record 21 hr @ sumit by 33-yr Babu Chhiri Sherpa
SNAIL speed = apx .03 mph (.528"/sec)
SPIDER
Muscles can only straighten their legs
To straighten leng, must pump fluids onto them (curl up w/o enough water)
Digest food externally - vomit degestives enzymes, wait then suck up the
nutritious liquid
Largest (S.America) has body the size of a large pancake & 10" leg span
,,SCALE
EARTH part/thickness (show on addign machine tape) - (depth, I think)
Inner core ?? miles 900 mi
Outer core 1300 miles
Mantle 1800 miles ?? miles
Crust 25 miles (we've never been through it)
space shuttle orbit is apx 150 miles
Grand canyon is one mile dep
SanFranscisco peeks 3 mi
tops of thunderstorms 3 mi
If the earth were the size of a billiard ball, it woudl be smoother than
one. It's elevation range is 12.6 miles
MARS
Elevation range from the bottom of Hellas Basin to the top of Tharsis Montes
Rises is 19 miles (1.5x Earth's)
,,Scale of the solar system takes 1000 paces
Sun Volley ball
Jupiter giant gumball
Saturn filbert nut or small gumball
Uranus coffee bean or sunflower seed
Neptune coffee bean (1240mph winds-highest in solar system)
Venus & Earth peppercorn
Mercury, Mars & Pluto mustard seed
Pluto's orbit enters Neptune's onece every 248 years for 20 yr, beginning
in 1979
Solar system on a roll
AVERAGES
Average man does/has
MUSCLES = 70-80 lb
SEX 7 times per month
Runs a 12 min. mile (aim for 7.5 min.
33 set-ups a minute
PENIS Flaccid Erect (average)
Length 3.5" 5.1"
Diameter 1.25" 1.6"
Erections per night while sleeping = 5 with a duration of 20-30 minutes
Ejaculatory spurts 3-10
Intrerval of ejaculatory contractions = .8 sec
Time for semen to turn from gel to liquid after ejaculation = 5-25 min
Increase in volume 300% w 8-10 times normal blood
Longest medically recorded erection = 12"
Farthest medically recorded ejaculation = 11.7"
BLADDER (averages)
7-13 ounces capacity
7-8 oz per 10 sec. flow rate (15 cc/sec is good)
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