METABOLISM
Chemistry 363A
Spring 2011
Instructor: Dr. Nuran Ercal, Office: 234 Schrenk Hall, Phone: 341-6950
Email: nercal@mst.edu
Time: 12:30 p.m.-1:45 p.m., Room G4A Inter-disciplinary Engr. Bldg.
Web page for powerpoint slides: http://web.mst.edu/~nercal/lectures
Office hours: 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Tuesdays/Thursdays and by appointment as well.
Text: Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer and Principals of Biochemistry by Lehninger,
Nelson & Cox.
Exams and Grading
Exam 1 Tuesday, February 15: Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
Exam II Thursday, March 17: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Hexose
Monophosphate Pathway, and Gluconeogenesis
Exam III Tuesday, Apr 28: Metabolism of Lipids, Urea Cycle, and
Integration of Metabolism
Grading Policy: Each exam (Exam I, Exam II and Exam III) is worth 25% of your grade
(75% of your total grade). The remaining 25% will come from homework assignments
and quizzes.
COURSE SYLLABUS
Date Topic
Jan 11 Metabolism: Introduction and basic concepts
Jan 13-Jan 20 Glycolysis and catabolism of hexoses
Jan 25-Feb 3 The citric acid cycle
Feb 8-Feb 10 Oxidative Phosphorylation
EXAM I Feb 15
Feb 17 Hexose monophosphate pathway
Feb 22-Feb 24 Gluconeogenesis and substrates for gluconeogenesis
March 1-March 3 Metabolism of glycogen
March 8-March 15 Metabolism of lipids
March 10 No class, Spring recess
EXAM II March 17
Apr 5-Apr 7 Amino acid oxidation and the production of urea
March 27-April 4 No class, spring break
Apr 12-Apr 19 Biosynthesis of amino acids
Apr 22-Apr 26 Integration of mammalian metabolism
EXAM III Apr 28
Details of the topics:
Metabolism: Introduction and Basic Concepts.
ATP, the universal currency of free energy
Creatine phosphate as ~P reservoir
NADH and FADH2, major electron carriers
NADPH, major electron donor
Economy of metabolism and activated carriers
Stages in the extraction of energy from foodstuff
Regulation of metabolic process
Glycolysis and Catabolism of Hexoses.
Steps in glycolysis
Energy conservation
Energy yield in the conversion of glucose into pyruvate
Entry of fructose and galactose into glycolysis
Enzymes involved in glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle.
Steps in citric acid (TCA) cycle
Stoichiometry of citric acid cycle
Enzymes involved in TCA cycle
Control of TCA cycle
The glyoxalate cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Redox potentials and free energy changes
Pumps and electron carriers in the respiratory chain.
Electrons are funneled into universal electron carriers
Electrons passed through a series of membrane bound carriers
Electron carriers function in multi-enzyme complexes
Mitochondrial diseases
Shuttle systems for mitochondrial oxidation
Proton-motive force
Catalytic units of ATP synthase
Determination of rate of oxidative phosphorylation
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
Synthesis of five-carbon sugars
Linkage between pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway in different tissues
Role of TTP in Transaldolase reactions
Drug induced hemolytic anemia
Gluconeogenesis and Substrates for Gluconeogenesis
Steps in gluconeogenesis
Biotin, pyruvate carboxylase, oxaloacetate shuttle
Regulation of gluconeogenesis
Lactate and alanine formation in contracting muscle
Metabolism of Glycogen
Structure of glycogen
Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
UDP-glucose, activated form of glucose
Effect of cyclic AMP cascade on glycogen metabolism
Various hormones in regulation of blood glucose level
Metabolism of Lipids
Nomenclature of fatty acids
Effects of triacylglycerols, coenzyme A, carnitine, acetyl CoA in lipid metabolism
Enzymes required in fatty acid oxidation
Ketone bodies, ACP
Stoichiometry of fatty acid synthesis
Eicosanoid hormones
Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea
Metabolic fates of amino groups
Ammonia formation from glutamate
Glutamine carries ammonia to the liver
Nitrogen excretion and steps in the urea cycle
Urea s formed in the liver
Linkage between TCA and urea cycle
Regulation of urea cycle
Pathways of amino acid degradation
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
Overview of nitrogen metabolism
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is fixed by enzymes of nitrogenase complex
Incorporation of ammonia into biomolecules through glutamate and glutamine
Biosynthesis of amino acids
Synthesis of some amino acids from oxaloacetate an pyruvate
Allosteric regulation of amino acid biosynthesis
Role of a-ketoglutarate and 3-phosphoglycerate in amino acid biosynthesis
Molecules derived from amino acids
Amino acids required for biosynthesis of porphyrins, creatine, glutathione
Biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides
Feedback control of purine , pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis
Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
Tissue-specific metabolism
Specific functions of liver, adipose tissue, muscle, brain, blood
Hormones: Communication among cells and tissues
Hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism: epinephrine, glucagon, insulin
Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction
Second messengers: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium
Ion channels gated by ligands
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
Signal transduction cascades (if time allows)
Role cAMP on signal transduction pathway
G proteins, protein kinase A, phosphoinosite cascade
DAG and IP3 as second messengers
Calcium as a second messenger
Control of cell growth by tyrosine kinases
Mutations on signal transduction proteins and oncogenes.