Pee
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
The hearts were irradiated
IEEE Trans from the bottom of
pulsed organ
Abbate, M.; EVALUATION OF PULSED Microw the holder by using a tapered
Universita di (heartbeat medical > 10 - 40 (heart of chick, part: organ
1 Abbate, M. Tine, G.; Italy
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Universita di Palermo, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
1996 MW INFLUENCE ON Theory Tech 2.45 2.45 none 2.3 2.3 nn nn nn /3 nn nn nn near-field acute continuous 0 nn nn
Palermo frequency application open coaxial section improved minutes 9 - 12 day old heart (cardio-vascular)
Zanforlin, L. ISOLATED HEARTS 44 with a matching
modulated) embryos)
(10 pt. 2) set-up.
PARTIAL-BODY EXPOSURE
OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS 1 exp: 3 males,
Adair, E. R.; Bioelectro- horn antenna 6 (36-68 yr
AFRL/HEDR, TO 2450 MHz PULSED OR 27; 27; /5,94; clearly pw;
2 Adair, E. R. Mylacraine, K. S.; USA e-mail:eleanor.adair@he.brooks.af.mil (RR/E.R.A., B.L.C.); Veridian, Inc.,65
AFRL/HEDR, 8315 Hawks Rd., Bldg. 1162, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5324,magnetics
2001 2.45 2.45 none 10000 10000 65 Brooks AFB, TX (K.S.M.)
pulsed nn nn cw = pw nn Cober Electronics model 6823 far-field 45 minutes acute continuous 1 human olsd) + 7 (41- whole body thermo-regulatory
Brooks AFB CW FIELDS PROVOKES 35 35 /7,7 above 2exp: 5 males
Cobb, B. L. 22(4) Klystron amplifier 68 yr old)
SIMILAR cw
THERMOREGULATORY
RESPONSES
EFFECT OF EM RADIATION
IN DECIMETRE Biophysics cell
Alekseev, S. I.; below /
USSR Academy WAVELENGTH (Engl Transl 0,5 - pulsed (neurones of the cell
3 Alekseev, S. I. Il'in, V. I.; Tyazhelov, USSR
Instit. of Biological Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region), USSR
1987 0.9 0.9 none 0.5 nn nn nn nn 0,2 - 20 cw = pw close to / nn waveguide chamber near-field 10 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
of Sciences RANGE ON CALCIUM Biofizika) 1000 (AM) nerve ring of Limnea (nervous)
V. V. above
CURRENT OF MOLLUSK 31(2) stagnalis)
NEURONES
1;
6;
Philippova, T. M.;
MW EFFECT ON CAMPHOR Bioelectro- 16; below / cell
Novoselov, V. I.; USSR Acad. of nn 0,5 - 18 standard waveguide cell: cell
4 Alekseev, S. I. Physics,
Inst. of Biological USSR USSR Acad.BINDING TO142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, USSR (RR/T.M.P.)
1988 of Science, RAT magnetics 0.9 0.9 none 1 32; nn nn pulsed nn cw = pw close to / nn near-field nn nn nn 0 (olfactory tissue of nn nn
Bystrova, M. F.; Science olfactory tissue (sensoric)
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM 9(4) 50; above rat)
Alekseev, S. I.
75;
100
1;
Influence of MW on different 6; cell
Philippova, T. M.; Russian Bioelectro- below /
types of receptors and the role 16; pulsed nn e.g. nn (hippocampus; liver cell
5 Alekseev, S. I. Novoselov, V. I.; Academy of Institute of Cellular Biophysics, 1994
Russia Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, Moscow Region.0.9
magnetics 0.9 none 1 nn nn nn 0,5 - 18 nn close to / nn nn e.g. 15 min acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
of peroxidation of lipids on 32; (rectangular) 1,0 of rat) (nervous, digestive)
Alekseev, S. I. Sciences 15(3) above
receptor-protein shedding 75;
100
1;
4;
bilayer lipid
8;
Temple Univ. MILLIMETER MW EFFECT membranes (formed
Bioelectro- 53 - 78 12; rectangular
Alekseev, S. I.; Medical Sch.; ON ION TRANSPORT pulsed clearly from
6 Alekseev, S. I. USSR Temple Univ. Medical Sch., 3400 N. Broadmagnetics
Center for Biomedical Physics,1995 St., Philadelphia, PA19140 (RR/M.C.Z.); Inst. of Cell Biophysics,nn
54 76 (1 GHz 1 16; Acad. of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region,142292 Russia (S.I.A.)
Russian nn / 0,02 nn 2000 cw = pw nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn model system physical model system
Ziskin, M. C. Russian Acad. of ACROSS LIPID BILAYER (square) above waveguide outlet phosphatidylcholine
16(2) step) 32;
Sciences MEMBRANES. and cholesterol in
60;
decane)
100;
1000
A. N. Marzeev
"P-37"
Research Inst. of 0,01; 30 or 45 days rat organ (endocrine);
Antipenko, E. Antipenko, E. N.; CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF Dokl Biol Sci 2,375 2,75 close to / "Luch-58" apparatus in
7 General and USSR
A. N. Marzeev Research Inst. of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR
1988 none 300 300 2.7 2.7 pulsed nn 0,05; nn cw = pw nn nn for 7 temporary intermittent 0 (3-5 mo old male nn whole body cell
N. Koveshnikova, I. V. MW OF NONTHERMAL 296(3) (CW) (PW) above apparatus an anaechoic
Communal 0,5 hours/day. mongrel) (digestive)
INTENSITY IN MAMMALS chamber
Hygiene
45 days,
A. N. Marzeev
CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT 0,01; 7h/d (2.375
Res. Inst. 0,01; rat
Antipenko, E. Koveshnikova, I. V.; OF RATS DURING Radiobiologiia 0,546 2,75 2,375 0,05; above / "Luch-58" GHz and
8 General and USSR
A. N. Marzeev Res. Inst. General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR
1988 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,05; nn cw = pw nn P-37 device nn temporary intermittent 0 (random-bred female, male nn whole body whole organism
N. Antipenko, E. N. IRRADIATION WITH MW OF 28(4) (PW) (PW) (CW) 0,06 close to apparatus 2.750) and
Communal 0,06 albino)
NONTHERMAL INTENSITY 14 hours/day
Hygiene
(546 MHz)
Marzeev
THE PARTICIPATION OF rat
Scientific Res. organ (endocrine);
Antipenko, E. Koveshnikova, I. V.; THYROID HORMONES IN Radiobiologiia 2,45 2,75 7 hours/day, (mature, white
9 USSR
Marzeev Scientific Res. Inst. of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, Ukraine
Inst. of General 1991 none 400 400 2.7 2.7 pulsed nn 0.5 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn nn whole body cell
N. Antipenko, E. N. MODIFYING THE 31(1) (CW) (PW) 30 days mongrel,
and Communal (digestive)
MUTAGENIC EFFECT OF MW 3 mo-old)
Hygiene
CAN ELECTROMAGNETISM
0,22 -
Balanovski, E.; ACCOUNT FOR Nature 0,001; tuneable RF source;
10 Balanovski, E. Dept. Mathematics, King's Coll., London WC2, UK
King's Coll. UK 1978 0.22 17 0,95; nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn nn 1 human nn nn whole body whole organism
Taylor, J. G. EXTRASENSORY 276(5683) 0,005 tuneable MW source
6 - 17
PHENOMENA?
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Previous no heartbeat modification; cardiac frequ. shifted Therefore, the authors concluded dragging phenomena of MWs: nn nn ´-(heartbeat ´-(heartbeat
experiments towards pulse rep. rates but maintained its that any heartbeat increase was not based on effects on the sodium- modification) modification); ↕+
showed that applied characteristic frequency distribution; related to temperature variations. potassium and (dragging effect)
modulated Dragging and regularization effects, sodium-calcium exchange
microwaves (MWs) observed when processes.
heart frequency (instantaneous, external could capture and the samples were irradiated for
dragging effects, MW regularization fix Ringer no EXP CVS in vitro entrain the beat of organ function no -/- nn short periods, appeared during
effects), interbeat fluctuations solution an isolated chicken longer irradiation periods as well
embryo heart when and lasted through the entire
the modulation exposure time.
frequency was
slightly faster than
Tes- at the Theunperturbed
the authors Minimal changes in Tes and MHP; no reliable The authors concluded that partial nn sham exposure nn ´- (Tes); ↕+ (Tsk) ´- (Tes); ↕+ (Tsk)
subjective judjements; deep body atrium of the examined differences between the effects of CW and PW body exposure of adult humans to
temp(Tes) and average skin temp heart; Tsk- thermoregulatory irradiation; Tes did not exceed 0.1 C, which falls CW or PW 2,450-MHz RF radiation
(Tsk) (Luxtron probe).; at ventral responses of within the variability range of the Luxtron probe. does not stimulate increases in Tes.
upper humans to partial- Local Tsks showed similar power density dependent As was the case in two previous
Metabolic heat production(MHP) yes at thigh, left body trends for CW and PW irradiation with only one studies (Adair et al. 1998 and
(oxygen and carbon dioxide fractions fixed upper chest, RES; in vivo irradiation with exception. The Tsk measured at the upper back 1999), the magnitude of the
yes EXP thermoregulation no -/- nn
in expired air); ambient ventral left TMP probands pulsed wave (PW) (facing the antenna) was significantly greater during measured thermophysiological
T° forearm, left or continuous wave PW than during CW irradiation. Local sweat rates responses was power density-
local skin blood flow(SkBF) upper back, (CW) and SkBFs were both Ta- and power density- dependent and related to the
(Dopplerflowmeters); central radiofrequency dependent, and showed greater inter-subject prevailing thermal environment.
lower back, (RF) radiation. Two variability than other measures between CW and PW There is no clear evidence for a
local sweating rates and central experiments were exposure. The subjective judgments made during differential response to CW and
forehead conducted, one in the experiments generally matched measured PW RF radiation. Experiments
A number of Increase in the calcium current were proportional to The temperature The authors calculated the heating nn nn nn ↑+ (calcium current) ↑+ (calcium current)
studies have the SAR only and did not depend on the parameters change values effect of MWF exposure in
suggested that of modulation. A solution flow speed of 2-3 ml/min computed from the comparison to the temperature
calcium flux in abolished any significant response to microwave increment of calcium coefficient (Q10) of the calcium
neural tissue may radiation. current somewhat current, and concluded that the
be very sensitive to exceed the effects of MWF can be attributed to
intracellular dialysis to the effects of experimental value for a thermal effect.
external BMP; amplitude- the change in
follow the calcium current of mollusk fix yes EXP in vitro membrane function no -/-
solution CEF modulated, low- temperature which
neurones
intensity might indicate
microwave fields selective overheating
(MWF). In an of the cells in the
attempt to isolate MWF, but is more
the specific likely only the
components of the consequence of
MWF effect, the measurement errors.
In order to assess MW irradiation markedly decreased specific 3H- The authors conclude that ligand Mechanism for MW binding nn nn ↓++(specific ligand ↓++(specific ligand
possible effects of camphor binding in membrane suspensions while binding inhibition occurs only in inhibition: the formation of field binding) binding)
an electromagnetic nonspecific 3H-camphor binding was not affected. intact membranes in this model. gradients within the ´- (non-specific ligand ´- (non-specific ligand
field on ligand Inhibition of 3H-camphor binding was not modulation- heterogenous regions of the binding) binding)
binding of camphor to the isolated binding to receptor frequency dependent and was not a linear function of membranes activates some
BMP; elements, the SAR. The mean reduction was 44.9% at a SAR of 3 membrane enzymes which
membrane fraction of olfactory fix nn no EXP in vitro membrane function no -/- none
SEN effects of W/kg. Receptor binding inhibition was the same at induce shedding of specific
epithelium
microwave (MW) control temperatures of 10, 20, and 37 C. membrane proteins into
irradiation on solution.
the binding of
camphor to the
isolated membrane
The effects of a Binding of ligands to cell membranes was nn Enzymatic peroxidation of lipids nn nn ↕+ (bindings of ↕+ (bindings of ligands
continuous wave or differentially affected by exposure to microwaves. in localized areas of receptor ligands to cell to cell membranes
pulse-modulated, Under the same field conditions, binding of ligands binding remain a possibility for membranes were were differentially
900 MHz depends on the type of ligand and membranne. a mechanism. differentially affected) affected)
microwave field Binding is not dependent on modulation or on a
were studied by in change in the constant of stimulus-receptor binding
BMP;
binding of ligands to cell membranes nn nn nn EXP in vitro vitro assays of rat membrane function no -/- but depended on a shedding of the membrane's nn
CEF
chemoreceptors. receptor elements into solution. The magnitude
The pulsed field of inhibition correlated with the oxygen
was modulated as concentration in the exposed suspension.
rectangular waves Antioxidants (dithiothreitol and ionol) inhibited the
at rates of 1, 6, 16, shedding of receptor elements. The microwave
32, 75, or 100 pps. exposure did not cause an accumulation of
The effects of capacitance: The capacitance of unmodified BLM The authors concluded that all nn nn nn ↕+ (TPhB) ↕+ (TPhB)
millimeter waves decreased reversibly 1.2 +/- 0.5% after CW MMW-induced changes in ↕(+) (Gramicidin) ´- (Gramicidin) change (cw)
(MMW) on the irradiation (61.22 GHz, 20 mW) for 5 min. BLM membrane capacitance and
capacitance and modified by 2 different concentrations of TPhB currents
conductance of showed a reversible increase of 5 +/- 1% in the were equivalent to heating by
bilayer lipid membrane current. Similar results were obtained approximately 1.1 C, and were
membranes (BLM), after irradiation for 5 min at other frequencies in the therefore
formed from 54-76 GHz range with a 1 GHz step lead. No thermal in nature and without
physical phosphatidylcholine "resonance-like" characteristics.
capacitance; in the resonance-like effects on membrane capacitance,
fix yes EXP PHY model and cholesterol in membrane function -/- yes nn
conductance sample ionic channel currents, or TPhB transport were
system decane, was detected.
reported in this
paper. Consistent with a thermal explanation, PW and
The BLM were 10(- CW irradiation at the same average temporal
5) mm in thickness. powers effected the same changes in TPhB
Some membranes transport.Changes correlated with a temperature
were modified with rise of 1.1 +/- 0.1 C at an output power of 20 mW
gramicidin A or measured at the waveguide outlet. The rate of
amphotericin B,
A direct cytogenetic temperature rise was 0.48 +/- 0.04 C/sec. was
The cytogenetic effect of MW irradiation The authors suggest that it involves nn nn nn ↕+ (cytogenetic ↕+ (cytogenetic effects
effect of low-level found to vary with the intensity. Reduced number a stimulation of genetic repair as a effects vary with the vary with the intensity;
microwave (MW) of aberrations at 10 or 50 uW/cm2, and an increase result of enhanced production of intensity; reduction of reduction of
irradiation would in aberrant hepatocytes at 500 uW/cm2. The thyroid hormones. aberrations and aberrations and
number of cells with chromosomal not be expected mutagenic increase is equivalent to an ionizing increase in aberrant increase in aberrant
END; in vivo -> because of the low hepatocytes) hepatocytes)
aberrations (in late anaphase and nn nn nn EXP genotoxicity no -/- radiation dose of 0.5 Gy in rats of the same series. nn
GEN vitro energy potential of Removal of the thyroid gland led to the loss of the
early telophase)
such radiation, antimutagenic effect of MW irradiation. The
however an indirect antimutagenic effect of MW radiation cannot be
effect may be explained by faster removal of damaged cells.
possible though the
neuroendocrine
The effects of long- Exposure to MW resulted in growth delay throughout The authors suggest that the nn shelf control nn ↓+(body weight) ↓+(body weight)
term exposure to the entire experiment. The decrease in weight gain observed changes in body weight
microwaves (MW) was observed after irradiation with both the CW and were associated with MW-induced
body weight nn nn nn EXP GRO in vivo of nonthermal growth no -/- PW MWs at all three frequencies over the 10-60 nn stimulation of thyroid gland function.
intensity uW/cm2 PFD range. Significant differences
were studied in (p ´-(mutagenic
chromosome aberrations nn nn nn EXP white mongrel rats. genotoxicity no -/- PW and CW is enhances the mutagenic effect of nn shelf control ↑+(mutagenic effect) ↑+(mutagenic effect)
GEN vitro effect)
(HCAI) In the first series, insignificant microwaves, while normal function
animals were of the thyroid gland is an important
exposed to condition for the stabilization of
continuous 2450 chromosome integrity.
MHz microwaves
(CMW). The
animals
were divided into
Electromagnetic no indication on human sensitivity to EM radiation,
sensivity; changes of the
(EM) detectors both PW and CW MW or RF, was found in humans ´- (sensitivity to low
EM emission from subjects in vivo neurological system; ´- (sensitivity to low
nn nn nn EXP HYP covering a wide no -/- with extrasensory phenomena nn nn nn nn nn levels of EM
performing probands physiology levels of EM radiation)
range of radiation)
alleged extrasensory phenomena
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used to search for
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn athermal
nn thermal
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
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Seite 3 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAP
HIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL organ
Baranski, S.; Acta Physiol
11 Baranski, S. nn nn Poland 1967 STUDIES ON THE EFFECT 3 3 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 5-7 nn nn above nn nn nn nn chronic nn nn nn nn nn nn (nervous;
Edelwejn, Z. Pol 18(4)
OF MW ON THE CENTRAL thermo-regulation)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Histological and histochemical
effect of MW irradiation on the Am J Phys
12 Baranski, S. Baranski S. nn nn Poland 1972 nn nn none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn whole organism
central nervous system of Med 51 (4)
rabbits and guinea pigs
RF cavity
Research
amplifier
State Univ. of (model
New York; 10W1000M7) 34 birds (133
Univ. of RESPONSES OF NEURONS driven by an zebra finches neurons) cell:
Beason, R. C.; Neurosci Lett /0,1; 0,5 nn HP 8350A cell
USA Columbus Ave., Sandusky, OH 44870 (present address/R.C.B.); Dept. ofZoology, J. W.217
v. Ave., Monroe, LA 71209, e-mail: beason@ulm.edu (RR/R.C.B.);USDA/APHIS/WS/WRC, 61002002
13 Beason, R. C. Louisiana at TO AN AMPLITUDE 0.9 0.9 none Goethe Univ., Siesmayerstrasse 70, 60054 Frankfurt a.M., Germany (P.S.)
217 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn 0.05 nn below nn nn 10 minutes acute continuous 0 (Taenopygia nn neurons of the
Semm, P. 333(3) sweep (nervous)
Monroe; MODULATED MW STIMULUS guttata) cw: 3 avian brain
J. W. Goethe oscillator neurons
Univ. with an HP
83522A RF
unit set at 900
MHz.
Amplitude
modulation of
Birenbaum L; J Microw
Kaplan IT; Power
part:
14 Birenbaum L Metlay W, Rosenthal nn nn Canada 1969 Effects of MW on the rabbit eye 4 (4); 5.5 5.5 70 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 rabbit nn nn sensoric
eye
SW; IEEE Trans
Schmidt H; Biomed Eng
Zaret MM 16(1)
Birenbaum L;
MW and infra-red effects on
Kaplan IT; J Microw part:
heart rate, respiration rate and nn clearly nn rabbit cardio-vascular
15 Birenbaum L Metlay W; nn nn Canada 1975 Power 2.8 2.8 1000 1000 1.3 1.3 pulsed nn 20 20 cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn entire dorsal
subcutaneous temperature of above respiratory
Rosenthal SW; 10 (1) surface
the rabbit
Zaret MM
Pacific
0,0001 -
Northwest human part:
LOW POWER RF AND MW 0,96 wire rod whole organism
Center for the Physiol Chem 9,6 2 on -13 -10 -9 clearly open nn (men and women, torso;
16 Bise, W. Northwest USA
PacificBise, W. Center for the Study Non-Ionizing Radiation, Box 22053, Portland, EFFECTS ON HUMAN
1978 OR 97222 0.0001 (cw) nn nn 2 pulsed nn 10 - 10 10 nn cw pw nn "Romashka" device (Russia) nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 nn 30,000 cell
A. Lindt, T. A.; Univ. 16; 0,12; 0,24; below (pw) Cantor S.; at (embryo)
IRRADIATION ON 41(4)
Evdokimov, E. V. 22; 0,36; 0.5 / sensitive age: 15 hr,
DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS
40 (second 10 min)
experiment)
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Es wurde eine Die chronische Exposition bei Mikrowellen innerhalb
Reihe von EEG- des 10 cm Bandes (Leistungsflussdichte 7 mW/cm²),
und die nicht die Temperatur erhöht, erzeugt sowohl
morphologischen funktionelle als auch morphologische Änderungen.
Untersuchungen Ihre Stärke nimmt zu, wenn Pulsmodulation und Das Nicht-Vorhandensein
morphological/ histopathological durchgeführt, um keine kontinuierliche Modulation angewendet wird. erkennbarer funktioneller und
changes in brain-tissue-cuts den Einfluss einer Das Nicht-Vorhandensein einer großen Wirkung
rectal; at morphologischer Änderungen nach
(Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung; Nissl- Mikrowellen- einer einzelnen Mikrowellen-Exposition
the cerebrall morphological and Exposition bei 3 cm Mikrowellen ist
Färbung); EOR; nn
cortex Exposition auf das (Leistungsflussdichte 5-7 mW/cm²) und die
pathological ein Nachweis für die Abhängigkeit ↑+ ↑++
effects on the neurologic system yes yes EXP NES; (in vivo; in -/-
Zentralnervensyste yes gleichzeitige Verstärkung der Änderungen, wenn die nn nn nn nn amplification (pw)
surface; changes; der Wirkung von der Wellenlänge. thermal effect athermal effect
(EEG); Thermoregulation TMP vitro) m zu untersuchen. Dauer der Exposition verlängert wird, deutet auf die
subcutaneo thermoregulation Dies wiederum scheint mit der
(Rectaltemp.; Temp. of the surface Es wurde der Möglichkeit der Kumulation der angewendeten
us Absorption der Energie über das
of the cerebrale cortex and in Unterschied der Dosen hin. Der negative Effekt einer einzelnen Oberflächen-Gewebe verbunden zu
subcutane tissue of the head) Wirkung von einem Mikrowellen-Exposition gleichwertiger Länge hängt sein.
gepulsten und von der Leistungsflussdichte und von der Art der
einem konstanten angewendeten Modulation ab.
(kontinuierlichen) Die aufgedeckten Änderungen unter Pulsmodulation
elektromagnetische scheinen unabhängig von der thermischen Wirkung
n Feld untersucht. Diesein. Im Gegenteil dazu scheinen die eineder
zu Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Art
chronische wiederholte Exposition in Mikrowellen, bei
Leistungsflussdichten, die keinen Temperaturanstieg
hervorrufen, zum Auftreten morphologischer
Läsionen führen könnte, indikativ für metabolische
Störungen der Myelinscheiden und der Glia-Zellen,
was durch das Auftreten seltsamer ↓+ ↓++
Enzym-Aktivitäten;
metachromatischer kugeliger Körper in der weißen (Acetylcholinesterase- (Acetylcholinesterase-
morphologische/histopathologische CEF; morphological and attenuation (pw)
nn Substanz des Gehirns und des Kleinhirns zum activity) activity)
Veränderungen des ENA; pathological
ische/histopathologische Veränderungen (morphologische und histologische Bewertung des Gehirn-Gewebes (z.B. Läsionen, sphärische (kugelige) Körper, die metachromatisch anffärbbar sind, Ödeme; verschiedene Färbe-Methoden)); Effekte auf das neurologische System. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine chronische wiederholte Exposition in Mikrowellen, bei Leistungsflussdichten, die keinen Temperaturanstieg hervorrufen, zum Auftreten morphologischer Läsionen führen könnte, indikativ für metabolische Störungen der Myelinscheiden und der Glia-Zellen,
nn nn no EXP (in vivo -> -/- yes nn nn nn nn nn
Gehirngewebes; EOR; changes; Ausdruck kommt. Eine proliferative Reaktion der Glia-
vitro) Zellen wurde auch aufgedeckt. Biochemische ↓+ ↓++
Effekte auf das neurologische NES cell function attenuation (pw)
Bestimmungen und Bewertungen der (Bernsteinsäuredehyd (Bernsteinsäuredehydr
System
histochemischen Präparationen zeigen, dass die rogenase-activity) ogenase-activity)
Acetylcholinesterase-Aktivität und die Bernsteinsäure-
Dehydrogenase-Aktivität nach chronischer
Mikrowellen-Exposition abnimmt. Dieser Effekt ist
nach gepulster Mikrowellen-Exposition ausgeprägter
als nach Exposition bei kontinuierlichen Wellen (CW),
The authors was showed some response to RF signal
69% tiefere biologische Effekte evoziert . exposure, The authors concluded that
examined the 52% excitation and 17% inhibitory response. With irradiation of nerve cells in the avian
responses of bird an unmodulated 900 MHz signal: none of 3 cells brain with a RF signal typical of a
brain neurons to exhibited any response. GSM cell phone produced changes
exposure to Four cells that did not respond to the modulated in neural activity for more than half
cellular phone-type signal at its usual power of the measured cells (69% in these
radiofrequency density (0.1 mW/cm2) were tested at higher power experiments). Most cells responded ↑++ (52%; excitation, increase (pw)
neuronal
(RF) fields. Thirty- membrane function densities, up to 0.5 by increasing their rate of firing (by incresing firing rate) ;
activity nn nn nn EXP SIG in situ -/- yes nn nn pre-exposure ↑(+); ↓(+) ´-
four zebra finches mW/cm2. Three of these cells showed no response an average 3.5-fold), while a ↓+ (17%; inhibitory
(firing rate of the neurons)
(Taenopygia at the higher power minority of responding cells respone) decrease (pw)
guttata) were densities and one cell responded at 0.3 mW/cm2 exhibited decreases in spontaneous
anesthetized with with a depression of its firing. Whether similar neuronal
an im injection of firing rate. responses occur in other mammals,
0.05-mg/g including humans, warrants further
ketamine:0.01- study. The authors noted that a
mg/g xylazine and previous study with a GSM-type RF
damage of eye lenses both by PW and CW at 5.5
GHz, recognized at the 4 th day of irradiation Preliminary results with 70 GHz
EOR; changes of the MW energy is more harmful at ↑+ (damage of eye ↑+ (damage of eye
histological damage of zwischen kontinuierlichen (CW) undyes gepulsten Mikrowellen-Befeldung gefunden werden. Eine Schädigung der Linse war nahezu immer am vierten Tag nach der Befeldung zu erkennen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse, die bei unterschiedlichen Frequenzen erhalten wurden, weisen darauf hin, dass die Mikrowellen-Energie um so schädlicher wird, umso mehr die Frequenz zunimmt. Vorläufige Resultate der Befeldung bei 70 GHz lassen auf einen thermischen Effekt der Mikrowellen-Befeldung schließen
konnten keine Unterschiede eye lens einer nn nn einer EXP in vivo no -/- nn irradiation suggest thermal nn nn
EYE neurological system lower frequencies. lenses) lenses)
effects of the MW.
Birenbaum et al. no difference between the effects on the parameters
(1975), in another at cw and pw
EKGs, CVS;
subcutaneo endeavor to
respiration rates, subcutaneous yes yes EXP RES; in vivo physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
us replicate the results
temperatures TMP
of Presman and
Levitina,
concurrently
Temporary Frequencies that produced an increased amplitude ↕++ (increased ↕+ (increased
changes in of EEG alpha component, increased slow wave amplitude of EEG amplitude of EEG
electroencephalogr index, and desynchronizations included 200, 350, alpha component, alpha component,
ams (EEG) and 360, and 365 MHz CW radiation, and 9100 and 9150 Since the relaxation frequency increased slow wave increased slow wave
behavior were MHz pulsed radiation. Frequencies that produced of protein-bound water is index, and index, and amplification (cw)
observed decreased amplitude of EEG alpha component, considered to fall between 0,1- desynchronizations; desynchronizations;
changes of the
in a pilot study increased slow wave index, and desynchronizations 1 GHz, absorptions and 200, 350, 360, and 9100 and 9150 MHz
EEG; BEH; in vivo neurological system;
nn nn nn EXP involving the -/- yes ranged from 130-960 MHz for CW radiation and nn nn quantum effects may be the nn nn 365 MHz CW pulsed
behavior CNS probands behaviour
exposure of five 9150 MHz for pulsed radiation. Mental and mecha-nistic basis for the EEG radiation)
men and five behavioral changes were also noted and included changes. ↓++ (decreased
women (ages, short term memory impairment followed by It is likely that resonance ↓++ (decreased amplitude of EEG
18-48 yr) to concentration inhibition and irritability, apprehension, absorptions occurred. amplitude of EEG alpha component,
radiofrequency and mental and physical sluggishness. alpha component, increased slow wave
(RF) and The EEG changes seen in most of the increased slow wave index, and
microwave participants were produced by CW RF radiation index, and desynchronizations;
Previous studies Exposure of BP-4 or unidentified neurons to a CW
have revealed field at SARs from 0.5 to Because bursting responses to PW
differences in the 4.0 W/kg did not change firing rate patterns irradiation were not due to ionic
response of noticeably. However, PWs current activation by mediators or to
molluscan within the same range of SARs caused changes thermal effects in their system, the
neurons to CW and in firing rate and provoked burst-like changes authors propose that the
to PW independent of modulation frequency between observed biological effects might
spontaneous electrical electromagnetic 0.5 and 100 pps, but sensitive to SAR at a have been caused by mechanical change (pw)
fields (EMFs). ´- (firing rate) ↕+ (firing rate)
activity and ionic currents of neurons external threshold near 0.5 W/kg. Bursts occurred at the vibrations in the chamber
yes yes EXP SIG in vitro These investigators membrane function -/- yes nn nn nn nn nn (interburst interval) ↓+ (interburst interval)
(firing rate, medium very beginning of exposure with a latency of 42 sec resulting from exposure to the
explored the effects ´- (ionic currents) ´- (ionic currents)
bursting patterns) (+/- 22 sec), and did not reappear over the 10-min pulse-modulated field. There is
of CW and PW exposure period. PW exposure (SAR of 2 W/kg, 16 also no indication of a "window"
EMFs on the pps) also decreased the interburst interval in effect at a specific combination of
bursting patterns neurons with irregular spiking activity from a mean of frequency and intensity, since the
(BPs) and 290 +/- 70 sec (n=50) to 140 +/- 21 sec (n=15). In bursting response to PW exposure
receptor systems of these experiments, bursts were not evoked by was not frequency-dependent over
neurons of Lymnea conventional heating rates up to 0.2 C/sec, and in the range examined.
stagnalis. fact, showed a decrease in firing rate and cessation
Reportedly, the
The authors have The differences between exposed and sham- To explain the frequency
shown earlier irradiated groups appeared significant (at p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
embryo
(Drosophila melano-
EFFECTS OF 460 MHz MW 6;
Bol'shakov, M. A.; Radiats Biol gaster,
Bol'shakov, M. Tomsk State RADIATION AND ELEVATED 10; above (cw) cell
19 Tomsk I. R.; Russia physiol@bio.tsu.ru
Kniazeva,State Univ., 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia, e-mail: 2002 Radioecol 0.46 0.46 none 6 nn nn pulsed nn nn 6 0,12 / 3 cw > pw nn nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 Cantor S.,at nn 15,000 cell
A. Univ. TEMPERATURE ON 16; below (pw) (embryo)
Evdokimov, E. V. 42(2) sensitive age: 15 hr,
DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS 22
10 min))
Ogden 0,36;
0,18;
BioServices 10; 7,2 - 160 0,73; Varian
Brown, D. O.; CHARACTERISTICS OF MW Bioelectro- 0,36; nervous
Corp.; 25.000; (CW); 1,45; traveling Cober mouse
g, MD (D.O.B., S-T.L.); Dept. of Microwave Res., Walter ReedArmy Inst. of Res., Washington, DC1994
20 Brown, D. O. Lu, S-T.; USA (E.C.E.); 6 Montgomery Village Ave., Suitemagnetics
222, Gaithersburg, MD20879 (RR/S-T.L.)
EVOKED BODY 1.25 1.25 none 80 80 10 pulsed nn 0,73; nn above nn nn nn nn nn 0 female nn whole body (MW induced body
Walter Reed 2000 160 or 16 0,90; wave tube transmitter (BALB/c)
Elson, E. C.hu MOVEMENTS IN MICE. 15(2) 1.45 movements)
Army Inst. of ms for PW 1,03; amplifier
kJ/kg
Res. 1,05
DIFFERING EFFECTS OF
PULSED AND CW MW IEEE Trans
Walter Reed 5 / 5.000
Brown, P. V. Brown, P. V. K.; ENERGY UPON NERVE Microw clearly nerves cell: cell
21 Army Walter Reed Army Inst. Research, Washington, DC 20012
Dept. Microwave Research, Inst. USA 1980 nn nn nn 1000 1000 1 1 pulsed (PW) nn 123 cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn
K. Larsen, L. E. FUNCTION AS DETECTED Theory Tech above (crab) nerve (nervous)
Research 5 (CW)
BY BIREFRINGENCE 28(10)
MEASUREMENTS
MW RADIATION, IN THE
ABSENCE OF Cober high power microwave
pulsed; 30 minutes;
Browning, M. Browning, M. D.; The Rockefeller HYPERTHERMIA, HAS NO Neurotoxicol 2 500 (2,8 6000 1; 5; 10; 20; 1; 5; 10; 20; generating system or acute; continuous; histological cut
22 USA
Lab. of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Univ., 1230 York Ave., New York, NY10021
1988 0.5 2.8 10000 10000 modulated at 16 nn 1; 2 (chronic exp) cw = pw above nn far-field 23 h/daysfor 0 rat nn nn whole body
D. Haycock, J. W. Univ. DETECTABLE EFFECT ON Teratol 10(5) 2,45 GHz) (2GHz) 50 50 Microwave Cavity Laboratory chronic intermittent (nervous)
Hz Model 15022 generator 7 days
SYNAPSIN I LEVELS OR
PHOSPHORYLATION.
0,5-32
(0.3 Hz tapered, open coaxial antenna
Caddemi, A.; organ
Bioelectro- higher or connected to a
Tamburello, C. C.; Universita di MW EFFECTS ON ISOLATED (heart of chick, part: organ
23 Scienze, 90128 Palermo,Italy (RR/C.C.T.)
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Universita di Palermo, Viale delleItaly
Caddemi, A. 1986 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 0.5 lower nn nn pulsed nn 3 0.95 cw = pw close to nn Hewlett Packard up to 3 hours acute continuous 0 nn 39
Zanforlin, L.; Palermo CHICK EMBRYO HEARTS 9 - 12 day old heart (cardio-vascular)
7(4) than the model 8620B microwave
Torregrossa, M. V. embryos)
natural generator
rhythm)
Universita di
Bologna;
Calzoni, G. L.;
Ass. per la WEAK EXTREMELY HF MW
Borghini, F.; CromoStim 2000 unit cell; (directly
Medicina AFFECT POLLEN-TUBE
Del Giudice, E.; irradiated)
Applicata EMERGENCE AND GROWTH J Altern (PromoPharma, pollen
Betti, L.; nn nn cw = pw medical Republic of San Marino; water, used for cell
M.M.); Associazione per la Medicina Applicataalla RicercaIN KIWIFRUIT: POLLEN ItalyComplement Nazionale di78
peranza@mail.cib.unibo.it (RR/A.S., G.L.C. F.D.R., alla Ricerca
24 Calzoni, G. L. Italy 2003 Italiana sull'Aqua, Roma, (F.B.); Istituto 40 Nucleare, 10
Fisica 40 - 78 Milano,Italy (E.D.G.); Dipartim nn
10 nn pulsed 0.02 nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (kiwifruit Actinidia nn nn
Dal Rio, F.; (0,02 W) application growth medium (reproductive)
Italiana GRAIN IRRADIATION AND Med 9(2) device designed for magnetic deliciosa)
Migliori, M.; resonance therapy) (indirectly
sull'Aqua; WATER-MEDIATED
Trebbi, G.; irradiation)
Istituto Nazionale EFFECTS
Speranza, A.
di Fisica
Nucleare
Capri, M.;
Scarcella, E.;
Fumelli, C.; Univ. of Bologna; IN VITRO EXPOSURE OF
Bianchi, E.; Telecom Italia HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO TEM cell cell
(model IFI CC104SEXX) 1 hour/day
Salvioli, S.; Mobile; 900 MHz CW AND GSM (lymphocytes,
fed by a for 3 days;
Mesirca, P.; Univ. of Genoa; MODULATED RF: STUDIES Radiat Res peripheral blood 31 volunteers cell: cell culture
Physics, Univ. of Bologna, Bologna,Italy (P.M., C.A., G.C., F.B.); TILab, Telecom ItaliaItaly
25 Capri, M. Mobile, Torino, Italy (A.A., A.S.); ICEmB,Centro Interuniversitario Interazione Campi Elettromagnetici e Biosistemi, Univ. nn Genoa, Genova,Italy (F.B.); Dept. Gerontological Res., INRCA, Anacona, Italy (C.Franceschi); CentroInterdipartimentale "L. Galvani," Bologna, Italy (M.C., G.C., F.B., C.Franceschi)
2004 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 of nn GSM-like nn nn 0,07/ 0,076 / cw = pw below nn nn 30 minutes- acute intermittent 1 nn
Agostini, C.; INRCA; OF PROLIFERATION, 162(2) PC-controlled mononuclear cells, nn cells lymphocyte (immune)
power amplifier and/or a intervalls/day
Antolini, A.; Centro APOPTOSIS AND of human healthy
Schiavoni, A.; Interdipartimenta MITOCHONDRIAL commercial GSM cell phone young volunteers)
Castellani, G.; le "L. Galvani," MEMBRANE POTENTIAL.
Bersani, F.;
Franceschi, C.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
Seite 7 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
In a previous study Exposures to continuous wave EMR at 24.5 or 40 C
(Bol'shakov et al., resulted in approximately the same dPID values: 3.2
Radiats Biol +/- 0.7 or 3.8 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Effects of
Radioecol 41:399- exposures with pulse modulation depended on
402, modulation frequency, and were different at normal
2001; BENER incubation temperature and under heating. At ↑++ (PID value, 6 and
Abstract No. The authors assume that
number of nonflown imagoes per frequencies of 6 and 22 Hz, dPID values in 22 Hz, 24,5 und 40°C)
exposure to pulse EMR at increase (pw)
hundred 23743), the authors exposures without heating were approximately 7%. ↑+ (PID value, 10 and
modulation frequencies of 10 sham ↑(+) vs.
ovipositions external showed that the With heating, the EMR effect was insignificantly (by 1- sham-exposure and ↑+ (PID value, 24.5 16 Hz, 24,5°C)
yes yes EXP TER in vitro teratogenity -/- yes nn nn and 16 Hz initiates a non- control ´- (PID
= medium effect of 2%) higher. At frequencies of 10 and 16 Hz, shelf control und 40°C) ↓+ (PID value, 10 and
pulse-modulated thermal mechanism values)
percentage of interrupted exposures at 24 C resulted in dPID values 16 Hz, 40°C)
electromagnetic that normalizes embryonic contrary effects
development (PID) approximating 4%, whereas at 40 C, the effect was
radiation (EMR) on development
significantly lower (approximately 1%, with p equal or
Drosophila embryos less than 0.05).
depended on the
modulation
frequency.
Extending that
investigation, the
The characteristics The incidence of MW evoked body movement The authors concluded that
of microwave inceresed with dose. The dose response curves microwave evoked body
induced body appeared to level off at doses higher than 16 J for movements can be considered to
movements in mice either type of microwave mode. Significant be a special example of a
were differences in incidence rate were noted for biological response to a high
investigated. different peak or average power. A 20-W/20-J rate of energy deposition as
Female BALB/c microwave was therefore considered to be the reflected by the high threshold for
rectal or mice were placed in requisite for evoking body movements at the sc heating rate
body movements; body and cranial along the a motion resistant maximum rate in mice. Higher doses or higher (0.24 C/sec). Due to the high sc ↑+(body movement) ↑+(body movement)
yes yes EXP BEH in vivo motor system no -/- nn nn yes nn
sc temperatures middle of test power microwaves did not evoke additional heating rates, the microwaves ↑+ (sc temperature) ↑+ (sc temperature)
the cranium chamber that was responses. The mice also showed evoked body used in these experiments must
placed in a low-Q movements to the acoustic and tactile stimuli. The be perceived by the mouse as an
[quality factor] durations of the responses induced by the microwave intense thermal sensation but not
resonant cavity. radiations and the acoustic and tactile stimuli did not a pain sensation because the
They differ significantly. The maximum increases in body temperature increment was
had been temperature induced by the microwave exposures well below the threshold for
instrumented with a were changes of the calcium-dependent absence of hyperthermia, may not `- (synapsin I ↓+(hyperthermic ↓+(hyperthermic
yes nn EXP SIG quantitative no -/- no significant effect on nn sham-exposure
and levels of synapsin I prodiced vitro neurological system synapsin I significantly alter these components levels); reduction of synapsin reduction of synapsin
indicator of synapsin I levels.
moderate (1- phosphorylation, but of synaptic transmitter release and levels) levels)
neurotoxicity. In
3C) the effect was not neuronal function.
order to investigate
hyperthermia statistically significant.
possible neurotoxic
effects of
microwave (MW)
radiation, calcium-
dependent
Based on previous
reports of A preliminary experiment investigating the effects of The authors concluded that
microwave-induced increasing the temperature on heart rate found that microwave irradiation of isolated
bradycardia the beat rates increased linearly with temperature chick embryo hearts alters cardiac
(decrease in over the 35-40 C range by 0.1 to 0.25 Hz/C. activity. CW irradiation caused a
beating rate) in slight bradycardia, while pulsed-
cardiac tissue from Of the remaining 36, 26 started to pulse normally modulated fields (in the change (pw;
turtles and frogs, within 10 min. The other 13 showed a persistent The locking of the heart rate to
physiological frequency range) depending on
the authors strong arrhythmia. In experiments with pulse- the modulation frequency could ↕+ (heart rate; ↕
external locked the cardiac frequency to the modulation frequency)
heart beat rates yes yes EXP CVS in vitro examined the organ function -/- yes modulated microwaves, modulation frequencies that nn reflect a rectification of the MW ´- ↓+ (heart rate) depending on
medium modulation frequency, increased nn (pre-exposure)
effects of were at least 0.3 Hz higher or lower than the natural signal at membrane modulation frequency)
heart rate amplitude, and could
microwave level.
rhythm were used. In 85 of 108 tests, locking of the regularize heart rates in cases
radiation on isolated cardiac frequency to the modulation frequency where strong arrhythmias or
chick embryo was observed. The synchronization was typically extremely weak activity were
hearts. Fifty one delayed by up to 10 min, although in some cases it evident. It is not easy to identify a
living hearts was immediate. In the remaining 23 tests, no mechanism for the observed
obtained from 9- to significant effects were detected. effects.
12-day old chick In 6 tests, irradiation was performed with an initial
embryos were
The authors modulation frequency close thethe rate of an pollen
Results were expressed as to percentage of ´- (tube emergence
examined the grains producing a tube. A germination test on and growth, directly
effects of weak basal medium using untreated pollen indicated ´- (tube emergence after direct irradiation)
and growth, directly
extremely high germination was 80.0 +/0 3.0%. The authors concluded that either
frequency (EHF) after direct irradiation) ↑+ (tube emergence
The initial level of pollen tube emergence and direct or indirect irradiation with
microwave growth in directly irradiated pollen grains did not EHF microwaves produced by the and elongation, 2-4
radiation on pollen ↑(+) (tube emergence days after direct
differ significantly from control values when CromoStim 2000 appear to
and elongation, 2-4
growth processes in measured just after irradiation with pulsed significantly affect pollen growth irradiation)
kiwifruit. This days after direct
GRO; cell vitality, cell microwaves. The extent of tube growth however processes. In both cases, water
tube emergence; tube elongation nn nn nn EXP in vitro -/- yes nn nn control ´- irradiation)
REP system was used division appeared to be significantly reduced at this time appears to play a primary role, and ↑++ (growth tube
as an objective, (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
INHIBITION OF DNA
SYNTHESIS AND
ENHANCEMENT OF THE
Chang, B. K.; cell
Duke Univ. UPTAKE AND ACTION OF Cancer Res 10 / 111 - cw ≤ pw medical cell: cell
26 Chang, B. K. Hematology USA
Div.Huang, A. T.; & Oncology, Dept. Medicine, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
1980 1 1 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 5 - 50 nn nn AIL 125 generator nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 (L1210 leukemia nn nn
Medical Center METHOTREXATE BY LOW 40(4) 121 cw ≥ pw application L1210 leukemia (haematopoetic)
laJoines, W. T. cells)
POWER-DENSITY MW
RADIATION IN L1210
LEUKEMIA CELLS
EFFECTS OF MW
Microwave
EXPOSURE AT VARIOUS 0,1;
Chiang, H.; Instit., Zhejiang
POWER DENSITIES ON J Bioelectr 2,45 1,0; 0,5; mouse histological cut
27 Chiang, H. Microwave Instit., Zhejiang Medical Univ., Hangzhou, 310006 China
Yao, G. D.; Medical Univ., China 1984 3 (pw) none 935 935 1.2 1.2 pulsed nn nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn 3 hours acute continuous 0 nn > 10 whole body
MITOCHONDRIAL MARKER 3(3) (cw) 5,0 1,0; (C57BL, adult) (nervous)
Zhou, S. Hangzhou,
ENZYMES IN MOUSE 5,0
310006 China
BRAINS
nerves,
IEEE Trans below / muscles
Univ. EFFECTS OF EMF ON / part: organ
Chou, C-K.; Microw nn close to / S-band waveguide (frog;
28 USA
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine RJ-30, Univ. Washington Sch.Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
Chou, C-K. Washington Sch. 1978 ISOLATED NERVE AND 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,3-1.500 300 - nn nn near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn nerve; (nervous; muscle-
Guy, A. W. Theory Tech clearly cat;
Medicine MUSCLE PREPARATIONS. 220.000 muscle sceleton)
26(3) above rabbit;
rat)
Chou, C.K.;
A.W. Guy; Effects of continuous and Radio / 1,64 head, 2 hours/day
29 Chou, C-K. nn nn USA 1979 2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 10 pulsed nn 1.5 cw = pw below nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn nn nn nn nn
J.A. McDougall; pulsed MW exposure on rabbits Science. 14 2,1 body for 3 months
L.-F. Han
pulsed; pulsed
Chou, C-K.; Univ. 20 rabbit whole body
MW RADIATION AND HEART- J Microw 1; (syncron with R cw = pw; cw > close to /
30 Bioelectromagnetics Research Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine RJ-30, Univ. Washington Sch.Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
Chou, C-K. Han, L. F.; Washington Sch. USA 1980 2.45 2.45 none 700 700 1 nn 5; 80 5 / 7,1; 13,7 0,12 - 1,79 nn nn nn minutes/day temporary intermittent 0 (New Zealand nn 3 (dorsal; cardio-vascular
BEAT RATE OF RABBITS Power 15(2) 10 wave of the pw above
Guy, A. W.sea Medicine for 10 days albino, adult) ventral)
cardiogram)
Chou, C-K.;
Univ. EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS pulse generator 2 hours/day, rabbit
Guy, A. W.; 9 male; 9
31 USA
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine, Univ. Washington Sch. Medicine,Seattle, WA 98195 MW Radio Sci 17
Chou, C-K. Washington Sch. 1982 AND PULSED CHRONIC 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 10 10 pulsed 10 1.5 1,5 / nn 1,6 - 2,1 cw = pw above nn far-field 5 days/weeks temporary intermittent 0 (New Zealand, 3 mo 18 whole body whole organism
McDougall, J. A.; (Applied MW Lab. PH4OK) female
Medicine EXPOSURE ON RABBITS for 90 days old)
Han, L-F.
EFFECTS OF PULSED MW J Microw
Yee, K-C.; Univ. 8.55; below (cw) /
RADIATION ON THE Power S-band, WR-284 continuous; organ part: organ
Bioelectromagnetics ResearchChou, C-K.; Center for Bioengineering, Univ. of Washington Schoolof Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 (RR/A.W.G.)
32 Chou, C-K. Lab., RJ-30, Washington Sch. USA 1986 2.45 2.45 none 16 16 10 10 pulsed nn nn 0.003 2; cw or pulsed wave was a function of power density, with a peak effect ↑+ (MTX uptake, ↑+ (MTX uptake, DNA
action of 3H-MTX (methotrexate); nn nn nn EXP cell vitality, cell no -/- nn be improved by nn nn nn
TUM vitro; in vitro (PW) microwave between 15- 25 mW/cm2 for CW radiation, perhaps DNA synth inhibition) synth inhibition)
DNA synthesis division the use of MW
(MW) radiation on attributable to increased membrane permeability in
the cellular uptake MW-exposed cells. PW exposure at 10 mW/cm2
and gave a similar inhibition. In vivo, combined treatment
action of with 5 mW/cm2 MW radiation for 20 min and MTX
methotrexate altered the duration of survival to an equivalent tumor
The effect of Mice exposed to PW microwaves at incident power
continuous wave densities of 0.5 mW/cm2 or more had significantly
(CW) or pulsed decreased amounts of SDH and MAO in both the
wave (PW) hypothalamus and hippocampus. The lowest
microwave levels occurred in the 5 mW/cm2 group. Additional
exposure on groups of mice were exposed at 0, 0.3, and 0.5
brain mitochondrial mW/cm2 to PW microwaves to establish a threshold. The authors conclude that PW
brain mitochondrial enzymes: enzymes succinate Significantly reduced SDH activity was observed only microwaves are more effective than
↓+ (at 5 mW/cm2; ↓+ (at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 attentuation
succinat dehydrogenase (SDH) and in vivo -> dehydrogenase in the 0.5 mW/cm2 group. Mice exposed to CW CW microwaves in decreasing
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
nn nn nn EXP ENA
vitro (SDH) and cell function -/- yes nn
brain SDH
nn sham-exposure nn SDH- und MAO mW/cm2; SDH- und (pw;dependening on
microwaves showed a significant reduction in
monoamine levels) MAO levels) PFD)
(by microspectrophotometry) enzyme activity only at 5.0 mW/cm2. and MAO levels under the
oxidase (MAO) in experimental conditions used.
mice was studied
using histochemical
methods. Groups
of
10 adult C57BL
mice in were sham-
irradiated, irradiated
Isolated frog sciatic As long as the temperature of the nerves or muscles
nerves, cat was kept constant, no changes in amplitude or
saphenous nerves conduction characteristics or
rabbit vagus in contraction were observed for CW and PW.
nerves, Changes No direct electric field stimulation of ´- (stimulation of
´- (stimulation of
2) measured NES; superior cervical observed at the highest power levels were due to nerve axons, ganglia, or muscles muscles and axons);
nerve action potential; muscle 1) fix 2) muscles and axons);
in ext yes EXP MUS; in vitro membrane function no -/- nn was nn nn nn ↑+ (thermal
contractile tension yes ganglia, and rat associated increases in ↑+ (thermal stimulation
solution SIG diaphragm muscles temperature and were duplicated by increasing the observed during microwave stimulation of muscles
of muscles and axons)
(maintained at a solution temperature. irradiation. and axons)
constant
temperature by
Ringer's solution)
were exposed in an Keine Effekte bei: Körpergewicht, EEG,
Körpergewicht, EEG, nn morphoplogical and
hämatologische Tests, Catarakt-Bildung im Auge
2450MHz, 1,5mW/cm², 2h/d, 3 Monate. Eine Gruppe CW, eine Gruppe 10µs Pulse. Peak vivo ->
hämatologische Tests, Catarakt- nn nn nn EXP EOR (in SAR Kopf: 1,64 W/kg, Körper 2,1W/kg. Keine Effekte bei: Körpergewicht, EEG, hämatologische Tests, Catarakt-Bildung im Auge
pathological no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
Bildung im Auge vitro) changes
The effects of The relative change in heart beat was random in
microwave (MW) nature for ventral and dorsal exposures to both
radiation on heart CW and PW MW energy. With dorsal high-power
rates were studied. CW exposure , the animals were disturbed by heat
Three stress; after exposure, heart rates increased, then
adult New Zealand returned to normal after about 20 min. Exposure to
albino rabbits were PW, synchronized to the R wave peak of the EKG
exposed both lead to random changes in heart rate; Only one
dorsally and rabbit showed a consistent positive chronotropic
heart beats (EKG), SAR nn nn nn EXP CVS in vivo ventrally physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ↕+ (hearbeat) ↕+ (hearbeat)
effect, when the pulse was delayed 100 or 200
to 2450-MHz MW msec. No cumulative effects were observed over a
plane waves for 20 period of 4 mo.
min/day for 10 days
under each of
several
field conditions:
continuous waves
(CW) at 5
mW/cm2; pulsed
The effects of No significant differences were observed
exposure to between the exposed and sham rabbits in body
continuous wave wt (measured every other day); EEG and evoked
(CW) and pulsed potentials (recorded 1/wk); blood tests
microwave (MW) (hematological, chemical, and morphological studies,
fields for a 3-mo 1/mo); or cataract examination before and after the
period were 3-mo exposure. However, 5 animals injected with
investigated and ´- ( EEG; ´- ( EEG; ´- ( EEG;
EEG; growth; apomorphine died (1 exposed to CW, 3 pulse-
compared in 18 evoked potentials; evoked potentials; evoked potentials;
evoked potentials; blood; morphological and exposed, and 1 sham exposed) , indicating sensitivity
nn nn nn EXP EOR in vivo New Zealand no -/- nn nn nn sham-exposure blood; blood; blood;
cataract; pathological to it. The remaining 5 rabbits showed no
rabbits (3 mo old; 9 cataract; cataract; cataract;
tissue damage changes histopathological changes.
male, 9 female). tissue damage) tissue damage) tissue damage)
Animals were
placed in Plexiglas
cages and exposed
singly in miniature
anechoic chambers
to CW, pulsed, or
sham 2450-MHz
Contradictory The contractile rates of hearts in the control group
effects of dropped linearly during the 60-min recording period
microwave to about 67% of its initial beat rate. All of the groups
exposure on heart showed no significant alteration in the reduction of
rate have been heart rate with time compared to
reported the control that could be directly attributable to The authors concluded that the
in the literature. microwave exposure. effects of pulsed microwave 1) ´- (nonthermal
Several Significant differences were seen between the 1) ´- (nonthermal
heart radiation on the isolated frog hearts reduction of heart
investigators have controls and the groups where a tempearture reduction of heart
muscle; are purely thermal and no rate);
contractile rates yes yes EXP CVS in vitro organ function no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´- rate);
external reported effects incease in the ext solution, either due to MWs or bradycardia, as was previously 2) ↑++ (thermal
ranging conventional heating . 2) ↑++ (thermal
solution reported, occurs when hearts are reduction of heart
from bradycardia to reduction of heart rate)
isothermally exposed to microwave rate)
tachycardia, radiation.
including no effects
at all. Soviet
investigators
reported severe
clinical symptoms
including
The effects of Statistically significant and consistent changes were
relatively low power noted in glucose, BUN, and uric acid following ↑++ (glucose, BUN,
density microwave microwave exposure. The response appeared to uric acid; 25
2
exposures on be dose-dependent with increases of 44% in mW/cm )
various animals exposed at 25 mW/cm2, continuous
gross and histopathological serum components wave (CW); 29% in animals exposed to 10 ↑+ (glucose, BUN,
examinations were studied in 6- mW/cm2, CW; and 18% in animals exposed at 5 It is concluded that the results of uric acid; 5 and 10
to 10-mo-old Dutch morphological and 2 ?
mW/cm2, CW. Other serum components did not the blood chemistry and sleeping mW/cm )
serum components (i.e. calcium, HCS; in vivo -> rabbits weighing pathological show consistent variation from baseline values. time experiments were consistent nn
yes rectal yes EXP 2.09 +/- 0.29 kg. -/- yes nn nn nn nn increase (cw)
inorganic phosphate, glucose, uric BEH vitro changes; Observed physiologic response, as well as rectal with a dose-dependent response to ´- (other serum ´- ?
Both continuous changes (cw)
acid etc.) physiology temperature measurements, indicated that the a nonspecific thermal stress at all components)
wave and pulsed decrease (cw)
thermoregulatory capability of the rabbits was power densities used.
sleeping time mode 2-hr sufficient to compensate for the thermal burden at 5 ↕+ (nephrosis; 25
exposures at and 10 mW/cm2 but could be overridden by a 2-hr mW/cm2)
2.45 GHz were exposure at 55 mW/cm2. Pathology findings
used at power included a mild, repairable nephrosis in animals ↓+ (sleeping time; 5-
densities of 25, 10, exposed at a power density of 25 mW/cm2. A 2
50 mW/cm )
and 5 mW/cm2. further investigation of analeptic effects in
Blood phenobarbital sedated rabbits at power densities
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
nn thermal
athermal (5 and
2
10 mW/cm )
nn
thermal (55 (25
2
?) mW/cm )
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
INVESTIGATION OF THE
cell:
EFFECTS OF CW, PULSE-
Liu, L-M.; Bioelectro- pulsed and cell single cells of
AND cell
34 Cleary, S. F. Garber, F.; nn nn USA 1982 magnetics 2.45 3 2.7 nn nn nn nn sinusoidally- nn nn nn nn nn nn waveguide exposure chamber nn nn nn nn 0 (green alga nn 65 Chara corallina;
AM MW ON SINGLE (algae Chara corallina)
Cleary, S. F. 3(2) modulated Chara corallina) green algae
EXCITABLE CELLS OF
giant cells
CHARA CORALLINA
cell:
RBC
(whole -
Cleary, S. F.; Virginia EFFECTS OF X-BAND MW Bioelectro- 138; waveguide exposure cell
heparinized- cell
35 Cleary, S. F. USA
Dept. Biophys., Med. Coll. Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298
Garber, F.; Commonwealth 1982 EXPOSURE ON RABBIT magnetics 8.42 8.42 none 138 413; 5 5 pulsed nn nn / 14500 21.7 21.6 cw = pw above nn chambers nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 (rabbit, nn nn
blood sus- (haematopoetic)
Liu, L. M. Univ. ERYTHROCYTES 3(4) 555 adult Dutch)
pensions
or washed
cells)
described by Cleary et al.
(Bioelectromagnetics 6:53-60,
Cleary, S. F.; 1985; BENER Abstract No. cell
EFFECT OF ISOTHERMAL RF cell culture:
Du, Z.; Virginia 5 - 50; (T-lymphocytes of
RADIATION ON FASEB J cw ≥ pw; 2418) cytotoxic cell culture
Bioelectromagnetics Lab., Dept. of G.;
36 Cleary, S. F. and Biophysics,
Cao, Physiology Commonwealth Medical Coll. of Virginia, VirginiaCommonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298
USA 1996 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 6670 6670 pulsed nn nn 5 5 above nn near-field 2 hours acute continuous 0 cloned murine nn nn
CYTOLYTIC T 10(8) cw = pw and Liu and Cleary T-lympho-cytes (immune)
Liu, L-M.; Univ. (Bioelectromagnetics 9:249- cytolytic)
LYMPHOCYTES (CTLL-2)
McCrady, C. 257, 1988; BENER Abstract
No. 4753)
EFFECTS OF MOBILE microscope stage exposure cell:
Cranfield, C. G.; cell
PHONE TYPE SIGNALS ON system described by Anderson Jurkat
Cranfield, C. Wood, A. W.; Swinburne Univ. Int J Radiat (human cell culture
Australia andrewwood@swin.edu.au (RR/A.W.W., C.G.C., K.G.M., V.A.) 0.915
cal Sciences & Electrical Engineering, Swinburne Univ. of Technology, Melbourne,Australia, e-mail:2001
37 CALCIUM LEVELS WITHIN 0.915 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 1 - 2,1 cw = pw close to nn et al. (Development of a new near-field 10 minutes acute continuous 1 nn nn E6-1, American
G. Anderson, V.; of Technology Biol 77(12) lymphocytes; Yurkat (immune)
HUMAN LEUKAEMIC T- in vitro RF exposure device for Type Culture
Menezes, K. G. cells)
CELLS (JURKAT CELLS) confocal microscopy imaging) Collection
Stewart-DeHaan, P.
J.;
LENS CATARACT Invest
Trevithick, J. R.;
Creighton, M. Univ. Western FORMATION IN VITRO: Ophthalmol pulsed cw = pw (same lens part: histological cut
38 Creighton, M. O.; Canada
Univ. Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada1980 0.915 0.915 none nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
O. Ontario THE EFFECTS OF HEAT AND Vis Sci (high power) average power) (rat) lens (sensoric)
Ross, W. M.;
MW IRRADIATION 19(Suppl.)
Larsen, L. E.;
Jacobi, J. H.
Creighton, M. O.;
Larsen, L. E.;
Stewart-DeHaan, P. IN VITRO STUDIES OF MW-
Univ. of Western
J.; INDUCED CATARACT.
Ontario; lens
Creighton, M. Jacobi, J. H.; Exp Eye Res 0.5 - 65 / cw = pw (same clearly part: histological cut
Ontario, London,Ontario (RR/ J.R.T., M.O.C.); Baskerville Associates, 319 Piccadilly St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1,Canada; Dept. of Microwave Res., 0.918 Reed Armynone of Res., Washington, DC (L.E.L., J.H.J.)
estern39 Walter Reed Canada 1987 Walter 0.918 Inst. nn varied 10 10 pulsed nn 5,75 - 750 nn WR975 waveguide nn 6 minutes acute continuous 0 (rat, nn nn
O. Sanwal, M.; II. COMPARISON OF 45(3) 24000 average power) above lens (sensoric)
Army Inst. of Sprague-Dawley )
Baskerville, J. C.; DAMAGE OBSERVED FOR
Res.
Bassen, H. E.; CW AND PULSED MW
Brown, D. O.;
Trevithick, J. R.
MW EFFECTS ON THE
Natl. Res. Inst. BLOOD-FORMING SYSTEM 2 hours/day
Ann N Y rabbit;
40 Czerski, P. Dept. P. Genetics, and Poland
Czerski, of Human of Mother Natl. Res. Inst. of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
1975 WITH PARTICULAR 2.95 2.95 none 1200 1200 1 1 pulsed nn 3 3 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn for 37 or 79 temporary intermittent 0 nn nn nn haematopoetic
Acad Sci 247
Child REFERENCE TO THE days
LYMPHOCYTE.
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Cells maintained at constant temp during exposure
showed no consistent or statistically significant ´- (resting potential, ´- (resting potential,
electrophysiology cell reactions MW-dependent alterations in any of the dependent The effects of intensity or pulse amplitude of the amplitude of the action
(resting potent., conduction velocity, repetition rate windows, variations action potential, rise potential, rise and
BMP; variables.
amplitude under no impressed MW). The dependent variables measured before, during and after exposurein vitro S-band MW fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conductionnn
waveguide (i.e.,of action potent., action fix nn nn EXP to the membrane function no -/- velocity, and excitability. Cells maintained at 22 +/- 0.1 C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant MW-dependent alterations in any of the dependent variables. The effects of intensity or pulse repetition rate windows, variations in modulation index, exposure temperature, and carrier wave frequency w
in modulation index, exposure nn nn nn and decay time of the decay time of the
CEF
potent. rise time, decay time of temperature, and carrier wave action potential, action potential,
action potent., excitability) frequency will require further study. conduction velocity, conduction velocity,
and excitability) and excitability)
The effects of Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux
continuous wave compared to water-bath-heated controls were
(CW) and pulsed detected when RBC were exposed in whole blood
microwave (MW) suspensions to either CW or pulse-modulated 8.42-
heating on the GHz MW energy at specific absorption rates (SAR) Measured differences in
permeability of resulting in sample temperatures of 24.6 and 24.4 C, sample heating rates and
erythrocyte (RBC) respectively. Pulsed MW exposure resulted in a temperature gradients between
plasma membranes ↑++ (K+ efflux, whole ↑(+) (K+ efflux, whole
small but consistent enhancement of K+ efflux in MW-exposed and heated amplification (cw)
permeability of erythrocyte plasma were studied. RBC blood suspension) blood suspension)
BMP; 1:1 red cell suspensions and to a lesser extent in control suspensions may control (water bath
membranes: yes suspension yes EXP in vitro from membrane function -/- yes nn nn ´-
HCS whole blood, compared with CW exposure. No account in part for the heated)
K+ efflux adult Dutch rabbits
+
´- (K efflux, 1:1 red ↑+ (K+ efflux, 1:1 red
statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the differential effect of MW increase (pw)
were exposed as cell suspension) cell suspension)
case of 1:1 red cell suspensions under the same exposure, but such effects do
whole (heparinized) exposure conditions. not appear to fully
blood suspensions explain the results of this study.
or as washed cells
in 1:1 isotonic
buffered K+-free
saline suspensions
in
Previous in vitro Exposure to CW and PW had similar effects: it
studies have increased cell proliferation when measured shortly
provided evidence after exposure and decreased cell
that radiofrequency proliferation when measured 24 hr after irradiation.
(RF) The proliferative effects were independent of IL-2 The authors concluded that these
radiation modulates concentration when measured immediately results are consistent with the
proliferation of after irradiation and cell proliferation decreased with hypothesis that 2,450-MHz RF 1) ↑+ (cell
cell vitality, cell
gliomas, increasing IL-2 concentration when measured 24 hr radiation affects CTLL-2 cell proliferation 1) ↑+ (cell proliferation
lymphocytes, and division, post-irradiation. In CLTT-2 cells, cultured without IL-
cell proliferation (measuring uptake external CEF; proliferation by altering membrane immediately after immediately after exp);
fix no EXP in vitro morphological and no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´-
of tritiated thymidine 3H-TDR) medium IMM other cell 2 (which led to mitotic arrest of the cells) prior to signal transduction, a direct effect exp); 2) ↓+ (cell 2) ↓+ (cell proliferation
types but the pathological exposure, irradiation did not effect 3H-TdR uptake that is independent of heating. The proliferation 24h after 24h after exp)
mechanism of RF changes
when measured immediately after exposure. This effect depends on the presence exp)
radiation-induced suggested that irradiation effects required the during exposure of unoccupied high-
cell proliferation presence of IL-2 receptors on the CTLL-2 cell affinity IL-2 receptors.
modulation is not membrane. When assessed 24 hr after irradiation,
well understood. 3H-TdR uptake occurred, but the extent of uptake
The authors was smaller than in cells that had been cultured with
investigated the IL-2 before irradiation. This indicated mitotically
hypothesis
The authors arrested CTLL-2 cells retained their ability to
Except for a significant spectral shift in the
examined the frequency of Ca++
effects of cellular spikes in activated cells exposed to a simulated
phone GSM signal, revealed inthe fast Fourier transform of
radiofrequency calcium fluorescence variations over each
calcium ion (Ca++) levels and Ca++ (RF) 600-sec period in sham/exposed minus control
signaling patterns (regression slope fields on calcium period, there were no
ion (Ca++) levels The authors concluded that these
of Ca++ fluorescence, mean Ca++ significant differences in any of the examined Ca++
results provide no evidence that RF
concentration, number of Ca++ and Ca++ signaling parameters between ↑++(spectral shift of
fix nn EXP BMP in vitro patterns in Jurkat cell function no -/- nn emissions from cell phones are nn sham-exposure ´- ´-
spikes in each 10-min period, the cells exposed to either the CW RF fields or the Ca++spikes)
E6-1 cells, a human associated with any changes in
mean height of the Ca++ spikes, simulated GSM signal.
T-lymphocyte Ca++ concentrations or Ca++
and the average frequency of
hybridoma cell line. signaling in lymphocytes.
the spikes)
Jurkat E6-1 cells,
obtained from the
American Type
Culture Collection,
were cultured in
HEPES-buffered
The effect of heat Lenses heated for 5 min were almost as damaged
and microwave as those heated for 20 min at 41 C, suggesting that
irradiation on rat the initial heat shock is the critical factor in heat-
lenses was induced cataract formation.
investigated Controls at 39 C showed very small changes from
in vitro. Intact normal lens morphologic appearance in both
lenses in tissue epithelial and fiber cells, whereas progressive
culture medium damage (greater with PU than CW) occurred with
EOR; were exposed to morphological and
depth of degeneration (by scanning external increasing time of exposure. The maximum
yes nn EXP EYE; in vitro elevated pathological -/- yes nn nn nn controls (heated) nn ↑+ (lens damage) ↑++ (lens damage) amplification (pw)
electron microscopy) medium damage, observed at this temperature, occurred at
SEN temperatures for changes
the maximum PU time of exposure tested (20 min);
periods of up to 1 this involved the production of holes in the equatorial
hr, followed by lens fiber cells to a depth of approximately 80-100
incubation at 35.5 C um below the lens capsule.
for 2 days. The
maximum depth of
degeneration,
observed by
Thescanning of
possibility Several kinds of damage were observed including Of several possible mechanisms
nonthermal effects holes in the fiber cells, capsular effects such as discussed, the authors conclude
of radiation in pitting or surface granulation, globular degeneration, that thermoelastic expansion,
microwave foam, and granulation of fiber cells. resulting in pressure waves induced
cataractogenesis Statistically significant greater damage was in the aqueous medium and lens
was investigated by observed for all combinations of PW radiation tissue by thermoacoustic expansion
comparing the except one (23 mW/gm for 6 min) when following each pulse of microwave
effects of pulsed compared to CW radiation of the same average energy, is the mechanism most
damage of lense (by scanning (PW) morphological and
EYE; power. PW radiation produced 4.7 x the depth of likely to explain the greater
electron microscopy or light fix nn yes EXP in vitro or continuous (CW) pathological -/- yes nn nn nn nn ↑+ (lens damage) ↑++ (lens damage) amplification (pw)
SEN damage caused by CW radiation. The separate- effects of PW radiation. These
microscopy) radiation of changes
effects model provided slightly better fit to variation in results support the concept of
equivalent depth of damage, but the authors feel the reciprocal- establishing lower occupational
absorbed average effects model provides adequate fit for practical exposure limits for PW than CW
power purposes. radiation, and may, in part, explain
(temperature and differences in safety standards
duration are established in Western and Eastern
constant). Lenses countries where experimental work
of Sprague-Dawley was performed mainly with CW and
Therats
author Hematologic parameters such as hemoglobin PW transmitters, respectively.
summarized his levels and hematocrits were not affected by any
research on the irradiation. 37 days' exposure to PW caused larger
effects of low-level disturbances in iron metabolism and larger
microwave decreases in RBC counts compared to CW. The author concluded that
radiation on the Comparable changes in iron metabolism and RBC responses of blood and the blood-
hematopoietic counts due to CW irradiation were seen only after 79 forming system to microwave
system in various '-(hematologic -(hematologic
Hematologic, such as hemoglobin days of exposure. irradiation may reveal subtle effects
experimental parameters); ↕+ (iron parameters); ↕+ (iron
level and hematocrits; iron induced at low power density levels.
nn nn nn EXP HCS in vivo animals. physiology -/- yes nn nn sham-exposure nn metabolism); ↓+ metabolism); ↓++
metabolism (uptake of iron-59 These types of responses may
Three groups of (RBC counts) after 37 (RBC counts) after 37 attenuation (pw)
(59Fe)) represent a convenient model for
rabbits were days of exp days of exp
use in cytophysiologic studies and
irradiated with possibly biophysical investigations.
continuous wave
(CW) or pulsed
2,950-MHz
radiation for 2 hr
daily at the same
power density (3
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
possibly
nn
thermal
nn athermal
nn nn
nn thermal
thermal
nn (thermoelastic
expansion)
athermal
nn
(subtle thermal)
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Center for
EFFECTS OF CONTIUOUS
Devices and
AND PULSED 2450-MHz
Czerska, E. M.; Radiological S-band wave guide
RADIATION ON
Elson, E. C.; Health; Bioelectro- (WR430, 109.22 mm 54.61 cell
SPONTANEOUS 100 - pulsed close to / cell culture
ockville, MD (E.M.C., M.L.S., P.C.); ElectricalEngineering Dept., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (RR/C.C.D.); Dept. of Microwave Res., WalterReed Army Inst. of 2.45 Washington, DC (E.C.E.)
41 Czerski, P. Davis, C. C.; Univ. of USA 1992 magnetics 2.45 Res., none 100 1 1 nn nn up to 12,3/ up to 12,3 / cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn 1 (human nn nn cell
LYMPHOBLASTOID 1000 (square) above mm internally) (immune)
Swicord, M. L.; Maryland; 13(4) lymphocytes)
TRANSFORMATION OF fed by a common MW source
Czerski, P. Walter Reed
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN
Army Inst. of
VITRO
Res.
BEHAVIORAL AND THERMAL 0,4
0,6 0,6 5;
D'Andrea, J. A.; EFFECTS OF MW 0,5
Radio Sci (CW (CW 3; 7,5; 0,51; 5,1 rat whole organism
ng, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, Gandhi, O. (J.A.D., O.P.G.); Utah
42 D'Andrea, J. A. UT 84112 P.; Engineering, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake AT RESONANT(J.L.L.)Radio Sci 12(6S):251-256
Univ. Dept.Biology and Electrical USA 1977 RADIATION City, UT 84112 0,7 1000 1000 3 pulsed nn nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn nn nn continuous 0 nn 3 whole body
12(6S) and and 30 10; /170 (Long-Evans) (behavior)
Lords, J. L. AND NONRESONANT (only
PW) PW) 20
WAVELENGTHS CW)
cell:
Dardanoni, L.; MILLIMETER-WAVE cell
Universita di J Bioelectr pulsed 7 cultures of the cell culture
43 Dardanoni, L. Istituto M. V.; Italy
Torregrossa, di Igiene, Universita di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo,EFFECTS ON CANDIDA
1985 Italy 72 72 nn 1000 1000 nn nn / 0,0002 nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 3 hours multi continuous 0 (yeast, Candida nn 4 - 5 x 10
Palermo 4(1) (square) yeast Candida (colony-forming)
Zanforlin, L. ALBICANS CELLS albicans)
albicans
OPERANT BEHAVIOR AND
COLONIC TEMPERATURE
Naval Air Bioelectro- Styrofoam chair; monkey
OF MACACA MULATTA clearly 60-minutes-
44 de Lorge, J. O. Naval Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL 32508
de Lorge, J. O. Station, USA 1984 magnetics 1.3 1.3 370 370 3 3 pulsed nn 20-95 20-95 nn cw = pw nn nn temporary intermittent 0 (rhesus, Macaca nn 5 whole body whole organism
EXPOSED TO RF FIELDS AT above free-field radiation sessions
Pensacola 5(2) mulatta)
AND ABOVE RESONANT
FREQUENCIES
2 Generators: rats(30
Crit Rev 1) utilizing a minutes/day
Russian Acad. of
Biomed Eng MIRA-2D for 7days);
Sciences; EFFECT OF LOW-ENERGY
Devyatkov, N. D.; 29(1); pulsed X-ray mice (30 rat
"Extremely High AND HIGH-PEAK-POWER 5,6
Devyatkov, N. Pletnyov, S. D.; Bio- 30 mm 7,1 mm Yav1- unit, and 2) minutes/day (female); 50(rats)+ digestive; respiratory
Electronics, Russian Acad. of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (N.D.D.,O.V.B., V.V.F.); "Extremely2001 Frequency" Medical and Technical Assoc., Moscow, Russia (S.D.P.)
and 45 Frequency" Russia High NANOSECOND PULSES OF mm 6 6 0.01 0.01 pulsed 0.1 10 nn nn nn above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 female whole body
D. Betskii, O. V.; meditsinskay (PW) (CW) generator based for 4days, 1 mouse 77(mouse) (tumor)
Medical and MW RADIATION (CW)
Faikin, V. V. a Radio- on a "Sinus- day break (BDF-1)
Technical ON MALIGNANT TUMORS
elektronika G1" pulsed and for
Assoc.,
(10) accelerator further 5
design days)
NON-THERMAL DNA
BREAKAGE BY MOBILE-
Diem, E.;
Medical Univ. of PHONE RADIATION (1800 4; cell culture
Schwarz, C.; different mobile-
Vienna; MHz) IN HUMAN Mutat Res 1,2; mobile 16; continuous; ((human diploid cell culture
Medicine, Medical Univ. of Vienna, F.;
tional46 Diem, E. Austria
Adlkofer, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090,Austria (RR/H.R., E.D., C.S., O.J.); Verum Foundation, Munich, Germany (F.A.)
2005 1.8 1.8 none 217 217 nn nn phone nn nn cw = pw above nn nn acute 1 nn nn cell culture
Verum FIBROBLASTS AND IN 583(2) 2 telephone 24 intermittent fibroblasts and rat (muscle-skeleton)
Jahn, O.; modulations
Foundation, TRANSFORMED GFSH-R17 hours granulosa)
Rudiger, H.
RAT GRANULOSA CELLS IN
VITRO
cell
Dutta, S. K.; LACK OF MICROBIAL
2 hours (cw); (yeast:
Nelson, W. H.; GENETIC RESPONSE TO J Microw 8,5-9,6 cw ≤ pw cell culture
47 Dutta, S.K. USA
Dept. Botany, Howard Univ., Washington, DC 20059
Howard Univ. 1979 2.45 9.6 1000 1000 nn nn pulsed nn 20 1 - 45 40 nn above nn nn nn nn 90 minutes acute continuous 0 Saccharomyces; nn nn cell
Blackman, C. F.; 2.45-GHz CW AND 8.5 - 9.6- Power 14(3) GHz cw ≥ pw (bacteria)
(pw) bacteria: Salmonella
Brusick, D. J. GHz PULSED MW
typhi-murium)
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
This investigation There were no significant differences in
attempted to distribution of cell sizes in control and sham-
resolve previous exposed cultures incubated 120 hr. A low level of
contradictory spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation (1.2 +/-
findings by 37 and 37.5°C: ´-
0.9/100 cells) was evident in pooled or control and 37 and 37.5°C: ´-, ´-
others regarding sham-exposed results. Distribution of cell sizes in
the effects of The authors concluded that PW 38.5°C: ↑++ (cells
conventionally heated cultures subjected to 38.5°C: ↑+, ↑+
pulsed (PW) and of 2450-MHz and CW 2450-MHz 150-200 µm2;
increasing increments of heat showed no significant (cells 150-200
continuous (CW) microwaves delivered at the same ↓+ (cells 100-120 37 and 38°C: ↑++
HCS; (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
ULTRASTRUCTURAL
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT
OF LOW FIELD INTENSITY Red kidney bean
Dwivedi, R. S.; MW RADIATION ON THE J Cell Biol 5; plants (Phaseolus whole organism
48 Dwivedi, R. S. Dept. Botany, USA
Howard Univ. Howard Univ., Washington, DC 1979 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 10
nn cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn whole body
Vaidya, C. B. MEMBRANES OF LEAF 83(2 Pt 2) vulgaris L., 1-4 wk (plants)
CELLS OF RED KIDNEY old)
BEANS (PHASEOLUS
VULGARIS L.)
Motorola Florida Bioelectro-
clearly rabbit; part: sensoric
49 Elder, J.A. Motorola Florida Research Laboratories, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USAOcular effects of RF energy
Elder, J.A. Research USA 2003 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 150 cw = pw nn nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
above monkey eye (ocular system)
Laboratories 24 (6)
standard horn antenna
EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE powered by a
Natl. Res. Inst. pulsed 3 hours/day
Elekes, E.; SYSTEM OF MICE EXPOSED Bioelectro- TK1 type TR-TK0603
for Radiobiology (square wave for 6 mouse
and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary;Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, POB 101, H-1775 Budapest, Hungary (RR/E.E.)
rie" Res. Inst. for RadiobiologyThuroczy, G.;
50 Elekes, E. Hungary 1996 CHRONICALLY TO 50 Hz magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 nn nn nn 0,1/ 0,12 - 0,16/ cw = pw close to nn microwave generator coupled nn temporary intermittent 0 female, male nn whole body whole organism
and amplitude consecutive (BALB/c)
Szabo, L. D. AMPLITUDE-MODULATED 17(3) to an OMSZOV
Radiohygiene modulated) days
2.45 GHz MICROWAVES type BE-104 function
generator
HEART RATE CHANGES
cardio-vascular
Jauchem, J. R.; NASA-Lyndon B. DUE TO 5.6-GHz RF Proc Soc Exp rat
250; 30; 6; (heart rate, blood
51 Medical Research R.;
Frei, M. R. Johnson SD3,
Frei, M. Branch, Mail Code SpaceNASA-Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston,RADIATION:
USA 1984 TX 77058 Biol Med 5.6 5.6 none 250 1 1-2 pulsed nn cw = pw above radar far-field nn acute intermittent 0 (Sprague-Dawley, female 28 whole body
500 60 12 pressure, respiratory
Heinmets, F. Center RELATION TO AVERAGE 177(3) adult)
rate)
POWER DENSITY
Trinity Univ. ;
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS J Microw 8,4;
Frei, M.; Sch. of 12,6; cardio-vascular
OF 2.8 GHz RF RADIATION: Power rat
v. (M.F.); Sch. of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX (M.F.);Radiation Sciences Division, Sch. of1988
52 Frei, M. R. Jauchem, J.; Aerospace USA Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX (J.J.); Univ. of Texas,Austin, TX (F.H.)
2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 30; 45; 60; 75 (pw) / cw membranes. Similar damage was caused by affects their general susceptibility to
nn nn nn EXP EOR mW/cm2. Small membrane function no -/- nn nn nn nn membranes of leaf membranes of leaf
chloroplasts vitro continuous and pulsed modes of radiation. microwaves. The results suggest
pieces of leaf chloroplasts) chloroplasts)
that membranes are the primary
samples selected at targets of microwave
random were irradiatio for nonthermal effects.
prepared for
electron
microscopy after
glutaraldehyde-
osmium fixation.
The membranes of The nonhuman primate study showed that the
incident power density levels causing cataracts in
rabbits and other laboratory animals cannot be
directly extrapolated to primates, including human
beings (due to different facial structure). It is Clinically significant ocular effects,
reasonable to assume that an SAR that would including cataracts, have not been
induce temperatures 41°C in or near the lens in confirmed in human populations
ocular effects the human eye would produce cataracts by the exposed for long periods of time to
(cataracts, corneal lesions, retinal in or near EYE; changes of the
0 min at power densities causing extremely high dose rates (150 W/kg) yes temperatures (41°C) in or near the lens vivo
yes and EXP were not observed in the monkey eye exposedthat caused cataracts
in caused cataracts in the rabbit eye. However, cataracts no -/- same mechanism (heating) to similar exposure conditions, reflecting the different patterns ofThe results of four (SAR, specific absorption rate) distribution, due to their different facial structure. ´- (ocular effects) head is similareffects)
nn low level RF. energy absorption nn nn nn Since the monkey ´- (ocular in structure to the human head, the nonhuman primate study showed that the incident power density levels causing cataracts in rabbits and other laboratory anim
effects, changes in vascular the lens SEN neurological system in the rabbit lens; however, such an exposure recent human studies show that
permeability) would greatly exceed the currently allowable limits for there is no clear evidence of an
human exposure and would be expected to cause association between RF exposure
unacceptable effects in other parts of the eye and and ocular cancer.
face; some unconfirmed effects: corneal lesions after
CW; retinal effects after PW;
The immunological Body weights were not affected by any microwave
effects of 50-Hz exposure. Spleen weights and the spleen index
square wave were moderately increased by 15% only in male ´- (spleen weights and ↑+ (spleen weights;
amplitude increase (pw)
mice exposed to AM modulated microwaves, but the index; male and male)
body weight; weight of spleens; modulated (AM) spleen index increase was not quite significant Spleen weights and female)
spleen index (defined 2.45-GHz or CW The authors concluded that 50-Hz
(p=0.0687). No changes in spleen weight or index the spleen index were
as ratio of spleen weight to body AM modulated and CW 2.45-GHz The lack of an effect in female amplification (pw)
2.45-GHz were induced by AM modulated microwaves in moderately increased ↑+ (plaque forming ↑++ (plaque forming
weight); number of splenocytes; microwaves were microwave radiation causes mice may be due to
female mice or by CW microwave radiation in by 15% only in male cell assay response; cell assay response;
hemagglutinin titers; evaluated in mice. moderate increases in antibody differences in
in vivo -> immunological mice of either sex. No exposure-related changes mice exposed to AM nn only male) only male)
IgG levels nn nn nn EXP IMM Male and female -/- yes production in male, but not female psychoneurohormonal shelf-control
vitro reactions in splenocyte counts were seen. modulated (´-)
BALB/c-mice were mice. The small response was regulation or differences in
The splenic PFC response to SRBCs was microwaves, but the ´- (splenocytes
The splenic response to SRBC exposed to attributed to the low power level of situational stress between
increased by 37.07% in male mice exposed to CW spleen index increase counts) ´- (splenocytes counts)
inoculation radiation 3 hr daily the and short duration of the males and females.
microwave radiation (from 15,343.3 +/- 1700.5 to was not quite
was determined using the plaque for 6 consecutive exposure.
21,031.2 +/- 2517.6 PFC/spleen, p=0.0929) and by significant (p=0.0687). ´- (serum ´- (serum
forming cell (PFC) assay. days. 55.41% in males exposed to modulated radiation hemagglutinin titer, hemagglutinin titer,
The time averaged (from 11,980.4 +/- 1437.4 to 18,619.0 +/- 3136.2 IgG, body weight) IgG, body weight)
power density was PFC/spleen, p=0.0918), differences which the
0.1 mW/cm2 and authors considered significant. This parameter was
the whole body
This study was No significantly affected in female mice.
not differences were observed between results
designed to obtained with pulsed and continuous wave
investigate effects exposures. Heart rate increased at exposure to 60
on heart rate, blood mW/cm2, and not to 30 mW/cm2. The time taken to
pressure, and reach a colonic
respiratory rate of temperature of 39.5 C was over twice as long at 30
5.6 GHz mW/cm2 as at 60 mW/cm2,
radiofrequency but the time taken to return to 38.5 C was similar. The authors doubt that exposure to
blood pressure; respiration; CVS; radiation (RFR) at No changes in mean arterial blood pressure or in these RFR conditions would have ↑+ (heart rate at 60 ↑+ (heart rate at 60
yes colonic yes EXP in vivo power densities of physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn
EKG RES respiratory rate were observed. any serious long-term physiological mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
30 and 60 consequences
mW/cm2, exposure
conditions
characteristic of
high-power
stationary tracking
radars for military
applications and of
naval ship radar.
The acute No significant difference in heating or cooling ´- (heating or cooling
´- (heating or cooling
thermophysiological responses were seen between the PW- and the responses)
responses)
effects of exposure CW-RFR exposed animals at any of the power
to PW The authors conclude, however, ´- (respiratory rate)
densities tested. Average power density was
that no significant difference was ´- (respiratory rate)
radiofrequency inversely related to the time to achieve the 1 C
radiation (RFR) shown between the effect of acute ↓+ (blood pressure)
colonic temperature increase; however, the time to
Heart rate was slightly CW or PW RFR exposure upon the ↓+ (blood pressure)
chamber were compared to recovery of the baseline temperature was
arterial blood pressure; those of exposure decreased but not anesthetized rat's colonic thermal ´- (heartrate) increase (pw)
unaffected. No linear relationship exists between
respiratory rate; CVS; significantly changed response, heart rate, arterial blood ↑+ (heartrate; ≥ 30
colonic; to CW RFR in physiology; power density and core temperature increase; this is 2
ECG; yes yes EXP RES; in vivo ketamine- -/- yes during 30-mW/cm2 pressure, or respiratory rate. The nn nn nn mW/cm )
tympanic; thermoregulation in contrast to a cadaver or saline model. Heart rate
temperature (colonic, subcutaneous, TMP anesthetized rats. pulsed irradiation. differential in the effects of PW and ↑++ (tympanic, amplification (pw)
subcutaneo was slightly decreased but not significantly changed
tympanic)
us Female Sprague- during 30-mW/cm2 pulsed irradiation. Heart rate
CW RFR on subcutaneous and subcut. temperature) ↑+++ (tympanic,
Dawley rats were tympanic heating did not, it is subcut. temperature)
significantly increased during PW-RFR exposure
exposed in the concluded, significantly alter the ↑+ (colonic amplification (pw)
in an inverse relationship to power density at
far-field to 2.8-GHz colonic heating and cooling temperature) ↑++ (colonic
values greater than 30 mW/cm2. Heart rate was
PW (2 usec, 500 responses. temperature)
not affected significantly during CW RFR
pps) and CW RFR exposure at the different power densities. Mean ↕+ (changes within
at average power the temperature change (cw)
blood pressure decreased slightly during irradiation
densities ofmale45, 2
Twenty 30, The times required for Tc to increase from 38.5 cycles; 60-mW/cm )
Sprague-Dawley to 39.5 C under each of the exposure conditions
rats, weighing were nearly equal during CW and pulsed
between 304-361 exposure in either orientation; but the time
g, were required for E-orientation exposure was
anesthetized with ↑+ (colonic; ↑+ (colonic;
significantly longer (2-3 times) than for H-
ketamine HCl tympanic; tympanic;
orientation. H-orientation exposure produced faster
(Velatar) and were subcutaneous subcutaneous
ECG; arterial blood press.; colonic; Tc increases (except for the tail), higher local SHR in
CVS; exposed individually temperatures) temperatures)
respirat. rates; tympanic; physiology; the anesthetized rats, and higher local SAR in the rat
yes yes EXP RES; in vivo in E no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
temp. (left and right sub-cutaneous, subcutaneo thermoregulation carcasses. During Tc increases from 38.5 to 39.9 C,
TMP (long axis parallel to ↑+ (heart rat, blood ↑+ (heart rat, blood
right tympanic, colonic, tail) us heart rate and blood pressure increased, but there
electric field) and H pressure) pressure)
were no differences in these changes between the
(long axis parallel to effects of E- and H-orientation exposure or between
a ´- respiration rate ´- respiration rate
CW and pulsed irradiation. The respiratory rate did
magnetic field) not change significantly under any exposure
orientations to both conditions.
CW and pulsed
radiofrequency
radiation
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn athermal
nn thermal
nn nn
nn thermal
yes
(blood thermal
pressure)
nn thermal
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
thermo-regulatory
model 1326
THERMOREGULATORY Radiat (thermo-regulatory-
Frei, M. R.; RF power
Trinity Univ.; RESPONSES OF RATS Environ 30; 30; 9,3; 9,3; model 2852 rat regulatory responses
. of Biology, Frei, M. R. 715Jauchem,Dr.,R.; Antonio, TX 78284 (F.H.); RadiationSciences Div.,1989
54 Trinity Univ., Stadium J. San USA USAF/SAM, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 (M.R.F., J.R.J.) 9.3 9.3 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn cw = pw above radar source (Cober far-field nn acute intermittent 0 female 6 whole body
USAF/SAM EXPOSED TO 9.3-GHz RF Biophys 60 60 18,6 18,6 power source (Sprague-Dawley) and related
Heinmets, F. Electron.),
RADIATION 28(1) physiological
far-field
processes)
0,6 / 200
AVOIDANCE BY RATS OF 100 (exp. (exp.1)
J Comp
Frey, A. H.; (no affiliation ILLUMINATION WITH LOW 1); 30 whole organism
55 Frey, A. H. (no affiliation given) USA 1975 Physiol 1.2 1.2 none 100 30 pulsed nn 2,4 (exp.2) nn cw > pw above nn nn nn nn acute continuous 0 rat nn nn whole body
Feld, S. R. given) POWER NONIONIZING EM 1000 5000 0,2 / 2,1 (behavior)
Psychol 89(2)
ENERGY (exp.2) (exp.2)
30 minutes,
standard horn antenna female (1. whole body (1. nervous
NEURAL FUNCTION AND 4 times/day
Frey, A. H.; experiment) experiment) (central
BEHAVIOR: Ann N Y (Model 411A rat
56 Frey, A. H. Feld, S. R.; Randomline, Inc. Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 1975
Randomline, Inc., USA 1.22 1.22 none 1000 1000 500 500 pulsed nn 2.4 0,2 / 2,1 nn cw > pw above nn Microdot power oscillator was far-field acute intermittent 0 nn nervous system
DEFINING THE Acad Sci 247 30 minutes (Sprague-Dawley)
Frey, B. male (2. head (2. function and behavior;
RELATIONSHIP fed to the antenna) (2.
experiment) experiment) BBB)
experiment)
0,65;
0,2;
EXPOSURE TO RF standard gain
Randomline, 0-0,1 cw = pw (0.2); above / rat 16;
Frey, A. H.; ELECTROMAGNETIC Aggressive 100; horn antenna; 5 whole organism
57 Frey, A. H. USA
Randomline, Inc., County Line and Mann Roads, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006
Inc., Huntingdon 1986 1.3 1.3 none 1000 1000 100 pulsed nn 0.2 / nn cw pw close to male) 60
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. chamber
0,4;
0,05 - 0,2
Fritze, K.; Max-Planck-Inst.
EFFECT OF GLOBAL
Sommer, C.; for Neurological
SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
Schmitz, B.; Res.; Acta below / plastic tubes
COMMUNICATION (GSM) rat nervous
eler Strasse 50,D-50931 Cologne, Germany (K.F.,Ruprecht-Karls-
58 Fritze, K. Mies, G.; Germany
B.S., G.M., K.A.H.); Inst. for Neuropathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Univ.,Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., M.K.); Novartis Pharma Inc.,none
1997 Neuropathol 0.9 0.9 Nervous Syst. Res., Basel, Switzerland(C.W.)
217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 7.5 0,3; 1,5(brain) cw > pw close to / nn in a circular carousel, near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 male 4 x 20 whole body
MW EXPOSURE ON (Wistar) (BBB)
Hossmann, K. A.; Univ.; (Berl) 94(5) above heads facing a central antenna
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Kiessling, M.; Novartis Pharma
PERMEABILITY IN RAT
Wiessner, C. Inc.
sleeved dipole sleeved dipole
antenna antenna
Fritze, K.; Max-Planck-Inst. whole body: fed by a fed by a
Wiessner, C.; for Neurological EFFECT OF GLOBAL 0,17; signal commercial
Kuster, N.; Res.; SYSTEM FOR MOBILE 0,84; synthesizer GSM phone
1; below /
Sommer, C.; Ruprecht-Karls COMMUNICATION MW Neuroscience 4,2 (HP8656) (Motorola rat histological cut
Germany Germany (C.S.,P.G., M.K.); Lab. of EMF and Microwave Electronics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Tech. 217
rmany (K.F.,C.W., D.M.H., RR/K-A.H.); Inst. of Neuropathology, Ruprecht-Karls Univ., Heidelberg,1997
59 Fritze, K. 0.89 0.915 0,9 (cw) 217 (ETH), Zurich,Switzerland (N.K.)
nn nn GSM-like 5; nn cw = pw close to / nn near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Gass, P.; Univ.; EXPOSURE ON THE 81(3) brain: International (Wistar) (nervous)
25 above
Hermann, D.M.; Swiss Federal GENOMIC RESPONSE OF 0,3; 2000)
Kiessling, M.; Inst. of Tech. THE RAT BRAIN 1,5; controlled by a
Hossmann, K-A. (ETH) 7,5 / GSM RF
test set
(HP8922A)
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Seite 22 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Research on the At both power densities the sc and tympanic
biological effects of temperature increases significantly exceeded the
gigahertz colonic temperature
radiofrequency increase. Furthermore, heart rates increased
radiation significantly during RFR
(RFR) suggests exposure (both CW and pulsed) and returned to
that acute exposure The authors
normal upon cessation of
interpreted their results as indicative
respiratory rates; arterial blood colonic; to high levels of exposure. Neither blood pressure nor respiratory ↑++ (sc and tympanic ↑++ (sc and tympanic
CVS; RFR in this of a marked effect of carrier
pressure; tympanic, sc, and colonic tympanic; physiology; rate changed temp; heart rate); ´- temp; heart rate); ´-
yes yes EXP RES; in vivo frequency no -/- nn frequency upon the pattern of heat nn nn nn
temperatures subcutaneo thermoregulation significantly during RFR exposure. No significant (blood preassure, (blood preassure,
TMP range may induce distribution and physiological
us differences in the resp. rate) resp. rate)
both morphological responses
effects of CW or pulsed RFR were noted. As
and/or functional elicited in RFR-exposed animals.
compared to previous studies
changes in diverse conducted at a frequency of 2.8 GHz, the levels of sc
biological systems. heating and heart
Most of this rate change were greater and latencies for 1-degree
research, however, colonic heating and
has utilized RFR in cooling were increased at both power densities at 9.3
the frequency range
Rats spent more GHz.
1. experiment:Rats spent more time in the halves of
time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from illumination by
shuttle boxes that 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded.
were shielded from
illumination by 1.2 2. experiment: The rats avoided the pulsed energy,
GHz microwave but not the continuous energy.
energy than in the
unshielded. In
Experiment 1, rats nn ´- (time spent in the ↑+ (time spent in the
time spent in
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo avoided the energy behaviour -/- yes nn nn nn (shielded shuttle nn shielded halve of the shielded halve of the increase (pw)
the shielded half of the shuttle box
when it was boxes) shuttle box) shuttle box)
presented as 30-
musec
pulses with a pulse
repetition rate of
100 pulses per
second (pps). The
average power
The was about
density authors 1. experiment: No significant differences in time The authors concluded that
examined the spent in the shielded half of the shuttle box were irradiation of small mammals with
effects of seen for the first 2 days of the experiment, however low power RF energy affects
radiofrequency differences emerged by the third and fourth days. BBB integrity. Because parts of
(RF) radiation on The group exposed to the pulsed radiation spent, the body other than the brain were ↑+ (time spent in the
central on average, 30% of its time in the unshielded half 1. experiment: time irradiated, it cannot be stated shielded half of the
nervous system ´- (time spent in the
of the box, the sham irradiated group spent 52% spent in the shielded decisively that the observed shuttle box;
time spent in in vivo (1. (CNS) function and shielded half of the increase (pw)
of its time, and the group exposed to CW half of the shuttle box: changes in BBB permeability differences emerged
the shielded half of the shuttle box BBB; experiment) behavior. The morphological and shuttle box)
radiation spent 64% of its time in the unshielded the difference between were a direct result of RF by the third and fourth
(1. experiment) nn nn nn EXP BEH; in vivo -> purpose of the pathological -/- yes nn sham-exposure ´-
half of the box. The difference between the group the CW group and the exposure. The effects could be a day of experiment)
NES vitro (2. experiments changes; behaviour ↑+ (fluorescein
exposed to the pulsed radiation and the sham sham irradiated group secondary to irradiation of some
BBB permeability (2. experiment) experiment) was to determine if staining, BBB amplification (pw)
irradiated group and between the pulsed and CW was not statistically other part of the body. ↑++ (fluorescein
there was an permeability)
irradiated groups was statistically significant (both at significant. Nonetheless, it appears that RF staining, BBB
association p=0.013) while the difference between the CW group energy affects brain permeability permeability)
between changes in and the sham irradiated group was not. and behavior and that pulsed RF
CNS energy is more effective than CW
function and 2. experiment: The intensity of fluorescein radiation in doing this. The
avoidance behavior staining in the sections and the number of results also indicate that there is an
and changes in
Based on earlier fluorescing sections were generally greater in
The EM exposure substantially reduced
work which points aggressive behavior at incident average power
to the dopamine densities of 50 and 100
(DA) and opiate uW/cm2, as did the CW exposure; 20 uW/cm2 was
systems not effective. The pulse
of the brain as width did not appear to be critical.
being mediators of the authors hypothesize that
electromagnetic aggression induced by aversive
(EM) irradiation stimulation would be modified ↓++ (aggressive ↓++ (aggressive
aggressive behavior nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo effects, the authors behaviour no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´-
by exposure of the animals to behaviour) behaviour)
hypothesize that low-intensity
aggression induced EM energy.
by aversive
stimulation would
be modified by
exposure of the
animals to low-
intensity
EM authors
The energy. In the brains of freely-moving control rats, only 1 The authors concluded that
examined the spot of extravasated serum albumin was seen in a microwave irradiation of the brain at
effects of single animal. In the 20 sham- exposed controls, 4 frequencies and intensities
microwave circumscribed extravasation areas were seen in 3 corresponding to cellular telephones
radiation with the animals. In microwave-irradiated animals, 5 out of produces no or only negligible
characteristics of 10 animals irradiated at SARs of 0.3, 1.5, and 7.5 permeability changes in the BBB.
global system for W/kg that were killed at the end of exposure showed The observed changes are not
extent of immunohistochemical mobile stat. insignificant associated
7, 6, and 14 extravasation areas, respectively. In the
staining for extravasated morphological and increase in the
in vivo -> communications 10 animals in the 0.3, 1.5, and 7.5-W/kg groups that with any lasting histological sham exposure/ ↑++ (extravasation ↑++ (extravasation ↑++ (extravasation
serum albumin nn nn nn EXP BBB (GSM) signals on pathological no -/- extravasation areas at damage. These data, therefore, do nn
vitro were killed 7 days after exposure ended, the total shelf control areas) areas) at 7.5 W/kg areas) at 7.5 W/kg
=> blood-brain barrier changes 0.3 and 1.5 W/kg not support the view that use of
number of
BBB permeability (BBB) permeability exposures cellular phones presents a health
extravasation areas was 2, 0, and 1, respectively.
in rats. Groups of The microwave-induced increases in number of risk to the
20 serum albumin extravasation areas was brain. The authors noted that the
unanesthetized statistically significant only for the group limited extravasation was seen only
male Wistar rats exposed at SAR of 7.5 W/kg. The size and at the highest exposure level (7.5
were irradiated for appearance of the extravasation areas were very W/kg) which is close to the
4 hr with 900-MHz similar regardless of the radiation intensity or the time threshold for
microwave
The authors In investigation. No evidence of histological damage
of the positive controls, marked induction of the thermal effects, occurred in animals
The authors concluded that 4-hr
examined the mRNAs was observed, confirming the reliability of exposure to microwave
effects of the in-situ hybridization technique. Immediately after radiation at SARs ranging up to 7.5
microwave exposure, slight induction of hsp 70 mRNA was W/kg did not produce any major
exposures seen in the cerebellum and abnormalities in gene expression in
produced by the hippocampus of rats exposed to the 7.5-W/kg the rat brain. Lasting tissue
hsp 70, c-fos, c-jun, and glial Global System for radiation, but this was not reactions to these types of
fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) Mobile 1) ↑+ (induction of 1) ↑+ (induction of
observed at lower intensities. A slight increase in c- exposures are, therefore, unlikely. 1) ´- (induction of
mRNA (in-situ hibridization); Communications hsp 70 mRNA at 7.5 hsp 70 mRNA at 7.5
in vivo -> molecular fos mRNA expression was seen in the cerebellum, It cannot sham-exposure / hsp 70 mRNA);
expression of C-FOS, FOS-B,C- yes rectal no EXP CEF no -/- nn nn W/kg); W/kg);
vitro (GSM) on gene biosynthesis neocortex, and piriform cortex of all animals that had be stated with absolute certitude shelf control 2) ↑+ (induction of
JUN, JUN-B, HSP, KROX-20 expression in rat 2) ↑+ (induction of c- 2) ↑+ (induction of c-
been immobilized (sham-irradiated controls and that mobile telephones do not c-fos mRNA);
(immunocytochemical technique); brain. Male Wistar fos mRNA); fos mRNA);
irradiated animals); however, there were no present a
cell proliferation rats were exposed differences in c-fos mRNA expression among the health risk to the central nervous
to a GSM different irradiated groups. c-Jun and GFAP mRNA system since the effects of chronic
microwave signal at expression was not microwave exposure and of
antenna increased in any irradiated group. No changes in the microwave exposures combined
powers of 1 or 5 W level of expression with other noxious
or to 25-W 900- of any of the immediate early gene-encoded proteins conditions were not examined.
MHz continuous and stress proteins,
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
nn nn
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Seite 24 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
THE ABSENCE OF cell:
SIGNIFICANT SHORT-TERM giant internodal
EM IEEE Trans cells of
Gokhale, A. V.; electrolyte
Washington BIOEFFECTS IN GIANT Microw 8,4 - 0,00001; 0,1; close to / cell eukaryotic
60 Gokhale, A. V. Dept. of USA
Brunkard, K. M.; Electrical Engineering, Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO 63130
1984 8.4 12.4 0.00001 0.1 pulsed nn 0,1 - 10 0,1 - 10 nn cw = pw nn culture near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
Univ. ALGAL CELLS EXPOSED TO Theory Tech 12,4 0,001 1 above (green alga) green algae
Pickard, W. F. apparatus
CW AND PULSE- 32(8) Chara braunii
MODULATED X-BAND and Nitella
BURSTS flexilis
VHF;
EVIDENCE THAT
UHF; cell
Univ. CHARACEAN MEMBRANE
Gokhale, A. V.; Radiat Res X-band close to / (single giant of the
61 Gokhale, A. V. USA
Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
Washington Sch. 1985 TRANSPORT IS NOT 0.05 0.917 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,01 - 500 nn cw = pw nn flow channel nn nn nn continuous 0 nn nn cell cell
Pickard, W. F. 102(3) e.g. above algae Chara braunii
Medicine SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED
147; and Nitella flexilis)
BY INCIDENT EM RADIATION
450
ABSENCE OF MW EFFECT rat
Gruenau, S. P.; 1;
ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 10; (Tac:N[SD]sBR,120-
Oscar, K. J.; Naval Medical Exp Neurol 5; cw = pw (40); nervous
62 Gruenau, S. P. Naval Medical Research Inst., Bethesda, MD 20014
USA 1982 PERMEABILITY TO 2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 40 nn above nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 150 male nn whole body
Folker, M. T.; Research Inst. 75(2) 10; cw > pw (BBB)
[14C]SUCROSE IN THE days old, weighing
Rapoport, S. I. 15
CONSCIOUS RAT 250-300 g)
0,2712
cell cell culture
Anderstam, B.; (CW-
STUDIES OF POSSIBLE 4 (RF); (strains of (mutation of
Hamnerius, Y.; Univ. of Hereditas electric 3,07 2,45
63 Hamnerius, Y. Sweden
Dept. of Radiobiology, Wallenberg Lab., Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden GENETIC EFFECTS IN
1983 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 35 - 100 cw = pw above nn nn far-field 1 - 7 hours temporary continuous 0 Salmonella nn 13 strains cell Salmonella
Hussain, S.; Stockholm 98(1) and (PW) (CW)
BACTERIA OF HF EMF (MW) typhimerium and typhimerium and
Ehrenberg, L. magneti
Escherichia coli) Escherichia coli)
c)
0,2712
(CW- cell
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
electric pulsed or (Salmonella
Hamnerius, Y.; HF EMF ON SALMONELLA Bioelectro- modified version of the Ames
Chalmers Univ. and 3,1 2,45 amplitude typhimurium cell culture
64 Hamnerius, Y. Sweden
Applied Electron Physics, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Rasmuson, A.; 1985 TYPHIMURIUM AND magnetics 500 500 1 1 nn nn nn nn nn nn far-field (PW) nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
of Technology magneti (PW) (CW) modulated (2.45 test cultures; Drosophila (genetic damage)
Rasmuson, B. DROSOPHILA 6(4)
c, GHz) melano-gaster
MELANOGASTER.
Drosoph embryos)
ila only)
Nilsson, R.; Univ. of
Hamnerius, Y.; Goteborg; MW EFFECTS ON THE
4
Hansson Mild, K.; Chamlers Univ. CENTRAL NERVOUS
Health Phys 4 hours/day monkey (2 pw
65 Hamnerius, Health,Hansson, H-A.; Sweden (K.H.M.); Inst. ofNeurobiology, Univ. of Goteborg, Box 33031, S-400 33 Goteborg, Sweden (H-A.H.); Dept. of2.45
al Inst. of Occupational Y. S-901 87 Umea, of Technology; Sweden 1989 SYSTEM -- 2.45 Neurology,Univ. of Goteborg, Sahlgren Hosp., S-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden (E.H., L.I.P.); Dept. of PsychiatryIII, Univ.2,6 Goteborg, Lillhagen Hosp., Box 3005, S-422above
none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 10 10 of - 4,8 2,6 - 4,8 cw = pw 03 Goteborg, Sweden (S.O.)
radar nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn whole body nervous
56(5) on 12 days (cynomolgus) 1 cw
Hjelmqvist, E.; National Inst. of A STUDY OF RADAR
1 control)
Olanders, S.; Occupational MECHANICS
Persson, L. I. Health;
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
In an attempt to In no instance was a
detect short term significant radiation-correlated offset of the resting
effects of low-level potential observed.
X-band frequency
microwave
irradiation on
cellular function, the
vacuolar resting The authors conclude that there
potential appears to be no simple, rapid,
´- (electrical effect on ´- (electrical effect on
vacuolar resting potential nn nn EXP BMP in vitro of the giant membrane function no -/- nn obvious nn nn nn
the resting potential) the resting potential)
internodal cells of electrical effect of X-band
eukaryotic green irradiation in this preparation.
algae Chara braunii
and
Nitella flexilis was
measured with
glass
microelectrodes.
Cells from Chara
The authors have No radiation-correlated
continued their changes of vacuolar resting potential or noise which
ongoing study of were attributable to
single giant cells of intermediate or long-term irradiation were observed
the at any of the
algae Chara braunii frequencies tested.
and Nitella flexilis in
an attempt to
detect ´- ( vacuolar resting ´- ( vacuolar resting
vacuolar potential nn nn nn EXP BMP in vitro membrane-related membrane function no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
potential) potential)
electromagnetic
bioeffects in a well-
defined cellular
system. The
exposure apparatus
consisted of a
narrow silver
microstrip
with a
The possible effect Regardless of the power density level of the MW, the
of microwave (MW) PA values did
radiation on blood- not show significant differences from the respective The findings indicate that MW
brain barrier (BBB) regional values of irradiation
permeability was sham-irradiated control animals. under the given experimental
investigated in adult conditions does not damage the
male rats BBB. It is suggested that the dual
(Tac:N[SD]sBR; compartment technique is
120-150 morphological and considerably more sensitive than
permeability-capillary surface area in vivo -> ´- (BBB
nn nn nn EXP BBB days old, weighing pathological no -/- nn other existing techniques for the nn sham ´- (BBB permeability) ´- (BBB permeability)
product (PA) for [14C] sucrose vitro permeability)
250-300 g). The changes measurement of cerebrovascular
permeability- permeability. With [14C]sucrose as
capillary surface the test tracer, this technique gives
area results that are independent of
product (PA) for regional cerebral blood flow which
[14C]sucrose was may increase in response to MW
examined at the exposure.
BBB of
unanesthetized
Thirteen strains of No difference was seen in pooled mutation
Salmonella frequency between
typhimerium and exposed and control organisms for all exposures and
Escherichia coli strains. Growth
were exposed stimulation was observed in some situations and a
to high frequency weak prophage inducing The authors attempt to extrapolate
electromagnetic capacity was noted. the results to the ´- ↑+ (growth ↑+ (growth
cellular growth rate; (EM) fields in an situation of occupational exposure stimulation; prophage stimulation; prophage
attempt to discover cell vitality, cell
forward mutation, backmutation, or CEF; to EM fields in Sweden and inducing inducing
fix nn no EXP in vitro athermal effects. division; no -/- nn nn sham
prophage GEN estimate a capacity) capacity)
EM fields included genotoxicity
induction cancer risk, and risk of heritable
27.12 MHz damage, of less than 1 case ´- (mutations) ´- (mutations) ´- (mutations)
continuous wave annually.
(CW)
electric field, 27.12
CW magnetic field,
2.45 GHz CW EM
far field, and 3.07
GHz pulsed EM far
Radiofrequency In Drosophila- no effects. In bacteria-
electromagnetic significantly higher cell density after exposure to
radiation (EMR) has 27.12 MHz magnetic field, 2.45 GHz CW and 3.10
been reported to GHz pulsed microwave radiation, without a
induce corresponding increase in mutant cell numbers. The authors conclude that their
genetic damage in results
various types of demonstrate no genetic damage,
eukaryotic cells, but cell vitality, cell
but a distinct non-thermal ´- (mutation in ´- (mutation in
somatic mutagenicity (Drosophila); division;
CEF; questions remain physiological drosophila); ↑++ drosophila); ↑++
number of reversion mutations fix ext medium no EXP in vitro regarding the teratogenity; no -/- nn nn sham ´-
GEN effect on bacterial growth with (bacteria cell density; (bacteria cell density;
(bacteria); cell density (bacteria) importance of the genotoxicity
exposure to high frequency EMR, ´- (bacteria mutation) ´- (bacteria mutation)
temperature rise in as has been
the test system in reported by others for other genera
producing this of bacteria and in yeast.
genetic effect. The
aim of this study
was to determine if
genetic damage
The be induced
could possibility ofin The monkey exposed to 2.45 GHz PW MW at 10
The authors point out that the
central nervous mW/cm2 for 4 hr/day on 12 consecutive days (SAR
clinical significance of the CSF
system effects in of 2.6-4.8 W/kg) exhibited an increase in a protein
protein difference is not clear, but
radar mechanics band with a pI of 4.5. Only a faint band was seen
the surprisingly high time derivative
and in the CSF from the monkey exposed to CW MW
of the magnetic fields close to some
engineers of the same power density and duration. The band
of the transmitter units indicates that
occupationally was absent or weak in CSF from the unexposed
engineers and mechanics may be
exposed to monkey and from the monkey exposed to PW
exposed to magnetic flux density
EOR; microwaves (MW) morphological and radiation for only 2 days. ´- / ´- (protein
proteins in cerebrospinal fluid nn nn nn EXP in vivo was investigated pathological -/- yes nn levels a thousand times higher than nn shelf control ↑+ (protein band) ↑++ (protein band) amplification (pw)
NES band)
changes those measured in front of video
clinically in 17
display terminals. The authors
subjects (mean age
suggest that the time derivative
52 yr). Seventeen
factor should be controlled in future
men with probable
animal and epidemiological studies
exposure to
and the effects of CW and PW
moderate or high
levels of MW MW radiation should be
radiation, and 12 differentiated.
unexposed or
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
Seite 26 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn athermal
nn athermal
yes nn
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Seite 27 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
THE EFFECT OF 2450-MHz 2 minutes -
National Inst. Hewlett Applied embryo
Hamrick, P. E.; MW IRRADIATION ON THE Health Phys 1 hour, cardio-vascular
66 Hamrick, P. E. National Inst. Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle 1980 NC 27709
Environmental USA Park, 2.45 2.45 none 10 10-50 10 10 pulsed 0.1 - 10 nn 0.3-30 cw = pw above nn Packard Microwave nn acute continuous 0 (Japanese quail, 8- nn nn whole body
McRee, D. I. HEART RATE OF 38(3) typical (heart rate)
Health Sciences mode 18690B PH 49k 13 day old)
EMBRYONIC QUAIL 5-10 minutes
1 sec.
on 1
sec. off;
3 sec.
Haugh, C.; PULSING MW ENERGY: A on, 3
J Interv Card
Davidson, E. S.; Tufts Univ. Sch. METHOD TO CREATE MORE sec. off; cw = pw medical ovine endocardial
67 Haugh, C. USA
Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, New England Medical Center, Tufts Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Boston, MA02111 none
1997 Electrophysiol 0.915 0.915 nn nn nn pulsed 20 nn nn nn nn nn 30 seconds acute continuous 0 nn nn model system physical model system
Estes, N. A., 3rd; of Medicine UNIFORM MYOCARDIAL (20 W) application model
1(1)
Wang, P. J. TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 5 sec
on, 5
sec off
with 30
sec total
CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO 50-
Heikkinen, P.; Hz MAGNETIC FIELDS OR
Univ. of Kuopio; 1,5 hours/day
Kumlin, T.; 900 MHz EMF DOES NOT Electro Wavetek signal generator;
Natl. Public 5 days/week mouse neuro-endocrine
Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (RR/P.H., T.; J.J.); Dept. ofPhysiology, Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (J.T.L.); Lab. of Toxicology, Natl. Public HealthInst., Kuopio,0.902 (H.K.)
68 Heikkinen, P. Laitinen, J. T.K., Finland 1999 ALTER NOCTURNAL Magnetobiol 0.902 Finland none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 1.5 0.35 cw > pw above nn chronic intermittent 0 female nn whole body
Health rectangular waveguides lasting 17 (CBA/S) (melatonin)
Komulainen, H.; 6-HYDROXYMELATONIN 18(1)
Inst. months
Juutilainen, J. SULFATE SECRETION IN
CBA/S MICE.
Heikkinen, P.;
Univ. of Kuopio;
Kosma, V-M.;
Kuopio Univ.
Hongisto, T.;
Hosp.; phone for the
Huuskonen, H.;
Natl. Public EFFECTS OF MOBILE analog Nordic 1,5 hours/day
Hyysalo, P.; 6,1 (CW)
Health Inst.; PHONE RADIATION ON X- Radiat Res Mobile 5 days/weeks mouse whole organism
Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland (P.H.,L.P.); Dept. of Applied Physics, Univ. of Kuopio, and Dept.2001
69 Heikkinen, P. Komulainen, H.; Finland of Radiotherapy, Kuopio Univ. Hosp.,Kuopio, Finland (T.L.); Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (S.L.);Nokia Res. Center, Helsinki, Finland; Hyysalo, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Espoo, Finlandpw
0.902 0.902 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like and 1,3 nn 1.5 0,35 / 4 -8 Kuopio,Finland, e-mail: jukka.juutilainen@uku.fi (RR/J.J.)
cw > (currentaddress/S.L.); Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 chronic
above nn GSM phone nn intermittent 0 female 200 whole body
STUK Radiation RAY INDUCED 156(6) Telephones/9 for 78 weeks (CBA/S) (tumori-genesis)
Kumlin, T.; (PW)
and Nuclear TUMORIGENESIS IN MICE 00 (NMT900)
Lahtinen, T.;
Safety Authority; network
Lang, S.;
Nokia Res.
Puranen, L.;
Center;
Juutilainen, J.
Pilot experiments on
temperature cycling in rats Physiol Chem clearly
70 Heinmets, F. Heinmets F nn nn USA 1982 2.06 2.06 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 50 - 200 nn cw = pw nn nn nn 1 day nn nn 0 rat nn nn nn thermo-regulatory
exposed repetitively to Phys 14 (6) above
radiofrequency radiation (RFR)
described in Heinmets et al.
(Temperature Cycling in Rats
Technology Inc.; A NEW METHOD OF SAR living: living:
Heinmets, F.; Exposed Repetitively to RF
Trinity Univ.; DETERMINATION IN Physiol Chem 2,8 15,4; 15,8 -16.3; Radiation.
Frei, M. R.; 5,6
16 (F.H., J.R.J.); TrinityUniv., Dept. of Biology, 715 USAF Sch. ofSan Antonio, TX 78284 (M.R.F.); 1984
71 Heinmets, F. Stadium Dr., USA Phys USAF (CW,
Radiation Physics Branch,Radiation Science Div.,Med Sch. of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 (W.D.H.)
ANIMALS EXPOSED TO none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 60 60 16,8; cw = pw above nn nn nn acute intermittent 0 rat nn nn whole body thermo-regulatory
Jauchem, J. R.; (CW) SAM-TR-82-48, School of
Aerospace MW/RF RADIATION NMR 16(1) PW) dead: dead: Aerospace Medicine, Brooks
Hurt, W. D.
Medicine (MW/RFR) 15,1-15,4 14,8-15,6
AFB, Texas, 1982; BENER
Abstract No. 0935)
Inst. of
Pharmacolo
gy and
Huber, R.; Toxicology,
Treyer, V.; Univ. of
Borbely, A. A.;
Univ. of Zurich; Zurich, EMF, SUCH AS THOSE
Schuderer, J.; Winterhurers
Univ. Hosp.; FROM MOBILE PHONES,
Gottselig, J. M.; head between two plates part:
Foundation for trasse 190, ALTER REGIONAL J Sleep Res GSM- human
72 Huber, R. Landolt, H. P.; Switzerland 2002 0.9 0.9 none nn GSM-like nn GSM-like nn nn 1 /1 nn close to nn with respect to two planar nn 30 minutes acute continuous 1 male 2 x 16 head; nervous
Res. on Inform. CH-8057 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 11(4) like (volunteers)
Werth, E.; antennas left side
Technol. in Soc. Zurich, AND SLEEP AND WAKING
Berthold, T.; Switzerland,
(IT'IS) EEG
Kuster, N.; e-mail:
Buck, A.; acherman@
Achermann, P. pharma.uniz
h.ch
(RR/P.A.,
R.H.,
Huber, R.;
Treyer, V.; EXPOSURE TO PULSE-
Schuderer, J.; MODULATED RATIO
Eur J pulsed part:
Berthold, T.; FREQUENCY
73 Huber, R. Switzerland
Univ. of Zurich; Inst. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Zurich, Winterhurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich,
2005 Neurosci. 21 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn base-station-like, nn nn nn 1 /1 nn close to nn nn nn nn 30 min acute continuous 1 human male 12 head nervous
Buck, A.; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
(4) handset-like (unilateral)
Kuster, N.; AFFECTS REGIONAL
Landolt, H. P.; CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW.
Achermann, P.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
Seite 28 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors briefly No significant differences in heart rate were
review studies on detected between
the effects of the embryos exposed to CW and SARs of 15 and 30
microwave (MW) mW/g, or to pulsed MW. These results suggest
radiation on the that the heart rate of the in vivo
heart and heart quail embryo is not greatly affected
rate. In order to by
clarify those short acute exposures to CW or
sometimes pulsed 2450 MHz radiation and that
heart rate fix nn nn EXP CVS in vivo conflicting reports, organ function no -/- nn the nn nn nn ´- (heart rate) ´- (heart rate)
the in vivo effect of window effect or optimum exposure
2450 MHz MW intensities observed in calcium
radiation on the efflux in
heart rate of 8-13 the brain of chicken is not operative
day old Japanese in this system. The importance of
quail embryos was accurate dosimetry is stressed.
studied. Two MW
sources were used:
one for continuous
Microwave energy Maximum temperatures at 0.5 mm were Thus, microwave pulsing achieves a nn nn nn ↑++ (temperature ↑+ (temperature amplification (cw)
has been proposed significantly lower at 63.2 +/- 5.89 degrees C for lower endocardial temperature and increase, 0.5 mm increase, 0.5 mm
as a possible the 1-sec pulse compared with 83.5 +/- 7.31 results in a more uniform depth) depth)
technique to create degrees C for the continuous-energy delivery. Pulse temperature gradient. These
large configurations 3 sec on-3 sec off and 5 sec on-5 sec techniques may prevent the ↑+ (temperature ↑+ (temperature
tissue CVS; physical myocardial lesions. morphological and off also resulted in a significantly lower surface excessive increase, 2.0, 3.5 mm increase, 2.0, 3.5 mm
tissue temperature at 0.5, 2.0 and Achieving a uniform temperature than continuous-energy delivery. endocardial damage that may result depth) depth)
yes (myocardial) yes EXP PHY; model pathological -/- yes nn
3.5 mm depth myocardial However, temperature at the 2.0-mm and 3.5-mm in an increased risk of thrombus
TMP system changes
temperature depth created by the pulsing delivery were formation and embolization.
gradient similar to those achieved during continuous-
during microwave energy delivery.
ablation may
prevent excessive
endocardial
The authors Nocturnal excretion of aMT6s on a per animal basis
examined the showed no significant differences between The authors concluded that
effects of chronic, long-term exposure to 50-Hz
exposed and sham
long-term 50-Hz magnetic fields and RF radiation of
exposed groups in either experimental series,
EMFs and the type associated with cellular
although there was a significant increase in aMT6s
900-MHz phones does not alter urinary
excretion in all 3 RF groups (sham, continuous,
radiofrequency excretion of aMT6s,
and pulsed RF) compared to cage controls and the
(RF) radiation the primary melatonin metabolite, in
50-Hz groups (p purpose of the and 20%, respectively) compared to the cage sham exposure/ ↑++ (nonneoplastic
feed and water consumption; nn nn nn EXP TUM study was to no -/-
cancer nn The nn benign tumors); ´- changes- dilated
vitro controls. RF radiation did not increase significantly shelf control changes- acinar cell
hematological evaluate the role of results, therefore, do not provide (nonneoplastic glands in the
the incidence of any neoplastic lesion but causes hypertrophy in the
evaluations; histopathological low-level evidence for cancer promotion by changes stomach, dilatation of
some significant nonneoplastic changes (CW led pancreas; decreased
analyses of all lesions radiofrequency RF the uterus
to dilated glands in the stomach (p=0.022) and incidence of
(RF) radiation of radiation emitted by cell phones. and decreased
dilatation of the uterus hyperplasia in the
the type incidence of liver
(p=0.038), and decreased the incidence of liver cervical lymph)
emitted by cellular inflammation)
inflammation (p=0.017) relative to the sham-exposed
telephones as a group; PW increased
tumor promoter. the incidence of acinar cell hypertrophy in the
Ionizing radiation pancreas (p=0.022) and temperature regulation of of
no observable effect on decreased the incidence
rats in terms of heat dissipation efficiency.
are
agnetic energy into biological systems while the systems nn maintained at physiologically acceptable temperatures. Experiments were carried out at various power densities (50-200-/-
temperature regulation nn nn EXP TMP in vivo thermoregulation no mW/cm2) using continuous wave (CW) and pulsed radiation while the carrier frequency was maintained at 2.06 GHz. It was observed that single-day RFR exposures at power levels used in this series produced no observable effect on temperature regulation of rats in terms of heat dissipation efficiency.
nn nn nn nn nn ´- (thermoregulation) ´- (thermoregulation)
The authors There was relatively close
proposed a new agreement between the SARs determined by the 2
method for techniques. SARs obtained
determining SARs for CW and pulsed RF radiation exposures did not
in laboratory differ significantly from
animals each other. The authors concluded that the
exposed to proposed method is a simple, less
microwave and time-consuming procedure for
colonic;
radiofrequency determining SARs in live animals.
SAR by temperature (subcutan.; tympanic;
yes yes EXP TMP in vivo (RF) radiation. The thermoregulation no -/- nn The method nn nn SAR value SAR value
colonic; tympanic membrane) subcutaneo
method was is very reliable and can be used in
us
based on a acute, repetitive, and chronic
temperature cycling microwave and RF radiation
procedure, exposure experiments.
described in detail
in Heinmets
et al. (Temperature
Cycling in Rats
Exposed
The authors Exposure to the GSM-like signal in the second The authors concluded that nn sham-exposure nn ´- ↑+ (EEG power in the increase (pw)
conducted two experiment enhanced EEG power in the alpha exposure to a GSM-like RF field alpha band and in the
experiments band and in the spindle frequency range during alters awake rCBF and brain spindle frequency
examining the stage 2 sleep. The effect showed an increasing electrical activity during sleep. range and spindle
effects of cell trend in the course of the night, and enhancement of The health consequences of these amplitude)
regional cerebral blood flow by phone-like power in the spindle frequency range by GSM-like effects are unknown. The authors
positron emission tomography (PET) radiofrequency ´- (duration and
RF exposure paralleled a general increasing trend of suggested that future studies
scans (only pw) (RF) fields on number of sleep
in vivo changes of the spindle frequency activity though the night, being should not focus only on
nn nn nn EXP CNS regional cerebral -/- yes nn spindles; REM sleep
probands neurological system largest in the fourth and fifth non-REM sleep possible harmful effects of pulse-
blood flow episodes. Spindle amplitude was significantly modulated RF field exposure, but latency, duration of the
sleep EEG activity, EOG, EMG (pw (rCBF) and sleep non-REM/REM sleep
increased in the exposed condition, by 5.4 +/- 1.4% examine its potential as a
and cw) EEG activity in cycles)
relative to the unmodulated 900-Hz signal exposure noninvasive method for
human volunteers. and by 2.9 +/- 1.5% relative to sham-exposed modifying brain function for
In the first controls (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
1. (pw) and
2.(cw and
0,8 0,915 pw)
2,5;
(for for 0,01; experiment:
Iurinskaia, M. M.; REACTION OF THE BRAIN 3;
experim experi 0,05; cage, from an open end of a 5minutes
Iurinskaia, M. Kuznetsov, V. I.; Acad. of RECEPTOR SYSTEM TO THE Biofizika 5; pulsed close to / rat organ
74 Physics,
Inst. of Biological Russia Russian Acad. of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russia
1996 ents ments none 2.5 nn nn nn nn cw = pw nn nn acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
M. Galeev, A. L.; Sciences EFFECT OF LOW INTENSITY 41(4) 7; (rectangular) 0,1; above waveguide (Wistar, 150-200 g) (nervous)
with 3H- with 3H- 3.
Kolomytkin, O. V. MW 16; 1
muscim glutam experiement:
30
ol) ate) 1 - 60
minutes (nur
pw)
COMPARISON OF THE
Jamakosmanovic, A.;
EFFECT OF CW AND
Jevric, A.; 0,172 / 0,179 rat
Jamakosmano Univ. of PULSED 2450-MHz MW Period Biol 8,26/ waveguide system daily organ
75 Nakas, M.; Yugoslavia
Dr. Alexander Sabovljev Inst. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. ofSarajevo, Mose Pijade 6, 71000 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
1983 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 2 2 pulsed / 2.500 J/kg J/kg cw = pw above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 (albino, nn >8 whole body
vic, A. Sarajevo IRRADIATION ON THE LEVEL 85(2) for 28 days (nervous)
Drecun, M.; ch body weight body weight 7 day old)
OF ATP, ADP AND AMP IN
Shore, M. L.
DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN.
Utsunomiya
Univ.; Nippon
Veterinary oscillator (Wiltron, model 610D monkey
Kamimura, Y.; EFFECT OF 2.45 GHz MW with 6213), a TWT amplifier
and Animal Sci. IEICE Trans (cynomolgus,
Saito, K.; IRRADIATION ON MONKEY 5,3-7.,8;
Y.K.); Nippon Veterinaryand Animal Sci. Univ., Musashino-shi, 180, Japan (K.S.); Nippon Medical Sch., Tokyo, 113, Japan(T.S.); Faculty of Engineering, Kanazawa Inst. of Technology, Ishikawa-ken, 921, Japan (Y.A.)
76 Kamimura, Y. Univ.; Japan 1994 Commun 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 15,9 - 43,0 cw = pw above nn (Hughes, model 1177H) and near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 Macaca fascicularis, nn 5 whole body sensoric
Saiga, T.; EYES 2.6
Nippon Medical E77B(6) an applicator (HP-S281A), adult,
Amemiya, Y. (LETTER) near-field
Sch.; unanesthetized)
Kanazawa Inst.
of Technology
THE ACTION OF MW
Sechenov First 13;
RADIATION ON POTASSIUM organ
Khitrov, Iu. A.; Moscow Inst. of Radiobiologiia 17; nn 100 - 5000 clearly nn organ part:
77 Khitrov, Iu. A. Russia
Sechenov First Moscow Inst. of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
1990 ION TRANSPORT AND 2.45 2.45 none 13 nn nn pulsed nn cw = pw nn near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn (digestive:
Kakushkina, M. L. Medicine, 30(2) 21; above (liver of rat) liver
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN liver)
Moscow, Russia 25
THE PERFUSED RAT LIVER
Komatsubara Y,
Effect of high-frequency
Hirose H, 5;
electromagnetic fields with a
Sakurai T, 10;
Komatsubara Hirosaki wide range of SARs on Mutat Res. cw ≤ pw cell cell:
artment of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
78 Koyama S, Japan 2005 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 20; 100 / 900 above nn nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
Y, University chromosomal aberrations in Sep 29 (average) (mouse) mouse m5S
Suzuki Y, 50;
murine m5S cells.
Taki M, 100
Miyakoshi J.
DELAYED EFFECTS OF
MODULATED AND NON- Radiats Biol GSS-12M generator 5 rat
Konovalov, V. Konovalov, V. F.; Russian Acad. of 4;
79 Serikov,
Konovalov, V. F.;Russia I. S.Inst. of Cell Biophysics, EMF ONAcad. of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, 4
2001 MODULATED Russian Radioecol 0.88 0.88 none 142292Russia, e-mail: admin@mars.ibioc.serpukhov.su nn
nn nn pulsed 1 1 nn cw = pw above nn described by Tygranyan and nn minutes/day acute intermittent 0 (Wistar, initial body female 40 whole body sensoric
F. Serikov, I. S. Sciences 16
EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN 41(2) Mashkin for 5 days weight 180 to 200 g)
RATS
Kubinyi G, Natl. "(Frederic Effect of CW and amplitude-
standard horn antenna
Thuroczy G, Joliot-Curie"( modulated 2.45 GHz MW
Bioelectro- powered by an 100 mouse
Bakos J, Res. Inst. for radiation on the liver and brain pulsed cw = pw (PFD); cell
nst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary; Natl. "(Frederic Joliot-Curie"( Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, H-1775 POB 101, Hungary (RR/G.K.) 50
80 Kubinyi G, Hungary 1996 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 50 nn nn nn 3 4.23 8.46 above nn HP 8616 microwave generator nn minutes/day, chronic intermittent 0 (CFLP, pregnant female 948 whole body
Boloni E, Radiobiology aminoacyl-transfer RNA (square) cw effect of low- changes of the frequency 16 Hz) decrease (pw)
nn nn nn EXP NES intensity -/- yes
density vitro neurological system 2. experiment (cw and pw): Neither CW nor
microwaves on the modulated regimens produced a statistically ↑+ (glutamate binding, increase (pw)
2. experiment: role of modulation, state of significant change in 3H-muscimol binding, modulation frequency
modulation frequencies were varied glutamatergic and except for 16-Hz modulation which decreased its 16 Hz)
GABA-ergic binding to 70 +/- 5%. Maximum increases in the 3H-
3. experiment: exposure duration systems was glutamate binding (to 200-220%) also occurred at
was varied from 1-60 min studied 16-Hz modulation.
in male Wistar rats
(150-200 g body 3. experiment (nur pw): Maximum decrease in the
weight). Animals
Seven day old When compared to sham 45-50%) occurred after
3H-muscimol binding (toirradiated controls, CW nn nn sham-exposure nn ↑+ (AMP-level) ´- (AMP-level) increase (cw)
albino rats were repetitive irradiation decreased average brain ADP (´-) ↓+ (ADP-level) ↓+ (ADP-level)
exposed daily for levels by 48% and increased AMP levels by 23%, ´- (ATP-level) ´- (ATP-level)
28 days to 2450 but had no significant effect on ATP levels. PW
ATP, ADP and AMP levels MHz
ENA; in vivo -> repetitive irradiation decreased ADP levels by 55%
(using the Boehringer enzymatic nn nn nn EXP continuous wave cell function -/- yes nn
NES vitro but had no significant effect on AMP or ATP
method)
(CW) or pulsed levels.
wave (PW)
microwave
irradiation to
evaluate
The ocular effects Slight conjunctivitis in 1 monkey was the only The authors concluded that no
of irradiation with abnormality seen. No corneal epithelial microwave irradiation-associated
2.45-GHz abnormalities, cataracts, or vitreous humor, retinal, eye bnormalities were observed
microwaves were orcorneal endothelial anomalies were detected. The authors suggested even though greater power
studied in that halothane densities were used, compared to
monkeys. The anesthetic may have by Kues et al. The most significant
abnormities of anterior parts purpose of the compromised the differences between the studies
EYE; changes of the
of the eyes, the vitreous humor, and nn nn nn EXP in vivo study was to no -/- patterns of circulation was the use of anesthetic nn nn nn ´- (ocular effects) ´- (ocular effects)
SEN neurological system
retina attempt to replicate in the eye and (halothane) by Kues et al., and the
the findings altered metabolism, use of daily or weekly exposures
of Kues et al. contributing to a MW rather than the single acute
(Bioelectromagnetic effect. exposure used in these
s 6:177-188, 1985; experiments. The authors
BENER Abstract suggested that halothane anesthetic
No. may have compromised the
This research was Microwaves applied at temperatures around
undertaken in order 20 C had no effect on potassium efflux and
to determine exposure enhanced oxygen consumption to an extent
possible nonthermal dependent on microwave heating. This effect was
effects of completely reversible and well reproducible by
microwave equivalent conventional heating
exposure. It was membrane function; The data indicated an absence of ´- (potassium efflux); ´- (potassium efflux);
potassium ion efflux fix ext medium yes EXP VDS in vitro shown first that no -/- nn any nonthermal microwave nn nn nn ↑+(potassium efflux at ↑+(potassium efflux at
organ function
increasing the influence. thermal levels) thermal levels)
ambient
temperature from
25-30 to 40 C, as
well as decreasing
it from 15 to
3 C enhanced
To investigate the High frequency EMF exposures do not induce
induction of chromosomal aberrations in m5S cells. Furthermore,
chromosomal there was no difference between exposures to CW
aberrations in and PW HFEMFs.
mouse m5S cells
after exposure to
induction of chromosomal high-frequency ´- (chromosomal ´- (chromosomal ´- (chromosomal
aberrations: structural, chromatid- nn nn nn EXP GEN in vitro electromagnetic genotoxicity no -/- nn nn nn sham
abberations) abberations) abberations)
type and chromosome-type changes fields (HFEMFs) at
2.45GHz, cells
were exposed for
2h at average
specific absorption
rates (SARs) of 5,
10, 20, 50
The authors and The results were recorded as the percentage of nn nn sham-exposure epileptiform epileptiform activity: epileptiform activity: decrease (pw)
examined the animals showing audiogenic seizures. The 4th activity:
effects exerted by (control) group did not show any changes in the ´- ´- ( after 2 months) ↓++( one day after increase (pw)
expression of audiogenic seizures electromagnetic initial seizure frequency value of 100% during the ↓+ (after 6 months) exposure until 2
radiation (EMR) whole follow-up period. In the 1st group, percentage of ↓++ (with 18 months) months after decrease (cw)
percentage of survivors (determined on the expression epileptiform activity was at the initial 100% level for 2 survivors: (↑+) (after 18 months) exposure)
12, 18, 24, and 26 mo post- of audiogenic mo, then declined and remained at 80% for the next ↓(+) ↑+ (after 2 months) attenuation (cw)
seizures in rats. abdominal tumors percentage of ↓+ (after 18 months;
exposure) 4 mo, which was followed by further decline to 20%
Changes over their were observed in survivors: modulation frequency contrary effects
(a significant decrease, p molecular activity (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
1) weekly 4
hr to 5-30
mW/cm2
(repeated for
1-56 weeks)
Kues, H. A.; 2) a series of
Hirst, L. W.; 0,26 per 1 single
Johns Hopkins EFFECTS OF 2.45-GHz MW Bioelectro- 0,26; below / 10 cm from 10-30 acute; monkey
Lutty, G. A.; mW/cm2; part: organ
81 Kues, H. A. Univ Applied USA
Johns Hopkins Univ Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20707
1985 ON PRIMATE CORNEAL magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 10 10 pulsed nn 5 - 30 2.6 cw ≥ pw close to / nn nn the ocular mW/cm2 temporary; intermittent 0 (cynomolgus, nn 5 (?)
D'Anna, S. A.; eye (sensoric)
Physics Lab ENDOTHELIUM 6(2) / above surface exposures of chronic Macaca fascicularis)
Dunkelberger, G. 5,3-7,8
R. 4 hr
separated by
one or more
weeks;
3) 4
consecutive
daily 4 hr
whole body
waveguide system, (more SAR on
ACUTE LOW-LEVEL MW
or Narda-644 standard gain head region
Lai, H.; Univ. EXPOSURE AND CENTRAL Bioelectro- 0,6 (cylindrical waveguide) horn mounted at the tapered rat (cylindrical histological cut
82 Lai, H. Horita, A.; USA Washington Sch. of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981952.45 H.L.,A.H.); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Washington Sch. of Medicine, Seattle, WA (A.H.);Center for Bioengineering, Univ. of Washingtoncw = pw Medicine, Seattle, WA (H.L., A.W.G.)
Washington Sch. Dept. of Pharmacology, SJ-30, Univ. ofCHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY:
1988 magnetics (RR/ 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn nn
1,0 (standard gain horn)
Sch. of above nn roof nn 45 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn
(Sprague-Dawley) waveguide (nervous)
Guy, A. W. Medicine STUDIES ON IRRADIATION 9(4) over a plastic cage housing the system) or tail
PARAMETERS rat region
(standard gain
horn)
ACUTE LOW-INTENSITY MW 0,6 cylindrical waveguide system
EXPOSURE INCREASES Bioelectro- 1.2 as described by Guy et al
Lai, H.; Univ. of 1; rat cell
83 Lai, H. Dept. of Pharmacology, SJ-30, Univ. ofDNA SINGLE-STRAND 98195 (RR/H.L.)
USA Washington, Seattle, WA
1995 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn cw = pw above nn (Radio Sci 14(6S):63-74, nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Singh, N. P. Washington 2 (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
BREAKS IN RAT BRAIN 16(3) local SARs in 8 brain 1979;
CELLS regions ranged from 0,5 - 2 BENER Abstract No. B-6559)
SINGLE- AND DOUBLE- cylindrical waveguide system
STRAND DNA BREAKS IN developed by Guy et al.
Lai, H. ; Univ. of RAT BRAIN CELLS AFTER Int J Radiat (Radio Science 14:63-74, rat cell
84 of Washington,Seattle, WA 98195 (RR/H.L., N.P.S.)
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Center for Bioengineering, Box 357962, Univ. USA
Lai, H. 1996 2.45 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 2 2 1.2 cw = pw above nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Singh, N. P. Washington ACUTE EXPOSURE TO RF Biol 69(4) 1979; (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
EM BENER Abstract No. B-6559),
RADIATION. with a single RF power source
PULSE-MODULATED AND
Univ. of Texas CW MW RADIATION
Physiol rat whole organism
85 Lebovitz, R. M. Lebovitz, R.of Physiology, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75235
Dept. M. USA
Health Science 1983 YIELD EQUIVALENT 1.3 1.3 none 600 600 1 1 pulsed nn nn 5.8 6.7 cw PW or CW MW. MW), and striatal choline uptake
choline uptake in striatum, frontal nn nn nn EXP NES sodium-dependent pathological -/- yes nn standard gain horn) decrease (pw)
vitro depends on the irradiation system
cortex, hippocampus, and high-affinity choline changes ´- (high affinity choline
When rats were exposed to either PW or CW MW in used (decreased with PW or CW
hypothalamus) uptake. The brain ´- (high affinity choline uptake, striatal
the miniature anechoic chamber, striatal and MW in the anaechoic chamber but
areas studied frontal cortical choline uptake were both not the waveguide). Changes of uptake, striatal, waveguide)
were the striatum, decreased. Choline uptake in the hippocampus this magnitude, which the authors waveguide)
frontal cortex, was decreased after exposure to PW MW in the would expect to have significant ↓+ (high affinity choline
hippocampus, and chamber, but was not modified with exposure to CW behavioral consequences, can ´- (high affinity choline uptake, striatal, decrease (pw)
hypothalamus -- MW. Hypothalamic choline uptake was not apparently depend on parameters uptake, striatal, standard gain horn)
areas affected by exposure to either PW or CW MW in the of the exposure conditions and local standard gain horn)
involved of DNA
Inductionin learning, chamber. to PW microwaves did not induce any
Exposure The magnitude of the changes in choline dosimetry. concluded that acute
The authors nn sham-exposure nn ↑+ (DNA-damage, ´- (high affinity choline
´- (DNA-damage, increase (cw)
damage in brain DNA damage in rats examined immediately after microwave exposure increases immediatly after immediatly after
cells by acute low- exposure ended. Significant increases (p given in figures for whole brain cells exposed to PW breakage could reflect an increase
electrophoresis nn nn nn EXP Sprague-Dawley genotoxicity -/- yes nn hours after exposure increase (pw)
NES vitro microwaves indicated an increase in mean DNA in the breakage rate or an
technique and fluorescence rats were exposed ended; 1.2 W/kg)
migration from approximately 150 (microns) in sham- impairment of DNA repair
microscopy ) or sham exposed to exposed controls to 190 at 0.6 W/kg and 240 at 1.2 processes. No simple explanation
continuous (CW) or W/kg. Following exposure to CW microwave exists for the different responses of
pulsed wave (PW) radiation, significant increases in DNA damage brain cell DNA to PW and CW
circularly polarized were seen in rats examined both immediately microwaves. This finding
2,450-MHz and 4 hr after exposure. supports the view that biological
microwaves for 2 responses to microwaves
hr. The PW depend on the parameters of the
microwaves
The authors Both pulsed and CW RF radiation significantly The authors concluded that acute
examined the increased the length of DNA migration single- exposure to RF radiation at an
effects of in vivo strand breaks (p sham and PW exposure (chi square = 921.5, 13 breakage of covalent bonding double DNA breaks;
nn nn nn EXP Dawley rats were genotoxicity no -/- nn of Electrical and Electronics sham exposure ´- DNA breaks; length of
breaks (microgel electrophorese) NES vitro degrees of freedom, p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of Sheffield
Medical Sch.;
EFFECT OF 900 MHz EMF TEM cells powered by a
Lim, H. B.; Inst.of High
ON NONTHERMAL 3; 0,4; function generator, a cell cell culture:
Cook, G. G.; Performance Radiat Res below / 20 minutes; 2 male; 1 cell culture
R/L.A.C.); Electronics and Electromagnetics Div.,Inst. of High Performance Computing,UK
87 Lim, H. B. (H.B.L.); Dept. of Electronic & ElectricalEngineering, Univ. of Sheffield, UK (G.G.C.); Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering,Royal Hallamshire Hosp., Sheffield, UK (A.T.B.)
Singapore 2005 INDUCTION OF HEAT- 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn GSM-like 14; nn 2,0; 0.4 cw ≥ pw nn signal generator, and a nn acute continuous 1 (human leukocytes, 3 human
Barker, A. T.; Computing; 163(1) close to 1 hr; 4 hr female (immune)
SHOCK PROTEINS IN 25 3,6 3 healthy volunteers) leukocyte
Coulton, L. A. Royal power amplifier
HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Hallamshire
Hosp.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS
Lindauer, G. A.; IEEE Trans
SEEKING EVIDENCE OF
Liu, L. M.; Washington Microw beetle cell
88 Lindauer, G. A. WA
Washington Univ., St. Louis,USA 1974 NONTHERMAL BIOLOGICAL nn nn nn nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 8.6 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn nn
Skewes, G. W.; Univ. Theory Tech (pupae) (pupae)
EFFECTS OF MW
Rosenbaum, F. J. MTT-22(8)
RADIATION
MITOGEN
RESPONSIVENESS AFTER
Univ. of EXPOSURE OF INFLUENZA waveguide system
Roberts, N. J., Jr.;
Rochester VIRUS-INFECTED HUMAN Radiat Res 16; 4 as described by Lu et al. cell part: cell culture
89 Depts. USA 1987
Lu, S-T. of Medicine, Radiation Biology, and Biophysics, Univ. of Rochester School of Medicine,Rochester, NY 14642
Michaelson, S. M.; 2.45 2.45 none 16 nn nn pulsed nn nn
mW/ml cw = pw above nn (J Microwave Power nn 2 hours acute nn 1 nn nn
School of MONONUCLEAR 110(3) 60 (human, leukocytes) blood (immune)
Lu, S-T.
Medicine LEUKOCYTES TO CW OR 18:121,1983)
PULSE-MODULATED RF
RADIATION
ERC
Lu, S-T.; ABNORMAL
BioServices 4,75 W/kg per W
Brown, D. O.; CARDIOVASCULAR IEEE Trans 1) 2 / 400; transmitted to the brain; L-band (WR650) waveguide rat
Corp.; 0,5; 1) 1;
(S-T.L., C.E.J., S.P.M.); USA
rg, MD 20879 Lu, S-T. D.O.B.,Johnson, C. E.; Dept. ofMicrowave Res., Div. of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Inst. of INDUCED BY Biomed Eng
90 1992 RESPONSES Res., Forest Glen Annex,Washington, DC 20307 (E.C.E.)
1.25 1.25 none 0.5 1 pulsed 2) 6,4 / nn cw = pw above nn near-field nn nn nn 0 (Sprague-Dawley, male 36 whole body cardio-vascular
Walter Reed 16 2) 10 17,15 W/kg per W exposure system
Mathur, S. P.; Elson, LOCALIZED HIGH POWER 39(5) 400 10-12 wk old)
Army Inst. of transmitted to the neck
E. C. MW EXPOSURE.
Res.
pseudorandom
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF (GSM during
Maes, A.; Vito, Bioelectro- below / TEM cell cell part:
900 MHz (GSM) conversation); 2; 8; 0,4; 2,0; 3,5; cell culture
91 Vito, Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, e-mail: annemie.maes@vito.be(RR/A.M., M.C., L.V.)
Maes, A. Collier, M.; Environmental Belgium 2001 magnetics 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn nn cw = pw close to / nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 1 (human nn 8 blood
MICROWAVES ON HUMAN dummy burst 15; 25; 50 5,5; 10 and CDMA generator (immune)
Verschaeve, L. Toxicology 22(2) above lymphocytes) (lymphocytes)
LYMPHOCYTES (GSM in stand
by)
Mahrour, N.; IN VITRO INCREASE OF THE
Pologea-Moraru, R.; FLUID-PHASE
Moisescu, M. G.; ENDOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY Biochim cell
Institut Gustave- exceeding 10
Transfert de France
ctorologie etMahrour, N. Genes, UMR 8121 CNRS, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 rueCamille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, EMF: e-mail: luismir@igr.fr (L.M.M.) 0.9
92 Orlowski, S.; 2005 PULSED RF France, Biophys Acta 0.9 none 217 217 580 580 GSM-like nn nn 1,3 - 2,6 cw = pw close to nn nn nn nn nn nn (fluid-phase endo- nn nn cell cell
Roussy minutes
Leveque, P.; IMPORTANCE OF 1668(1) cytosis)
Mir, L. M. THE ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENT
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Heat stress (42 C) caused a time-dependent The authors considered these
examined the induction of HSP 70 and HSP 27. In general, responses random fluctuation, a
potential of low responses to heat stress consequence of the small number
intensity cell phone were more pronounced in monocytes than in of experimental repeats. Other
radiofrequency lymphocytes. No significant differences between groups have reported much higher
(RF) emissions to RF and the sham exposure values. There were a increases in expressions of HSP 27
induce expression few experiments in which RF exposed cells showed and HSP 70 in human endothelial
of heat shock modest increases compared to the conventionally cells (Leszczynski et al.,
expression of heat shock proteins proteins molecular heated control. Differentiation 70:120-129, 2002; sham-exposure/ ↑+ / ↑++ (induction ↑+ (induction of
yes suspension yes EXP CEF in vitro (HSPs) in human no -/- nn BENER Abstract No. 23710) and nn ↑+ (induction of HSP)
(HSPs) in human leukocyte cultures biosynthesis shelf control of HSP) HSP)
leukocyte cultures in human amnion epithelial cells
as a test of the (Kwee et al., Electro Magnetobiol
hypothesis that cell 20:141-152, 2001; BENER
phone radiation can Abstract No. 21875), respectively.
induce a One possible explanation for the
nonthermal stress discrepancy, the authors pointed
response (HSP out, is that the cells examined by
induction) in Leszczynski et al. and Kwee et al.
human peripheral
Carpenter and none were actively
Livstone's (see
abstr. A26834,
1971) experiments
on beetle
pupae are repeated
and extended. In
the experiments
conducted, ↑+ (abnormal ↑+ (abnormal
abnormal development nn nn nn EXP TER in vivo increased teratogenity no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
development) development)
incidence of
abnormal
development
occurred due to
exposure to
microwave
energy, both CW
and pulsed. This
effect was
While there are Exposure of leukocytes to influenza virus and/or
many studies of the RFR produced no significant changes in cell viability
effects of for up to 1 week after exposure. No significant
radiofrequency differences were found between the response of
radiation uninfected RFR-exposed, infected RFR-exposed,
(RFR) on normal and sham-exposed leukocytes to optimal or sub-
"healthy" human optimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin.
mononuclear The authors conclude that influenza
Results were the same for both CW and pulse-
leukocyte viability leukocytes (MNL), virus-infected human MNL do not
cell vitality, cell modulated RFR.
by use of cell counts; nn nn nn EXP IMM in vitro no data is no -/- nn show significant effects resulting nn sham exposure ´- (cell viability) ´- (cell viability) ´- (cell viability)
division
DNA synthesis available regarding from subsequent exposure to RFR
effects of RFR on under the reported conditions.
MNL already
challenged by a
commonly
encountered
pathogenic agent,
such as a virus.
This study
Soviet clinicians Mean baseline heart rates of animals in each group
have described a were not statistically different from each other.
syndrome which Respiration rate and mean arterial pressure were not Underperfusion hypothesis of
they have called Johnson for heart rate
altered in any group. Changes in heart rate and
"microwave changes: Total peripheral
pulse pressure were observed in rats exposed to
sickness" which resistance would have to
either 16-Hz PW microwaves or 6.4-W CW
consists of such The authors suggested that, due to increase to maintain a constant
microwaves, but not to lower average power
symptoms as these cardiac deficits and abnormal mean arterial pressure in the
microwaves. Depression of pulse pressure,
heart rate, mean CVS; vascular response, the microwave presence of subnormal cardiac
bradycardia, tachycardia, or bradycardia were observed when ↓+ (heart rate, blood ↓+ (heart rate, blood
arterial pressure, pulse pressure, yes body nn EXP RES; in vivo tachycardia, physiology no -/- nn exposure conditions precipitating output. Increased peripheral sham exposure ´-
microwaves produced whole-body hyperthermia. preassure) preassure)
respiration rate, body temperature TMP hypertension, these physiological deficits should resistance during microwave-
hypotension and be induced hyperthermia was
changes in the T- investigated. contrary to the anticipated
wave. The thermal or hyperthermic
collective response of animals,
symptoms of such constituting an abnormal
a "vegetative physiological djustment.
vascular syndrome"
were very
The authors' RF exposure alone did not significantly increase The authors concluded that these
previous studies the level of chromosome aberrations or SCEs data do not provide any supporting
generally indicated above control values in any of the experiments; X- evidence that 900-MHz microwave
a lack of irradiation alone caused the frequency of radiation is genotoxic, either alone
cytogenetic chromosome aberrations to increase and MMC or in combination with a chemical or
effects on human significantly increased the SCE frequency; however, physical mutagen. The results
lymphocytes from co-exposure to RF did not significantly alter agree with most of the published
exposure to either of these effects. studies that found no cytogenetic
chromosome radiofrequency effects of 900-MHz fields. The few ´- (chromosome ´- (chromosome
nn nn nn EXP GEN in vitro (RF) fields, genotoxicity no -/- nn nn shelf control ´-
aberrations studies that reported genotoxic aberrations, SCEs) aberrations, SCEs)
with little evidence effects, the effects fluctuating
of synergistic around statistical significance, are
interaction after co- rather puzzling. It is possible that
exposure 900-MHz microwaves may have
mitomycin-C some very subtle biological effects
(MMC), a chemical that cannot be clearly demonstrated
mutagen (Maes et by currently used cytogenetic
al., Environ Mol methods.
Mutagen
Nowadays, due to The RF exposure (low and high frequencz
the wide use of components) increase of the fluid-phase
mobile phones, the endocytosis rate was observed ( approximately
possible biological 1.5-fold), on three different cell types. This
effects of increase is an all-or-nothing type of response that is
electromagnetic occurring for threshold values comprised between
fields (EMF) 1.3 and 2.6 W/kg for the delivered EMF powers and
become a public between 1.1 and 1.5 V/cm for the electric fields
health general EMF, via their electrical component,
intensities depending upon the cell type. The electric
fluid-phase endocytosis rate nn nn nn EXP CEF in vitro concern. Despite cell function no -/- nn can perturb one of the most nn nn nn ↑+ (endocytosis) ↑+ (endocytosis)
component of these EMFs is shown to be
intensive research, fundamental physiological functions
responsible for the observed increase. Variations
there are no widely of the cells-endocytosis.
of frequency or pulse duration of the electric pulses
accepted theories are shown to be without effect.
about the
interactions
between EMFs and
living cells, and the
experimental
data are often
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
Seite 38 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of Kuopio;
Markkanen, A.; Kuopio Univ. SMY02 signal generator
(Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, cell
Penttinen, P.; Hosp.; APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY UV
Bioelectro- 2,5 (1exp); 2,5 (1exp); Germany) with a wideband RF (yeast, cell culture
Naarala, J.; STUK-Radiation RADIATION IS ENHANCED 0,872 (1 0,9 (2
Finland
R/A.M., J.N., J.J.); Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Univ.of Kuopio and Dept. of Pediatrics, Kuopio Univ. Hosp., Kuopio, Finland (J.P.); STUK-Radiation andNuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland (A-P.S.); Dept. of Environmental Health, Natl. PublicHealth Inst., Kuopio, Finland (P.P.) 0.4 (1exp);
93 Markkanen, A. 2004 magnetics none 217 217 577 577 GSM-like 1 nn 0.4 (1exp); cw = pw close to nn nn 1 hour acute continuous 0 Saccharomyces nn nn cell (mutant
Pelkonen, J.; and Nuclear BY AM RF RADIATION IN exp) exp) amplifier R720FC (RF Power
25(2) 3.0 (2exp) 3.0 (2exp) cerevisiae, KFy417 yeast)
Sihvonen, A-P.; Safety Authority; MUTANT YEAST CELLS Labs, Woodinville, WA)
and a modulating unit and KFy437)
Juutilainen, J. Natl. Public
Health Inst.
0.05 1) 30 minutes
0,15 2
Inst. GLUCOSOAMINOGLYCANS mW/cm 4.2 (pw) rat
2,88 (CW?) organ
94 Matych, S. Matych, S. Occupational Inst. Occupational Medicine, ul. Teresy (GAG) IN THE BRAIN OF
Poland 8, 90-950 Lodz, Poland
1981 Med Pr 32(6) 3 (CW) 1000 1000 1.5 1.5 pulsed nn 0.07 nn nn 6.8 nn above nn nn nn 2) 3-6 hr/day acute continuous 0 (mature,weighing male nn whole body
(PW) 0,75 2 (nervous)
Medicine RATS EXPOSED TO EMF mW/cm 10,8 (pw) 200-250 g)
(CW?)
(cw) 3) ? (cw)
individual loop antennas
(PIOM, Ecole Nationale
INERIS; Superieure de Chimie
Faculte de EFFECTS OF RF EXPOSURE Physique de Bordeaux,
Mausset, A-L.; Medecine de ON THE GABAERGIC Pessac, France) attached to
the top of the holders above 24
de Seze, R.; Nimes; SYSTEM IN THE RAT Brain Res rat histological cut
95 Mausset, A-L. France Medicale, Faculte de Medecine de Nimes, Ave. Kennedy, 30907Nimes Cedex 2,32
INERIS, Parc ALATA, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, e-mail: Rene.De-Seze@ineris.fr(RR/R.d.S.); Laboratoire de Biophysique 576
2001 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 576 GSM-like nn nn France (A-L.M., R.d.S.); INSERM U336 Developpement, Plasticite et Vieillissement duSysteme Nerveux, Universite Montpellier Il, Place Eugene Bataillon, BP 106, 34095 Montpellier Cedex5, France (A-L.M., A.P.); Departement d'Information Medicale, Hopital Gaston Doumergue, BP 2
4 cw > pw above nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male (12 sham, 12 whole body
Montpeyroux, F.; Universite CEREBELLUM: CLUES 912(1) the animals' heads. The (Wistar) (nervous)
antennas were connected to a irradiated)
Privat, A. Montpellier Il; FROM SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
Hopital Gaston IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY 900-MHz RFpower amplifier
Doumergue (type RFS 90064, RFPA
Artigues-pres-Bordeaux,
France)
McNamee, J. P.;
exposure system described in
Bellier, P. V.;
DNA DAMAGE IN HUMAN 0,1; the cell
Gajda, G. B.
Health Canada; LEUKOCYTES AFTER time-division- 0,26; McNamee et al. (2002) study, (cultured human
McNamee, J. Miller, S. M.; Radiat Res close to / cell culture
K1A Canada
nada, 96 1C1, e-mail: james_mcnamee@hc-sc.gc.ca(RR/J.P.M., P.V.B., S.G., S.M.M., E.P.L., B.F.L., A.T.); Science Affairs and Statistics Div., Officeof Policy and Program Services, Health Canada, Environmental Health multiple-access Pasture,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0L2 (L.M.)
Environmental 2002 ACUTE IN VITRO EXPOSURE 1.9 1.9 none 50 50 6700 6700 Center, Tunney's nn nn 0,92; cw = pw nn with an RF single-pole, nn 2 hours acute continuous 1 leukocytes of nn 5x5 cell
P. Lemay, E. P.; 158(4) above (immune)
Health Center TO A 1.9 GHz PULSE- (TDMA) 2,4; double-throw switch healthy
Lavallee, B. F.
MODULATED RF FIELD 10 (Mini-Circuits, model ZFSW-2- volunteers)
Marro, L.;
46)
Thansandote, A.
McNamee, J. P.; waveguide applicators
Bellier, P. V.; NO EVIDENCE FOR 0,1; 0,1; as described by cell
Gajda, G. B.; GENOTOXIC EFFECTS time-division- 0,26; 0,26; McNamee et al. (2002) and (human,
McNamee, J. Radiat Res 1,18 / close to / cell culture
Ontario, Canada, K1A 1C1, e-mail: james_mcnamee@hc-sc.gc.ca(RR/J.P.M., P.V.B.,USA
97 Lavallee, B. F.; Health Canada G.B.G., B.F.L., E.L., A.T.); Biostatistics and Epidemiology Div., EnvironmentalHealth Science Bureau, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0L2(L.M.)
2003 FROM 24 H EXPOSURE OF 1.9 1.9 none 50 50 nn nn multiple-access nn 0,92; 0,92; cw = pw nn Gajda et al. nn 24 hours temporary nn 1 healthy donors, nn nn cell
P. 159(5) 3,54 above (immune)
laMarro, L.; HUMAN LEUKOCYTES TO (TDMA) 2,4; 2,4; (Bioelectromagnetics 23:592- 20-60 yr old
Lemay, E.; 1.9 GHZ RF FIELDS. 10 10 598, 2002; BENER Abstract leukocytes)
Thansandote, A. No. 23946)
The Univ. of 0,39
Texas Health
RF (MW) radiation for 350 MHz; TEM Cell (350 MHz), cell
Meltz ML, Science Center;
exposure of mammalian Radiat Res 4,5 below / or anechoic chamber (tissue culture of cell culture
TX 78284-7800 USA Sciences Div., U.S. Air Force Schoolof Aerospace Medicine, Brooks1.2 Force Base, TXnn
at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd CurlDrive, San Antonio, U.S. Air Force (RR/ M.M., K.A.W.); Radiation1987
98 Meltz, M. L. Walker KA, 0.35 Air 0.85 78235-5301 (D.N.E.)
nn nn nn pulsed nn 10 cw = pw nn nn 1; 2; 3 hours acute continuous 1 nn nn cell
cells during UV-induced 110 (2) for 850 MHz; close to with a horn antenna (850 MHz human diploid (muscle-skeleton)
Erwin DN School of
DNA repair synthesis 2,7 and 1.2 GHz) fibroplasts)
Aerospace for 1.2 GHz
Medicine
1,3 0,1;
Merritt, J. H.; USAF Sch. STUDIES ON BLOOD-BRAIN Radiat 0.5
(PW 10 (1,3 1; 20, 30, 35 rat nervous
99 Merritt, J. H. Radiation F.; Div., USAF USA 1978 78235
Chamness, A. SciencesAerospace Sch. Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX BARRIER PERMEABILITY Environ 1.2 none 1000 1000 (1,2 pulsed nn / 2 - 75 nn nn above nn nn nn acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
and GHz) 10; minutes (Sprague-Dawley) (BBB)
Allen, S. J. Medicine AFTER MW-RADIATION. Biophys 15(4) GHz)
CW) 50
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Seite 40 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors UV exposure significantly increased apoptosis and
examined the reduced viability of yeast cells compared to control
effects of amplitude cells (p controls.
nn nn nn EXP investigated. pathological -/- yes irradiated rats showed
(heparin fraction; NES vitro
Mature male rats changes
hyaluronic acid and 2. experiment (pw): Young male rats were exposed an insignificant
chondroitin sulfate) weighing 200-250 g to 2880 MHz energy (pulse modulation, 1000 Hz; increase in the heparin
were subjected to a pulse width 1.5 usec) for 3-6 hr/day. At an SAR of and chondroitin sulfate
single 30-min 2.8 W/kg, the animals showed a significant increase fractions and no
irradiation at 2880 in the heparin fraction compared to controls. change in hyaluronic
MHz (pulse However, at SARs of 6.5 and 8.0 W/kg, the acid.
modulation, 1000 irradiated rats showed an insignificant increase
MHz; pulse in the heparin and chondroitin sulfate fractions
neurotransmitter content of the width, 1.5 usec). At
The effects of In rats irradiated with the lower power GSM signal The authors concluded that 900 nn sham-exposure ´- ↓+ (mean optical ´- (mean optical decrease (cw)
central nervous system (CNS) radiofrequency (4 W/kg SAR), the mean OD (MOD) of stained cells MHz exposure at relatively high RF density (MOD) of density (MOD) of
(RF) radiation of did not differ significantly from the MOD of sham- energy levels (SAR of 4 or 32 stained cells) stained cells)
(to localize cellular gamma- the type associated irradiated rats, regardless of the cell layer. However, W/kg) appears to decrease cellular
aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat with there was a significant 16% decrease in the area of GABA content in the cerebellum. ↓+ (in the area of ↓+ (in the area of
cerebellum a semiquantitative cellular phones on stained processes in the Purkinje cell layer in RF- Phantom measurements suggest stained processes in stained processes in
immunohistochemical assay with CEF; in vivo -> the changes of the the 4 W/kg exposure would the Purkinje cell layer) the Purkinje cell layer)
yes rat phantom yes EXP -/- yes exposed rats compared to sham-irradiated nn
computerized image analysis was END vitro neurotransmitter endocrine system produce only a small temperature
animals (p at nonthermal cond); nonthermal cond); ↑+
vein) fluorescein across the blood- nn nn yes EXP pathological no -/- nn hyperthermic for changes in nn nn nn
EOR vitro examined in male ↑+ (BBB permeability (BBB permeability at
brain Sprague-Dawley changes permeability of the barrier induced
at thermal cond) thermal cond)
barrier rats. At a by microwave radiation to occur.
frequency of 1.2
GHz, the
radiation was
delivered at a pulse
repetition rate of
1000 pulses/sec, a
pulse width of 0.5
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
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Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Wolke, S.; Universitat Bonn; TEM cell connected to a
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS OF 16;
Neibig, U.; Institut fur Bioelectro- pulsed UHF power signal generator cell (myocytes of
ISOLATED HEART MUSCLE 50; cell
Germany
hrichtentechnik Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany (U.N., R.E.); Physiologisches Institut derUniversitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany (F.G., R.M.); Physiologisches Institut 1.8 Universitat Bonn,Wilhelmstr. 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany (RR/R.M.)
100 Meyer, R. Elsner, R.; Nachrichten- 1996 magnetics 0.9 der 1.3 16 2.5 2.5 (square, GSM- 1 7.62 0,009 - 0,059 / cw = pw below nn (SLRD BN 41004/50, Rohde nn 500 seconds acute intermittent 0 heart of adult guinea nn nn cell
CELLS EXPOSED TO 217; (cardio-vascular)
Gollnick, F.; technik 17(2) like) and Schwarz, Munich, pig)
PULSED HF EMF 30.000
Meyer, R. Braunschweig Germany)
rectangular waveguides (1.8
0,08; GHz and 900 Mhz)
Universitat Bonn;
Linz, K. W.; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 0,48; or TEM cell (180 MhZ), cell
Bergische GSM-like; 0,2;
von Westphalen, C.; AND CURRENTS OF Bioelectro- 0,6; exposure system as described (heart muscle
Universitat - German police 1,2; mobile cell culture
31, D-53111 Meyer,Germany, e-mail:meyer@physio.uni-bonn.de (RR/R.M., K.W.L., Germany
101 Bonn, R. Streckert, J.; C.V.); Lehrstuhl fur Theoretische Elektrotechnik,Bergischemagnetics - Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, 217 (J.S., V.H.)
1999 ISOLATED HEART MUSCLE Universitat 0.18 1.8 0.9 FRG 217 nn nn nn 0.015 0,72; cw ≤ pw below by nn nn nn nn 0 myocytes of adult nn nn cell
Gesamt- communication 1,8; telephone (cardio-vascular)
Hansen, V.; CELLS EXPOSED TO 20(8) 0,8; Wolke et al. guinea pig and rat
hochschule standard 2,2
Meyer, R. PULSED RF FIELDS 0,25; (Bioelectromagnetics 17:144- ventricles)
Wuppertal
0,015 153, 1996; BENER Abstract
No. 13747)
EFFECT OF
Mezhevikina, L. M.; ELECTROMAGNETIC SHF-
Mezhevikina, Koltun, S. V.; Acad. Sci. RADIATION ON THE Biofizika 45 (waveguide) - 300 waveguide or stripline slot whole body cell
102 Russia Region, Russia
Inst. of Biological Physics, Acad. Sci. USSR, Puschino, Moscow1990 0.915 0.915 none 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn nn cw = pw above nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 embryo (mouse) nn nn
L. M. Goriushkin, G. E.; USSR MORPHOFUNCTIONAL 35(5) (stripline) irradiators (embryo) (embryo)
Tigranian, R. E. STATUS OF EARLY MOUSE
EMBRYOS
RESPONSE OF cell
Mezykowski, T.;
Instytut ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS (Aspergillus
Mezykowski, Bal, J.; J Microw GMC-500 M (SON-4
103 Warsaw
Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej, Krasinskiego 54, Poland 01-755, Poland
Medycyny 1980 AND PHYSARIUM 2.45 2.45 none 600 600 1 1 pulsed nn 10 10 nn cw = pw above nn far-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 nidulans; nn nn cell culture cell culture
T. Debiec, H.; Power 15(2) source source)
Lotniczej POLYCEPHALUM TO MW Physarum poly-
Kwarecki, K.
IRRADIATION cephalum)
human
Res. Inst. of MILLIMETER WAVES IN THE
(patients with part: nervous
Miryutova, N. F.; Balneology and TREATMENT OF
Crit Rev 2-channel "Stella-1" stimulator discogenic para-vertebral (treating neuro-
Miryutova, N. Levitskii, E. F.; Physiotherapy; NEUROLOGICAL 42,19 52 - 78 9; 0,75e-3 medical
Res. Inst. of Balneology and Physiotherapy, Moscow, Russia (N.F.M., E.F.L.); Russia Joint-stockCo., Tomsk, Russia (A.M.K., I.M.M.) Biomed Eng
104 Spinor 2001 78 (pw) 9 1 1 pulsed 8.75E-09 nn nn nn below designed for mm-wave nn 2-4 minutes acute intermittent 1 neurological nn 156 sites; endocrinelogical
F. Kozhemyakin, A. M.; Spinor Joint- MANIFESTATIONS OF (pw) (cw) 10 (noise); 0,001 application
29(5-6) therapy symptoms dermatome symptoms of vertebral
Mavlyautdinova, I. M. stock VERTEBRAL
of vertebral sites osteo-chondrosis)
Co. OSTEOCHONDROSIS
osteochon-drosis)
Ukrainian Acad.
of Agricultural
Mishenko, A. A.; insect
Sciences;
Malinin, O. A.; 0,0475 wave-pass tube (waveguide) (Sitophilus
State Aerospace COMPLEX HIGH- J Microw
Rashkovan, V. M.; 2,45 (PW); 5 - 60 granarius L.,
Mishenko, A. Univ. "Kharkov FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY Power 0,01 2.3 - 2.8 microwave to which RF fields from an chronic -
105 Basteev, A. V.; Ukraine
Inst. of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ukrainian Acad. of Agricultural Sciences(A.A.M., O.A.M.); State Aerospace Univ. "Kharkov Aviation Inst." (V.M.R., A.V.B., L.A.B.); Natl.Scientific Center "Kharkov Inst. of Technical Physics" (Y.P.M., V.A.K.)
2000 (PW, 0,900 1 1-2 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn seconds; continuous 0 Sitophilus oryzae L., nn nn whole body whole organism
A. Aviation Inst."; FOR PROTECTION OF Electromagn (PW) (cw) killing HF generator and modulator multi
Bazyma, L. A.; CW) (PW, few days Tenebrio molitor L.,
Natl. Scientific GRAIN AGAINST PESTS Energy 35(3) were applied
Mazalov, Yu. P.; CW) and Alpitobius
Center "Kharkov
Kutovoy, V. A. diaperinus Pz)
Inst. of Technical
Physics"
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors In resting control cells, the mean [Ca++]i was 154 +/-
examined the 20 nM and remained stable through the 120-min
effects of pulsed duration of the experiment. After treating the control
radiofrequency cells with 135-mM K+ (depolarization at the
(RF) radiation of maximum [K+] used), the average [Ca++]i increased The authors concluded that
the type emitted to 523 +/- 58 nM. No significant effects of RF [Ca++]i in ventricular myocytes from
from modern digital A small decrease of
radiation on [Ca++]i under any of the guinea pigs is not affected by
wireless [Ca++]i at 50-Hz pulse-
experimental conditions were seen. pulsed 900 to 1,800-MHz RF
changes in fura-2 telecommunications modulated 900-MHz
CEF; radiation. The negative findings do sham exposure /
fluorescence; nn nn nn EXP in vitro devices on cell function no -/- exposure; however its nn ´- ´- ´-
CVS not exclude the possibility of cell- shelf control
Ca++ concentrations intracellular calcium mean value fell within
level effects of high-frequency RF
ion concentration the standard deviation
fields on Ca++ levels in ventricular
([Ca++]i) in isolated of the control value.
myocytes, but make such effects
heart cells seem less possible.
under athermal
exposure
conditions.
Myocytes were
isolated from adult
The effects of None of the RF field exposures significantly
pulsed RF fields on It was concluded that RF fields
affected the MP, AP, L-type Ca++ currents, or the
the membrane pulsed according to the GSM
K+ current in either the rat or guinea pig
potential (MP) and standard or continuous RF fields
preparations. Lowering the temperature (from 36 to
currents simulating frequency modulated
24 C) decreased the amplitude of the L-type Ca++
of isolated heart police mobile communications do
current by about 50% and shifted the voltage
muscle cells were not interfere with the measured
dependence of the steady state activation and
membrane potential (MP), studied to assess electrical parameters of myocytes.
deactivation parameters of the current by about 5
action potential (AP), Because long-term effects were not
BMP; the potential of mV. The APD90 was increased by about 30%. sham-exposure /↓++ (Ca++ current ´- (ion currents at low ´- (ion currents at low
L-type calcium fix nn no EXP in vitro fields characteristic membrane function no -/- nn tested and only effects that depend nn
CVS Irradiation with 900-MHz, 250-mW/kg or 1,800-MHz, /shelf control at low temp) and highet temp) and highet temp)
(Ca++) current, of Global System on voltage-gated cells were tested,
480-mW/kg RF fields had no effect on the current at
potassium (K+) current for Mobile it cannot be definitively stated that
the lower
Communications RF fields do not affect excitable
temperature.
(GSM) cells. However,
phones and police these results make an influence of
radio equipment to RF fields pulsed according to the
interact with GSM standard on cell membranes
excitable cells. less likely.
Myocytes from
Early mouse No morphological effects of microwaves in 2-
embryos at the and 4-cell embryos. However, in 65% of the 8-cell
stages of 2, 4, or 8 embryos changes similar to those occurring
cells were exposed naturally in later stages of embryo development
for 20 were detected. The cells became more plain and
min to 915-MHz cell surface contacts increased. The effect was
microwaves, CW or reversible within 30 min after exposure. Further The authors suggested that
PW (500 Hz, 1- development to the blastocyst stage was the same in local nonuniformities of
msec pulse width). local non-uniformities ´- (morphological ↕+ (morphological ↕+ (morphological
morphological changes, EOR; control and exposed embryos. C57BL/6 mouse microwave heating ("hot
yes embryos yes EXP in vitro Either teratogenity no -/- of MW heating ("hot nn sham exposure changes in 8-cell changes in 8-cell changes in 8-cell
cell development TER embryos appeared to be more sensitive to spots") could account for the
waveguide or spots") could account embryos) embryos) embryos)
microwaves than those from the hybrid mice CBA x observed electromagnetic field
stripline slot C57BL/6 and CBWA. The differences in exposure effects.
irradiators were conditions (CW or PW, waveguide or stripline) were
used. Microwaves of no importance. Conventional heating of the
heated the embryos to 28-30 C did not induce any considerable
embryos from 20 C morphological changes.
to 25-28 C; this
heating
The effect to
corresponded of an After exposure, no changes in survival rate or in
microwaves (MW) frequency of morphological mutation in A.
on genetic nidulans. In P. polycephalum, conventional heating
processes in accelerated DNA synthesis about 2.5 times in
Aspergillus nidulans comparison with the controls, while MW irradiation
and Physarum These results do not
increased DNA synthesis almost 5 times.
polycephalum was lead to the conclusion that the
investigated. observed accelerated effect is of a
survival rate and frequency of Mutants of A. field-specific character or the result
cell vitality;
morphological mutation (Aspergillus yes suspension nn EXP GEN in vitro nidulans no -/- nn of simple thermal activation. The nn shelf control ´- ´- ´-
genotoxicity
nidulans) cultures were accelerated synthesis may reflect
irradiated in the far more efficient volume heating by
field in an anechoic MW or microthermal gradients in
chamber for 1 hr suspensions.
at 10 mW/cm2
using a 2450 MHz
continuous wave
(CW) GMC-500
The or pulsed
source authors Subjective pain relief: significant in nearly all
discussed their patients of group I (combined noise and pulsed mm-
experience with a wave), with 56% reporting their pain completely
new millimeter disappearing; improvement in 70% of the patients in
wave (mm-wave) The authors concluded that
groups II (noise therapy) and III (PW only) , with 48%
technique for of group II and 26% of group III reporting complete combined mm-wave therapy based
treating on noise and pulsed signals The success of the combined
pain dissappearance. However, 3 patients in group
neurological III reported an intensification of their pain sensations produces analgesic and trophic mm-wave therapy was
symptoms of after the first 2 or 3 treatments, which persisted for 1 effects. Combined mm-wave ascribed to using 52-78 GHz ↑+ (pain relief; pain ↑+ (pain relief; pain
SEN; in vivo changes of the
pain thresholds nn nn nn EXP vertebral no -/- nn therapy can also affect the radiation that included all nn nn thresholds; tension thresholds; tension
VNS patients neurological system or 2 hr. Tension symptoms: most pronounced relief
osteochondrosis. functional activity of electrically frequencies carrying symtoms releif) symtoms releif)
in group I. Pain thresholds: increased 2- and 3-fold
The technique was excitable regions of nerve fibers. physiologically significant
in 89% of group I and in 85% of group II; no
based o applying 2 The combined therapy can information.
significant changes in group III patients.
types of mm-wave therefore be used to treat patients
radiation: with neuro-muscular disorders.
continuous wave
noise spanning the
52 to 78 GHz
frequency range,
Grain fodder is Representative data showed that 0.5-msec pulsed The authors concluded that use of nn nn nn ↓+ (killing rate, ↓+ (killing rate,
often highly 47.5-MHz radiation, pulse HF technology can eradicate many proportional to proportional to pulse
contaminated with radiation power of 0.940 J/cm2, applied to grain grain storage pests in an irradiation time) radiation power)
pests, such as samples infested with S. environmentally safe manner.
insects, granarius larvae and adults for 5 to 60 sec killed 71.3 ↑+ (temperature in increase (cw)
mites, microscopic to 96.2% of the the samples) ´- (temperature in the
fungi, and other organisms. The death rate for 60-sec exposure rose samples)
microorganisms, from 42.5% at 1.8 kV/cm, to 53.8% at 2.8 kV/cm,
grain which reduce its growth; and 71.3% at 3.5 kV/cm (representing pulse
killing rate yes yes EXP GRO in vivo nutritional value and -/- yes nn
samples life span radiation powers 0.245, 0.615, and 0.940 J/cm2,
are source of toxic respectively). However, the duration of irradiation
substances. This had little effect on S. granarius lethality, the
study was part proportion of insects killed following irradiation for 5,
of a project 10, 20, and 60 sec being 85.5, 96.2, 89.3, and
dedicated to finding 71.3%, respectively. This suggested that if the E-
alternatives to field strength under these conditions was
chemical increased to 4.0 to 5.0 kV/cm, kill rates of 95 to
disinfection and 100% might be obtained. Irradiation under these
disinfestation for conditions also did
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
yes athermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal (cw)
athermal (pw)
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Seite 45 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
0,35; 0,69;
0,23; 0,48;
1,73; 4,31;
1,19; 2.29;
11.21 for
Morrissey, J. J.; Motorola Corp.; IRIDIUM EXPOSURE 7.79 for
0,10; average brain; Carousel Irradiator described
Raney, S.; Goodwin Inst. for INCREASES C-FOS rostral
0,20; 0,80; 1,62; below / by Swicord et al.
Heasley, E.; Cancer Res.; EXPRESSION IN THE Neuroscience forebrain; mouse organ
33322 (RR/J.J.M.); Goodwin Inst. forCancer Res., 1850 NW 69th Ave., Plantation, FL 33313 (S.R.,1999 P.R., M.D.); Dept. of Anatomy andNeurobiology, Univ. of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 (J.H.F.)
106 Morrissey, J. J. USA E.H., 1.6 1.6 none 11 11 9200 9200 IRIDIUM 0,50; nn 4,05; 10,11; cw ≤ pw close to / nn (Bioelectromagnetics 20:42- near-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Rathinavelu, P.; Univ. of MOUSE BRAIN ONLY AT 92(4) 0,22; 0,44; (BALB/c, adult) (nervous)
1,25; 26,29/ above 47, 1999; BENER Abstract
Dauphinee, M.; California at LEVELS WHICH LIKELY 1,10; 2,75;
3.25 0,19; 0,39; No. 18690)
Fallon, J. H. Irvine RESULT IN TISSUE HEATING 7,14 for
0,99; 2,47;
mid-caudal
6.42 /
forebrain
whole body
1 or 7 hours;
7 hours/day
for
15 or 60 days
(cw, Fischer female
Navakatikian, M. A.; Marzeev Sci.
THE EFFECT OF MW 0,0001; 344 male male (Fisher
Gordienko, V. M.; Res. Inst. of 0.001 0,0005; rat
Navakatikian, IRRADIATION ON THE Radiobiologiia 2,45 cw pw intermittent (thyroid gland)
Nogachevskaia, S.I.; Communal Mongrel female)
GLAND mW/cm2 12 hours/day female
Tomashevskaia, L. A. Hygiene,
for (mongrel rats)
1, 15, or 60
days (pw,
Mongrel
female rats)
25; molecule (enzyme:
Studies on the interaction of Radiat 125; acetylcholinesterase
Olcerst RB, New York Univ. pulsed 30 minutes; biological molecules;
108 USA
Olcerst RB, Inst. Environmental Medicine, New York Univ. Medical Center, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016
1978 MW radiation with Environ 2.45 2.45 none 710 710 750 750 nn 21; nn cw = pw above nn nn nn acute continuous 0 in aqueous solution nn nn model system
Rabinowitz JR Medical Center (square) 3 hours cell-free system
cholinesterase. Biophys 15(3) 35; and defibrinated
64 rabbit blood)
U.S. Army
MW ALTERATION OF THE 0,03/60-1600
Oscar, K. J.; Mobility Brain Res pulsed above / rat nervous
109 Oscar, K. J. Equipment 1977D Command, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
U.S. Army MobilityUSA R& BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 1.3 1.3 none 5 5 - 1000 0.5 0,5 - 20 nn 0.3 - 2.0 nn cw ≥ pw nn nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn nn
Hawkins, T. D. Equipment R & 126(2) (square) close to (Wistar) (BBB)
SYSTEM OF RATS 0,5 - 2,0
D Command
Pakhomov, A. G.; ABSENCE OF NON- G3-24 VHF signal generator
USSR Acad. of with a 50-mW, 50-ohm coaxial nerve (ventral nerve
Pakhomov, A. Dubovlck, B. V.; THERMAL MW EFFECTS ON J Bioelectr 100; 0,5; 10 - 50 part: cell
110 Inst. of Medical Radiology, USSR Acad. of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 249020, USSR
Medical USSR 1991 6.45 6.45 none 100 0.5 pulsed nn nn up to 200 up to100 / nn above nn nn acute continuous 0 cord of earthworm nn nn
G. Kolupayev, V. E.; THE FUNCTION OF GIANT 10(1&2) 1000 5 output feeding a minutes nerve (nervous)
Sciences Lumbricus terrestris)
Pronkevich, A. N. NERVE FIBERS microstrip slot irradiator
HP 8690A
model 337X
sweep
magnetron
COMPARISON OF DOSE oscillator and
McKesson transmitter
Pakhomov, A.; DEPENDENCES FOR Hughes cell:
BioServices; (Applied
Gajsek, P.; BIOEFFECTS OF CW AND Bioelectro- 1277H Saccharo-
Pakhomov, A. W.R. Army Inst. pulsed 1,25 / 250 cw = pw Systems cell cell culture
S Army Medical Res. Detachment of the Walter ReedArmy Inst. of Res., Brooks AFB, USA Antonio, TX (B.E.S.); Directed Energy Bioeffects Div., HumanEffectiveness Directorate, Air Force Res. Lab., Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX (A.G.P., M.R.M.); Natl.Inst. of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia nn
111 Allen, L.; San 2002 HIGH-PEAK POWER MW magnetics 9.3 9.3 none 10 10 0.5 0.5 nn (P.G.) nn nn amplifier nn 6 hours acute continuous 0 nn nn myces
G. of Res.; (high power) 000 (1.25 W) Engineering, (yeast) (growth of yeast cells)
Stuck, B. E.; EMISSIONS USING GEL- 23(2) cervisiae, strain
Natl. Inst. of Inc.) and
Murphy, M. R. SUSPENDED CELL and BY474
Public Health HP 8566B
CULTURES. HP 8566B
spectrum
spectrum
analyzer
analyzer
waveguide waveguide
flange flange
McKesson
exposed with exposed with a
BioServices; EFFECTS OF HIGH POWER histological cut
Pakhomov, A. G.; an model 337X organ
Walter Reed MW PULSES ON SYNAPTIC Bioelectro- (synaptic transmission
Pakhomov, A. Doyle, J.; pulsed nn 250; 1000 / HP 8690A magnetron (hippo-campus of cell:
Army Inst. Walter Reed Army Inst.USA
(RR/A.G.P., J.D.); U.S. Army Medical Res.Detachment of the of
112 of Res., Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX (B.E.S.);Directed Energy Bioeffects Div., Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Res. Lab., Brooks AirForce Base, San Antonio, TX (A.G.P., M.R.M.)
2003 TRANSMISSION AND LONG magnetics 9.3 9.3 none 0.5 10 0.5 2 / 260 250; 1000 cw = pw above nn nn 7 minutes acute continuous 0 male 160 and
G. Stuck, B. E.; (high power) 500 000 000 sweep transmitter rat, Sprague hippocamal
Res.; TERM POTENTIATION IN 24(3) long-term potentiation
Murphy, M. R. oscillator and (Applied Dawley)
Air Force Res. HIPPOCAMPUS in hippocampal slices)
a Hughes Systems
Lab.
8020H Engineering,
amplifier Inc.)
6 minutes /
EFFECT OF GSM 900-MHz GSM phone day for 5
GSM phone Drosophila melano-
Panagopoulas, D. J.; MOBILE PHONE RADIATION Electromagn speaking days groups of 10
Panagopoulas, mobile non-speaking gaster (strain
113 Karabarbounis, A.; Univ. of Athens Dept. of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,15784, Athens, Greece, e-mail: dpanagop@cc.uoa.gr (RR/D.J.P.; L.H.M.); Faculty of nn
Greece 2004 ON THE REPRODUCTIVE Biol Med 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like Physics, Dept. ofNuclear and Particle Physics, Univ. of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.K.) above
0.041 0,436/ nn cw molecular limits established by the FCC for cellular phone coupled with effects of restraint control/ positive expression at
c-fos mRNA expression nn nn nn EXP CEF IRIDIUM operating no -/- nn nn expression at higher expression at higher
vitro biosynthesis exposure in humans. No difference between the and/or normal control (gavaged higher exposure
signal is used for a exposure levels) exposure levels)
effects of CW and IRIDIUM RF radiation. The 2nd neuron activity near with lindane) levels)
ground-to-satellite- highest radiation doses increased c-fos expression in thermoregulatory brain regions, and
to-ground cellular the cingulate cortex and prepiriform cortex (known to is not consistent
communications be involved in emotional and stress responses and with any direct modulation-specific
web which has thermoregulation) but not in any other brain regions, interaction of IRIDIUM energy with
recently become nor did the 3 lower doses. brain tissue.
fully operational,
and was named on
the basis
A previous series of Male rats showed triiodothyronine levels in their ...and this fact indicated thyroid nn nn nn ↑+ ( 2450 MHz, ↓+ ( 2450 MHz, contrary effects
experiments studied blood serum index 1.5 x higher and thyroxine 1.5 gland participation in the adaptation functional activity of functional activity of
possible effects on times less than female rats exposed to the same reaction to MW. the gland) the gland)
thyroid gland conditions. Histological analysis of thyroid gland
functional activity of the thyroid function and on the samples showed that exposure to continuous 2450
gland behavior of mature MHz MW increased the functional activity of the
(triiodothyronine and mongrel and gland, while exposure to pulsed 3000 MHz MW
thyroxine levels in the blood serum) Fischer 344 rats decreased its activity. Similar effects were
BEH; exposed
changes of the described previously (Koziarin I.P. and Shvaiko I.I.,
nn nn nn EXP in vivo to microwave -/- yes nn
modifying effects of END endocrine system Gig Sanit 3:86-89, 1983; BENER Abstract No.
thyroidectomy (TE) on behavior in irradiation (MW). 1217). Comparison of the behavior of rats in each
mongrel rats (animals were No significant group showed that TE decreased central nervous
evaluated for locomotory activity in a changes in serum system (CNS) activity, developing after a 14-day
labyrinth test) levels exposure to MW (17.2 +/- 1.2, 25.9 +/- 2.3, 20.1 +/-
("blood serum 2.1, and 18.2 +/- 2.5 for A, B, C and D groups,
index") of thyroid respectively). After 30 days of TE with MW the
gland hormones animals showed significant activation of their
thyroxine and behavior compared to unexposed TE, treated
triiodothyronine animals, and thiswaveindicated thyroid glandhad no
CW and square fact modulated irradiation
effect on the total cholinesterase activity and in
morphological and the levels of magnesium and calcium in cell-free These studies showed no direct
activity of external
A 30-min uncooled exposure at a power density of 125 mW/cm2 caused a significant drop in the initial velocity of theserum in a temperature controlled system.
mples of the purified enzyme in aqueous solution and control samples.yes
fix EXP ENA in vitro pathological no -/- enzyme. However, in this experiment, the temperature was allowed to rise during irradiation and wasradiation on30 min. At this temperature, thermal denaturation would cause irreversible changes in the enzyme structure. Microwave radiation of defibrinated rabbit blood had no effect on the total cholinesterase activity at levels of 21, 35, and 64 mW/cm2 for both continuous wave and sq
nn effect of microwave 60 C after nn shelf control ´- (enzyme activity) ´- (enzyme activity) ´- (enzyme activity)
acetyl-cholinesterase medium
changes Effects were observe when the ext temperature was acetylcholinesterase activity.
not controlled.
The effect of A single 20-min exposure to either pulsed (square Microwaves appear to induce nn nn nn ↕+ (mannitol uptake, ↕+ (mannitol uptake, amplification (pw,
microwave temporary changes in the 2 2 depending on PFD)
wave) or continuous wave (CW) 1.3 GHz 0.3 mW/cm to cause 0.03 mW/cm )
exposure on the microwave energy induced an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain the same magnitude
uptake of uptake of radiocarbon-labeled D-mannitol at system of rats for small molecular of change as pw)
saccharides in the average power densities of less than 3.0 weight saccharides.
brain mW/cm2. The permeability change was greatest in
of male Wistar rats the medulla, followed in decreasing order by the The effect of peak power on
were studied. A cerebellum and hypothalamus, with small or mannitol seemed to be greater
single 20-min morphological and
BBB; in vivo -> negligible changes in the hippocampus and cortex. than the effect of pulse width,
uptake of saccharides in the brain nn nn nn EXP exposure to either pathological -/- yes nn
NES vitro Although permeability increases were observed for and both appeared to have a
pulsed (square changes
mannitol as well as for inulin, they were not observed greater effect on permeability
wave) or continuous for dextran. In general, mannitol uptake increased than the pulse rate.
wave (CW) 1.3 with increasing power density for both pulsed
GHz microwave and CW microwave signals up to 0.5-2.0
energy mW/cm2 where the brain uptake index (BUI)
induced an increase started to level off and then decrease. Increased
in the uptake of permeability was observed both immediately and 4
radiocarbon-labeled hr after microwave exposure but not 24 hr after
D-mannitolactivity in
Functional at Different combinations of microwave parameters,
the giant axon of either synchronous or asynchronous with stimuli, did The authors concluded that there
the isolated ventral not affect nerve function, as determined by was no evidence of athermal
conductivity and action potential
external nerve cord of significant changes in AP latency or conduction in microwave effects on the function
(AP) latency in the giant axon of the fix yes EXP SIG in vitro membrane function no -/- nn nn shelf control ´- (nerve function) ´- (nerve function) ´- (nerve function)
medium the earthworm exposed compared to unexposed nerve fibers. of the giant axon of the ventral
isolated ventral nerve cord
(Lumbricus nerve
terrestris) was cord of Lumbricus terrestris.
examined during
The authors Maximum cell density was measured at a distance of The biological effects
compared dose- about 6 mm above the matching plate, where the PW radiation may exert a specific
of CW and PW
response effects in temperature during exposure was 35 C (optimal) and effect on yeast cell growth, with a
irradiation were
the growth of about 7 mm for CW and PW. The cell density in threshold at a peak SAR of
somewhat different
response of the remaining slices decreased sharply toward the 20-30 W/kg. The authors
in the first 3 slices.
yeastcells matching plate and more gradually away from it, as For example in the first concluded, however, that high
(Saccharomyces would be expected from the temperature distribution slice(the highest SAR) power PW irradiation of yeast cells
cervisiae, strain curve. (local maximum at the exposed gel
relative growth
cell density; BY474) to surface) did not produce specific
gel nutrient cell vitality, cell was 110.2 +/- 3.3% of control (matching
OD; yes yes EXP CEF in vitro extremely high no -/- bioeffects when compared to CW nn nn no specific bioeffects no specific bioeffects
medium division the control value after temperature)
SAR power microwave radiation at the same
EHPP irradiation and
pulse (EHPP) and average SAR, although this
96.1 +/- 7.6% of the
continuous wave conclusion is tentative and could be
control value following
(CW) microwave "adjusted" in the future by using
CW irradiation. This
radiation using more sophisticated and accurate
difference was
gel-suspended cell techniques. Any specific EHPP on
not statistically
cultures. Yeast cell cell growth would be minuscule,
significant (Student's
suspensions were even if it proves to be real.
paired t-test). No
prepared in a gel
The authors At 4 min (8 min into the experiment) the PS significant differences The authors concluded that the only
examined the amplitude increased to 162 +/- 5% of the initial value microwave
effects of extremely in sham exposed controls, but only to 146 +/- 5% and effect observed in these
short, high power 132 +/- 8% under EHPP exposure at 0.25 and 1 experiments was a transient PS
Population spikes (PS); tetanic tissue microwave kW/kg, respectively. CW radiation exposure suppression that occurred during
pulses (EHPPs) on produced similar departures from sham control ↑++ (PS amplitude
stimulation of LTP or synaptic yes (hippocamp yes EXP SIG in vitro organ function no -/- nn irradiation. The suppression, which a thermal mechanism sham exposure ↑+ (PS amplitude) ↑+ (PS amplitude)
synaptic values, increases to 146 +/- 9% and 131 +/- 8% of by LTP induction)
transmission al slices) occurs uniformly in potentiated and underlying the PW effects.
transmission and the initial values at 0.25 and 1 kW/kg, respectively. nonpotentiated PSs, reflects an
long-term At a 1 kW/kg SAR, both CW and EHPP exposure effect of irradiation on
potentiation (LTP) decreased the PS amplitude by 20-30% when the PSs themselves rather than on
in applied prior to tetanus. This degree of suppression, LTP.
rat hippocampal however, did not change the efficacy of LTP
The authors Reproductive capacity of flies exposed to The authors concluded that RF One proposed mechanism for sham-exposure ´- ↓+ (emergent pupae ↓++ (emergent pupae attenuation (pw)
examined the effect nonmodulated emissions from the GSM phone in emissions from a GSM phone are the observed effects is that per maternal fly, per maternal fly, males
of Global System the first experiment was decreased from an average highly bioactive, causing GSM phone radiation males and females and females exposed)
for Mobile 12.2 +/- 0.57 pupae/maternal fly to 9.975 +/- 0.31 significant alterations in the decreases the rate of germ exposed)
Telecommunication pupae/maternal fly, a decrease of 18.24% compared reproductive capacity of insects. cell proliferation ↓+ (emergent pupae decrease (pw)
s (GSM) cell phone to the control value (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
analog digital
cellular cellular
telephone; telephone;
6
Hewlett Hewlett
16 (AM)
Packard Packard signal
50 (AM
signal generator,
Penafiel, L. M.; ROLE OF MODULATION IN square
generator, model 8657B,
Litovitz, T.; THE EFFECT OF MW ON Bioelectro- wave) cell flasks, each
The Catholic pulsed model 8657B, with cell culture: cell culture
114 Penafiel, L. M. Krause, D.; USA Lab.,
Dept. of Biology, The Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC 20064 (D.K., A.D., J.M.M.);Vitreous State none The Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC 20064 (RR/T.L., L.M.P.)
1997 ORNITHINE magnetics 0.835 0.84 50 60 (AM nn nn 0.96 nn 2.5 cw = pw close to nn nn 2 - 24 hours chronic continuous 0 (murine L929 nn containing 3 x
Univ. of America (square) with radiofrequency L929 (muscle-skeleton)
Desta, A.; DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY 18(2) or FM, fibroblast) 10(6)
radiofrequenc plug-in model
Mullins, J. M. IN L929 CELLS sinusoida
y plug-in 83522A;
l signal)
model Hewlett
65
83522A; Packard
600
function 8403A
generator modulator to
(TENMA control a
Medical Signal from Hewlett
PRELIMINARY SMC1 Rhode Packard
Roberti, B.; Biological Lab. ; 0,6-0,9
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE 1,5-2,0 (185 and Schwarz model 8616
Heebels, G. H.; The Lab. for (10GHz); whole organism
EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL Ann N Y hr); super high generator and 185 hours; rat
edical Biological Lab. TNO, Rijswijk 2100,C.; Netherlands; The Lab. for Electronic Developmentsof the Armed Forces, Oestgeest, The Netherlands
115 Roberti, B. Hendricx, J. The Electronic Netherlands 1975 3 10.7 none 769 769 1.3 1.3 pulsed 180 0,5-1,0 nn cw pw (Bioelectromagnetics 19:459- hours embryo fibroblast of
Baty, J. D.; Cancer Biology 468, 1998; BENER muscle-skeleton)
MICRONUCLEI IN C3H multiple access mouse)
Roti Roti, J. L. Abstract No. 18421)
10T(1/2) CELLS (CDMA)
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Exposure to CW 835-MHz microwave radiation The authors concluded that AM nn control ´- ´- (ODC activity) ↑+ (ODC activity; AM increase (pw)
investigated the had no effect on ODC activity, except for a small, microwaves at an SAR of 2.5 16, 55, 60 and 65 Hz)
effects of extremely but statistically significant increase at 6 hr when the W/kg are capable of altering the
low-frequency ODC activity ratio (OAR), defined as the mean value biological activity of cells in ´- (ODC activity; AM 6
(ELF) of the ratio of ODC activity in exposed samples to culture while FM microwaves at and 600 Hz)
modulated and CW that of matched control samples, was 1.3 +/- 0.2 the same power level appear to
835-MHz (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
minidisk
player,
modulated by
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC
La Regina, M.; frequency a frequency
Washington EXPOSURE TO 835.62 MHz Qualcomm
Moros, E. G.; division multiple synthesizing
Univ. Sch. of FDMA OR 847.74 MHz CDMA Beta 1 4 hours/day,
Pickard, W. F.; Radiat Res access (FDMA); 150+/- MW generator rat
121 Roti Roti, J. Dept., Washington Univ. Sch.Medicine;
Div.,Radiation OncologyL. USA Louis,MO 63110 (E.G.M., W.L.S., J.L.R.R.); Biostatistics0.8356 0.8477 Univ. Sch. ofnn
of Medicine, Box 8061, 660 South Euclid, St.2003 RF RADIATION ON THE Div., Washington none Box8061, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110 (J.B.); Dept. of Electrical Engineering, WashingtonUniv., St. Louis, MO = pw (W.F.P.)
Medicine,nn nn nn nn 1.3+/-0.5 cw 63130 above nn prototype cell nn 5 days/week, temporary intermittent 0 female, male 480 whole body whole organism
Straube, W. L.; 160(2) code division 0.25 (Hewlett- (Fisher 344)
Washington INCIDENCE OF phone (type for 2 years
Baty, J.; multiple access Packard
Univ. SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN CD-3000)
Roti Roti, J. L. (CDMA) 8675A),
RATS
output spread
by a 4-way
divider
Hook, G. J.; EVALUATION OF Motorola, Inc. signal sources
Radiation and
Spitz, D. R.; PARAMETERS OF frequency
Cancer Biology and the RTL cell
Sim, J. E.; OXIDATIVE STRESS AFTER modulated CW as described by Moros et al.
Div.; Radiat Res 20 - 22 (J774.16 macro- cell culture
122 Roti Roti, J. Washington Univ., St.Louis, Missouri 63108 (G.J.H., J.E.S., R.H., E.G.M., J.L.R.R.); Dept. of Radiation Oncology, B180Medical Laboratories, 0.8477 Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1181 (D.R.S.); Div. of Biostatistics,Washington Univ., St. Louis,nn
of Radiation Oncology, L. Higashikubo, R.; USA 2004 IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO 0.8356 Univ. of none nn nn nn nn (FMCW); code nn Missouri 63108 (J.D.B.) 0,67 - 0,93 cw = pw below nn nn acute nn 0 nn nn cell culture
Washington 162(5) (Bioelectromagnetics 19:459- hours phages (J7) of (immune)
Baty, J. D.; FMCW- AND CDMA- division multiple 468, 1998; BENER
Univ.; Univ. of mouse)
Moros, E. G.; MODULATED RF RADIATION access (CDMA) Abstract No. 18421)
Iowa;
Roti Roti, J. L. FIELDS
cylindrical waveguide system
Lagroye, I.; described by Malyapa et al.
Anane, R.; (Radiat Res 149:637 645,
Wettring, B. A.; MEASUREMENT OF DNA 1998; BENER Abstract No.
Moros, E. G.; ENSCPB; DAMAGE AFTER ACUTE 18045), fed by a 10-kW
cell
Straube, W. L.; Washington EXPOSURE TO PW 2450 Int J Radiat signal generator rat
123 Roti Roti, 4511 France Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, St.Louis, MO 63110 (W.F.P.); Div. of Biostatistics, Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110 (J.B.)
Cancer BiologyDiv.,J. L. Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, e-mail: rotiroti@radonz.wustl.edu (RR/J.L.R.R.,B.A.W., W.L.S., M.L., M.N.); Dept. of Electrical Engineering,none
2004 2.45 2.45 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 2 1.2 cw = pw above nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male 11 + 11 + 8 whole body (nervous,
Laregina, M.; Univ. Sch. of MHz MW IN RAT BRAIN Biol 80(1) (model PH40KB/1708B, (Sprague-Dawley)
DNA in brain cells)
Niehoff, M.; Medicine CELLS BY TWO ALKALINE SierraCom, Hopkinton, MA)
Pickard, W. F.; COMET ASSAY METHODS and a
Baty, J.; 20-W power amplifier (model
Roti Roti, J. L. GRF 5008, GTC RF Products,
Inglewood, CA)
Laszlo, A.; frequency
THE HEAT-SHOCK FACTOR
Moros, E. G.; domain multiple
Univ. IS NOT ACTIVATED IN cell
Davidson, T.; Radiat Res access (FDMA); below / mobile
124 of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Washington Sch. Oncology, Washington Univ. Sch. ofMedicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
Div.Roti, J. L.
Roti Dept. of Radiation USA 2005 MAMMALIAN CELLS nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0,6; 5 cw = pw nn nn nn acute continuous 1 (hamster; mouse; nn nn cell cell
Bradbury, M.; 164(2) code domain above telephone
Medicine EXPOSED TO CELLULAR human mammalian)
Straube, W.; multiple access
PHONE FREQUENCY MW
Roti Roti, J. (CDMA)
Persson, B. R. R.;
INCREASED PERMEABILITY
Salford, L. G.; 58
OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN Ann N Y rat nervous
125 Salford, L. G. Brun, A.; Radiation
Lund Univ. Hosp. Dept. of MedicalSweden Physics, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden (B.R.R.P., J.L.E.,L.M.); Div. none
1992 0.915 0.915 of Experimental Neuro-oncology, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund,Sweden (L.G.S.); Dept. of Neuropathology, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden (A.B.)
8 8 - 215 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn TEM-cell nn 1 or 2 hours acute continuous 0 female, male (23 cw, 35 whole body
BARRIER INDUCED BY Acad Sci 649 (Sprague-Dawley) (BBB)
Eberhardt, J. L.; pw)
MAGNETIC AND EMF
Malmgren, L.
Div. of
Experimenta
l
Neurooncolo
gy, Dept. of
Neurosurger
y, Lund EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
Univ., 221 4; 0,0077; 7 hours/day,
Salford, L. G.; OF BRAIN TUMOUR
85 Lund, Bioelectro- 8; 570; 0,016; 5 days/weeks
Brun, A.; DEVELOPMENT DURING below / rat organ
126 Salford, L. G. Lund Univ. Sweden 1993 chem 0.915 0.915 none 4 16; 570 600 (50 pulsed /1-2 nn 1.67 0,030; cw > pw nn TEM-cells nn for a total temporary intermittent 0 female, male 74 whole body
Persson, B.R.R.; Sweden EXPOSURE TO above (Fischer 344) (nervous)
(RR/L.G.S.); Bioenerg 30 50; Hz) 1,00; of 9-15
Eberhardt, J. L. CONTINUOUS AND PULSED
Dept. of 200 0,4 exposures
915 MHz RF RADIATION
Neuropathol
ogy, Lund
Univ., 221
85 Lund,
Sweden
(A.B.); Dept.
of Medical
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Seite 52 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors There were no significant differences among final
examined the body weights or days of survival for either male
effects of chronic or female rats in any group. Majority of animals in
exposure to the 3 groups remained healthy and in good condition.
frequency-division No significant differences in tumor incidence in
multiple-access any organ were found between rats in the The
(FDMA) or code- CDMA or FDMA exposure groups and the sham authors concluded that chronic
division multiple- exposure group. exposure to 835.62-MHZ FDMA or
histological abnormalities, tumor in vivo -> access (CDMA) cell- 847.74-MHz RF
nn nn nn EXP TUM phone cancer no -/- nn nn sham exposure ´- (tumor incidence) ´- (tumor incidence) ´- (tumor incidence)
incidence vitro radiation had no significant effect on
like radiofrequency the incidence of spontaneous
(RF) radiation on tumors
the incidence of in Fisher 344 rats.
spontaneous
tumors
in rats. A total of
480 male and
female Fisher 344
rats were included
The authors Neither FMCW nor CDMA irradiation had any
examined the significant effect on the examined endpoints of
potential of oxidative stress in optimally or sub-optimally
oxidative stress: pro-oxidant frequency- stimulated or NO-inhibited (L-NIO treated) cells.
production, nitrite modulated The authors concluded
(NO2-) production, total glutathione continuous-wave that the results of these
content, oxidized glutathione (FMCW) radiation experiments provide no evidence
sham exposure/pre-
(GSSG) centered at 835.62 that exposure of
exposure (murine
content, glutathione peroxidase MHz and code cell vitality; J7 cells to cell phone-like RF
CEF; interferon or ´- (oxidative
(GSH-Px) activity, manganese- fix nn nn EXP in vitro division multiple molecular no -/- nn signals, at or below the permitted nn ´- (oxidative stress) ´- (oxidative stress)
ENA lippopolysacharide stress)/
dependent access biosynthesis standard
to induce oxidative
superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (CDMA) radiation SAR levels, causes significant
stress)
activity, and copper- and zinc- centered at 847.74 oxidative stress or significant
dependent MHz, cell phone modulation
superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) type radiofrequency of oxidative stress responses.
activity (RF) fields, to
induce or modulate
oxidative stress in
mammalian cell
The authors Gamma irradiation caused a significant increase in The authors concluded that
examined the DNA damage, evidenced by significant increases in exposure to 2450-MHz PW
potential of acute comet length, compared to sham exposure using microwaves at an SAR of 1.2 W/kg
exposure to PW both the Singh et al. or the Olive et al. version of the does not induce detectable DNA Since DNA damage is believed
2450-MHz damage when 2 variants of the to be a first step in
assays. Exposure to PW 2450-MHz microwave
microwaves to comet assay (with or without PK) mutagenesis and a step
radiation was not associated with any detectable
induce DNA are used to detect the damage. involved in many mechanisms
DNA damage using two 2 versions increases in comet length compared with cells
damage in rat brain These results do not confirm the of neoplastic transformation,
of the comet assay: one, described from sham-exposed rats using both assays.
the negative results of this and sham exposure/
by Singh et al. (Int J Radiat Biol GEN; in vivo -> cells, assessed work of Lai and Singh, who ´-/↑++ (comet
nn nn nn EXP using 2 genotoxicity no -/- nn the Malyapa et al. (1998) study positive control (X ´- (comet length) ´- (comet length)
66:23-28, 1994) and the other by NES vitro reported RF radiation-induced length)
versions of the do not support the view that ray)
Olive et al. DNA damage in rat brain cells.
comet assay. This low-level 2450-MHz microwave
(Exp Cell Res 198:259-267, 1992). These results, however, are
study was designed radiation demonstrates
consistent with negative results
to verify reports of mutagenic or carcinogenic
reported in the Malyapa et al.
DNA damage by potential detectable by the
(1998) study, in which exposure
Lai and Singh comet assay.
of rats to continuous wave 2450-
(Bioelectromagnetic MHz radiation did not induce
s 16:207-210, DNA damage in brain cells. The
1995, BENER
Laszlo, A., Moros, No increase in the DNA-binding ability of HSF in
E. G., Davidson, T., cultured mammalian cells as a consequence of any
Bradbury, M., exposure tested, within the sensitivity of our assay.
Straube, W. and
Roti
Roti, J. The Heat-
Shock Factor is not The results do not support the
Activated in notion that the stress response is
Mammalian Cells activated as a
´- (DNA-binding ability ´- (DNA-binding ability
DNA-binding activity of HSF nn nn nn EXP CEF; TUM in vitro Exposed cell transformation no -/- nn consequence of exposure to nn nn nn
of HSF ) of HSF )
to Cellular Phone microwaves of frequencies
Frequency associated with mobile
Microwaves. communication devices.
Radiat. Res. 164,
163-172
(2005).There has
been considerable
interest in the
biological effects
Several reports of Albumin leakage was found in 3/20 control animals, The authors concluded that RF nn control ↑(+) (albumin ↑+ (albumin leakage) ↑++ (albumin leakage) amplification (pw)
have appeared in 11/23 rats exposed to CW microwaves, and 28/35 radiation increases the leakage)
the literature rats exposed to 8-215 modulated 915-MHz permeability of the BBB. While
indicating microwaves. These results indicated that pulsed this effect was found for continuous
alterations of EMFs are particularly effective in altering the radiation, it was even more
the selective permeability of the BBB to albumin. pronounced for pulsed RF
permeability of the radiation at 8-215 Hz.
blood brain barrier
(BBB) following morphological and
leakage of endogenous albumin and in vivo ->
nn nn nn EXP BBB exposure of pathological -/- yes nn
fibrinogen vitro
experimental changes
animals to static
magnetic fields
(SMF), low-
frequency time-
varying magnetic
fields (TVMF),
and/or
radiofrequency
The authors No animals showed any RF radiation induced
conducted a study behavioral changes and changes in rectal The authors concluded that RF
to examine the temperature. All rats (irradiated and controls) radiation administered under the
effects of developed tumors. The size of the necrotic areas conditions
continuous and was not related to irradiation modality, tumor size, or of this study does not promote
pulsed 915-MHz time from inoculation to death. No significant tumor growth. The authors
radiofrequency conjecture that pairs where tumor
differences in tumor size were seen between any
(RF) radiation on size increased more in exposed
irradiated rat and its control and between pulsed sham exposure/ pre-
brain tumor animals may represent
NES; in vivo -> and CW radiation, within the irradiated group. exposure (rat-glioma
tumor growth yes rectal no EXP development in cancer no -/- nn animals that are sensitive to RF nn ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size)
TUM vitro cell line for
rats. Seventy four exposure. Additionally, since the
tumorogenesis)
male and female RG2\ strain is very aggressive
F344 rats were (producing tumors within 3 wk), the
inoculated tumor growth\ rate may not be
intracranially with malleable to external stimuli such as
5,000 RG2 cells, a the RF. Additional studies using RF
rat glioma cell line radiation with higher SARs are in
originally progress.
derived from an
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Seite 53 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
TEM-cell
PERMEABILITY OF THE based on that previously
Salford, L. G.; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 8; constructed at the National
Bioelectro- Bureau of Standards
Brun, A.; INDUCED BY 915 MHz EM 16; 570; 0,2 - 3 / 3,3 (50 Hz, 10 rat nervous
y, Lund Univ., 221 85 Lund, Sweden(RR/L.G.S.); Dept. of Neuropathology, Lund Univ., 221 85 Lund, Sweden (A.B.); Dept. of MedicalRadiation Physics, Lund Univ., 2221 85 Lund, Sweden 8
127 Salford, L. G. Lund Univ. Sweden 1993 chem 0.915 0.915 none (J.L.E., B.R.R.P.) 4000 pulsed nn 0.33 (0.2 W) cw pw nn microwave power generator nn temporary intermittent 0 female, male 154 whole body
(50 Hz) 6.670 above for about (Fischer 344) (nervous)
Persson, B. R. R.; WIRELESS CELLULAR 3(6) 217; 1,00; (MCL model 15 222)
3 - 5 weeks
COMMUNICATION 50 0,4
4-217 0,8 - 1,6 /
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER W/kg per W of input power
1002
Persson, B. R. R.; PERMEABILITY IN RATS Wireless (4 570; below /
pulsed 2 minutes - rat (630 nervous
130 Salford, L. G. Salford, L. G.; Sweden Univ. EXPOSED TO EMF USED IN
Lund Univ. Hosp. Radiation Physics Dept., Lund 1997 Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden, e-mail:Bertil.Persson@radfys.lu.se (RR/B.R.R.P.) 4
Networks 0.915 0.915 none 8.3 570 4.000; 0,001 - 10 nn pw: 0.0004 - 0.008 cw = pw ? close to / TEM-cell nn acute continuous 0 female, male whole body
(square) 16 hours (Fischer 344) irradiated, (BBB)
Brun, A. WIRELESS 3(6) 16 6.000 0.02 - 0.08 above
372 sham)
COMMUNICATION 50 0.11 - 0.95
217) 1.7 - 8.3
EFFECTS OF CW, PULSED, pulsed (square);
Sanders, A. P.; Bioelectro-
AND SINUSOIDAL-AM MW 250; amplitude AM: 10; rat organ
131 Sanders, A. P. c/o Joines, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706
Joines, W. T.; Duke Univ. USA 1985 magnetics 0.591 0.591 none 250 5 5 nn 1,0-13,8 nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
ON BRAIN ENERGY 500 modulated (4-32 20 (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
Allis, J. W. 6(1)
METABOLISM Hz)
Santini, R.; B16 MELANOMA
INSA; Bioelectro- 2,5 hours/day
Hosni, M.; DEVELOPMENT IN BLACK mouse
Einstein 69621,R.
lbert132 M.H.); de France
Santini, Villeurbanne,France (RR/ R.S., FaculteLaboratoire de Chimie Biologique, INSA, Villeurbanne, (H.P.); Laboratoirede Physiologie Immunologie, Faculte de Sciences, Limoges, France (P.D.)
1988 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 10 pulsed nn 1 1.2 cw = pw above nn nn nn up to 690 temporary intermittent 0 female nn whole body muscle-skeleton
Deschaux, P.; MICE EXPOSED TO LOW- (C57BL / 6J)
Sciences 9(1) hours
Pacheco, H. LEVEL MW RADIATION
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Seite 55 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Across all experiments, albumin leakage was
conducted a study detected in 8% of the control animals and 30% in
to investigate the irradiated animals. The difference was statistically
effects of significant. Following irradiation with CW microwave The authors concluded that both
continuous and radiation, 40% of the brain sections stained CW and pulsed 915-MHz
pulse-modulated positively for albumin. Following exposure to the microwaves can open up the BBB
915-MHz pulsed microwaves, 25, 26, 34, and 26% of the brain for albumin passage, while
These findings also indicate
leakage microwave sections from animals irradiated with 8, 16, 50, and fibrinogen leakage is rather limited ↑+(albumin
radiation on the morphological and that moderate BBB leakage is ↑++(albumin ↑++(albumin
of the BBB (penetration of albumin in vivo -> 200-Hz pulsed microwave radiation stained positive (the fibrinogen molecule is larger leakage),´-
nn nn nn EXP BBB blood brain barrier pathological no -/- nn induced, at least partially, by a sham exposure leakage),´- (fibrinogen leakage),´- (fibrinogen
and vitro for albumin. The difference in overall albumin- than the albumin molecule). The (fibrinogen
(BBB) in rats. changes nonthermal interaction with leakage) leakage)
fibrinogen) positive staining between animals exposed to the question of whether opening the leakage)
Previous efforts to microwave EMFs.
pulsed and CW microwave radiation, 28 and 30%, BBB represents a health hazard
study BBB effects respectively, was not statistically significant. No requires further investigation as
of microwave fibrinogen-positive staining was detected. does determining the extent of the
radiation have not thermal effect.
utilized assays with
adequate sensitivity
and
specificity. In a
The authors studied In microwave-exposed animals, extravasation of
the effects of pulse- albumin was found in traditionally BBB-weak
modulated areas as well as in the semioval center on both
microwaves on sides, joined by the callosal body. The
blood brain barrier extravasation was asymmetrical and spotty and was The authors concluded that the
(BBB) permeability frequently found centered around small vessels. The localized nature and selectivity of
in rats. Male and albumin leakage was frequently taken up by glial and BBB leakage (i.e., for the smaller
female Fischer neuronal cells in the vicinity of a capillary. No molecular marker only) make this
morphological and
in vivo -> 344 rats were extravasation of fibrinogen was observed under any minor effect rather difficult to ↑+(albumin ↑++(albumin leakage) ↑++(albumin leakage)
albumin; fibrinogen nn nn nn EXP BBB exposed for 2 hr to pathological no -/- nn nn sham exposure
vitro conditions. When the data were analyzed on a per detect. Further investigations are leakage) ´- (fibrinogen leakage) ´- (fibrinogen leakage)
915-MHz cw changes
rat basis, 5 of 62 controls and 56 of 184 exposed needed to determine if the BBB
microwave rats showed albumin extravasation through the BBB. effects are thermal or nonthermal in
radiation (35 rats) CW microwave exposure induced albumin nature, and if they constitute a
or 915-MHz extravasation in 40% and PW in 28%. The potential health hazard.
microwaves pulse proportion of rats showing extravasation of albumin
modulated at through the BBB did not vary significantly with
repetition rates of 8 pulse rate and SAR. When the exposed rats were
(32 rats), divided into low-SAR and high-SAR groups, a
16 (38 rats), 50 (41
The authors difference inrats showed any signs ofifstress = 2.5
None of the response was detected SAR
examined the associated with irradiation. All 154 pairs of animals
capability of RF developed rounded polycyclic brain tumors with well-
fields of the type defined boundaries. No significant differences in
associated with tumor size between irradiated and sham- The authors concluded that, under
wireless irradiated rats were seen in any experiment. For their
communication example, in rats inoculated with RG2 tumor cells, the experimental conditions, extensive
devices to promote mean tumor size in animals irradiated with CW 915- daily irradiation with RF fields sham exposure/ pre-
tumor growth NES; in vivo -> brain tumorigenesis MHz radiation and their matched controls was 29 +/- similar exposure (RG2 and
yes rectal no EXP in a rat cancer no -/- nn ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size)
in brain TUM vitro 22 and 18 +/- 13 mm3, respectively (p=0.10, to those associated with wireless N32 cell innoculation
model. RG2 and Student's t-test) and 20 +/- 15 in PW irradiated and communications devices does not for tumorogenesis)
N32 cells, cell lines 20 +/- 17 mm3 in their matched controls , promote
derived from rat respectively (p=0.96). growth of transplanted brain tumor
gliomas induced by cells.
ethylnitrosourea,
were injected into
the head of the right
caudate nucleus
in 154 matched
The authors The average fraction of rats showing penetration of The authors concluded that nn sham-exposure ↑(+) (BBB ↑+++ (BBB ↑+ (BBB permeability; amplification (cw)
examined changes the BBB ("pathological rats") was 0.17 +/- 0.02 exposure to microwave radiation permeability) permeability) 4, 217 Hz)
in blood-brain among sham-exposed controls, and was 0.39 +/- has an unequivocal effect on BBB ↑++ (BBB
barrier (BBB) 0.03 among all irradiated rats exposed at levels permeability under the specified permeability; 8.3, 50
permeability of above 1.5 J/kg, a statistically significant increase experimental conditions. The Hz)
rats exposed to (p modulated 915-MHz radiation, the average fraction
determined by examining the nn nn nn EXP BBB wireless pathological -/- yes nn leakage that may be harmless to
vitro of pathological rats being 0.50 +/- 0.07 and 0.35 +/-
sections for staining by albumin and communication changes the brain. Nonetheless, potential
0.03, respectively, compared to corresponding
fibrinogen using devices. Fischer health hazards associated with
control values of 0.19 +/- 0.05 and 0.15 +/- 0.03
immunohistochemical techniques 344 male and opening the BBB while using
(both p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
EFFECTS OF MW Neurosci Res cell
(no affiliation 55 different cell
133 Seaman, R. L. Seaman, R. L. (no affiliation given) USA 1977 RADIATION ON APLYSIAN Program Bull 2.45 15 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn acute continuous 0 (ganglion of snail nn cell
given) cells (nervous)
GANGLION CELLS. 15(1) Aplysia)
SLOW AND RAPID
2,45 cell
Univ. Texas RESPONSES TO CW AND e.g.
Seaman, R. L.; J Microw 1,5 (PW close to / (Aplysia californica, cell
134 Seaman, R. L. Health Science USA
Dept. Physiology, Univ. Texas Health Science Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235
1978 PULSED MW none 5000 5000 0,5 0,5 pulsed nn nn e.g. 7 7; nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn > 37 cell
Wachtel, H. Power 13(1) (PW) and above neuron, abdominal (nervous)
Center RADIATION BY INDIVIDUAL 1 / 400
CW) ganglion, sea-slug)
APLYSIA PACEMAKERS
INTER-BEAT INTERVALS OF cell
Louisiana Tech CARDIAC-CELL 1,2-12,2 PW (cardiac cell cell culture
Bioelectro-
Seaman, R. L.; Univ., Ruston, AGGREGATES DURING pulsed; close to / aggregates of cell culture: (cardio-vascular:
dical 135 Seaman, R. L. Tech Univ., P.O. Box 3185, Ruston, LA 71272-0001(RR/R.L.S.); Dept.1993
Engineering, Louisiana USA of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Emory Univ.,magnetics (R.L.D.)
Atlanta, GA 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn nn nn 1,2 - 86,9 cw ≥ pw nn nn near-field 190 seconds acute continuous 0 nn 13
DeHaan, R. L. LA; Emory Univ., EXPOSURE TO 2.45 GHz pulsed (square) 12,0-43,5 above White-Leghorn chick heart interbeat intervalls of
14(1)
Atlanta CW, PULSED, AND SQUARE- square wave embryo) heart)
WAVE-MODULATED MW.
DEPENDENCE OF MW-
biological molecules;
INDUCED DNA SECONDARY
Semin, Iu. A.; Radiats Biol molecule cell-free system
Russian Acad. of STRUCTURE
136 Semin, Iu. A. Shvartsburg, L. K.; Russia
Medical Radiological Res. Centre, Russian Acad. of Medical Science, Obninsk, 249036 Russia
2002 Radioecol 1.05 2.39 2.05 4 4 25000 25000 pulsed nn 0.6 0.06 nn cw > pw above nn radiating antenna aperature far-field 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (DNA of mouse nn nn cell (cell component, DNA
Medical Science DESTABILIZATION ON THE
Zhavoronkov, L. P. 42(2) thymus) from
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
thymus)
THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE
Servantie, B.;
Marine-Centre
Gillard, J.; COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
d'Etudes et de
Servantie, A. M.; THE ACTION OF THREE J Microw
Recherches 1.000; 0,15; rat whole organism
d'Application du Service de Sante pour la Marine-Centre d'Etudes et de RecherchesBiophysiologiques appliquees a la Marine, 83800 Toulon Naval, France
137 Servantie, B. Obrenovitch, J.; France 1976 TYPES OF MW FIELDS Power 2.45 9.4 none 1000 0.15 pulsed nn 5 0.7 nn cw > pw above nn nn nn 15 days temporary continuous 0 nn nn whole body
Biophysiologique 2.000 0,5 (white) (behavior)
Bertharion, G.; UPON THE BEHAVIOR OF 11(2)
s appliquees a la
Perrin, J. C.; THE WHITE RAT
Marine
Creton, B. J.
equipment described by
Sidorenko (in: Krylov (ed.),
THE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL
the Nonlinear Dynamics
BIOELECTRIC BRAIN Bioelectro-
method for Analysis of nervous
Sidorenko, A. The Byelorussian ACTIVITY chem
138 Sidorenko, A. V. Belarus
Dept. of Radiophysics and Electronics, The Byelorussian State Univ., 4 Scoryna Ave., 220050Minsk, Belarus,nn
1999 nn nn e-mail: saetch@1spec.belpak.minsk.by
nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn Electrocortigrams in Different nn nn nn nn 0 rat nn nn whole body (brain electrical
V. State Univ. INFLUENCED BY MW OR BY Bioenerg
Functional States, activity)
THE INTRODUCTION OF 48(1)
Advances in Synergetics,
STRYCHNINE.
BGU, Minsk, p. 168-172,
1997)
funnel
antenna funnel antenna
fed by a fed by a
source source
EFFECTS OF MW
consisting of consisting of
RADIATION AND
Sidorenko, A. Sidorenko, A. V.; Byelorussian Bull Exp Biol an an rat part:
139 Belarus
Byelorussian State Univ., Minsk, e-mail: A.Sidorenko@RFE.BSU.UNIBEL.BY (RR/A.V.S., V.V.T.)
2000 STRYCHNINE ON 42.2 42.2 none 1 1 30 30 pulsed nn 0.15 nn cw = pw close to nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn nervous
V. Tsaryuk, V. V. State Univ. Med 130(9) conductivity- conductivity- (bred) head
CEREBRAL BIOPOTENTIALS
modulated p-i- modulated p-i-
IN NARCOTIZED RATS
n diode and n diode and an
an ESU-1 ESU-1 electric
electric stimulator
stimulator
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Comparative No difference between the effects of CW and pulsed
studies of radiation for the majority of observations.
microwave and Convectively temperature changes of 0.1-2.7 C were
thermal effect on found to affect the firing rates of white cells.
Aplysia ganglion Irradiation temperature increases were duplicated by
cells were convective heating in 29 white cells. However,
performed. ↓+ (interspike interval ↓+ (interspike interval
decreased interspike interval, as seen in some ´- (interspike
neuronal cell firing rate, interspike Ganglionic warming in some white cells at in some white cells at
white cells at the onset of irradiation, was never interval in white
interval, interburst interval, sensitivity was produced the onset of the onset of irradiation;
produced by a simple rise in environmental /control (convective cells; interburst
in the lowest effective absorbed yes nn yes EXP SIG in vitro convectively by membrane function no -/- nn nn nn irradiation; interburst interburst interval in
temperature. Likewise, a decreased interburst warming) interval in burster
power, sensitivity of extracellular flushing warm interval in burster cells burster cells at the
interval in burster cells at the termination of cells at decresing
currents introduced water through an at the termination of termination of
irradiation was never produced by an temperature)
enclosed space irradiation) irradiation)
environmental temperature decrease. The lowest
surrounding the effective absorbed power (LEAP) in about 50% of
chamber the white cells was less than 15 mW/cm3. The
housing the sensitivity of the white cell to The largest critical value
ganglion. of the extracellular current density in the test
Microwave chambers, affecting the white cells was 110 uA/cm2
frequencies of
Transmembrane For about 118, the cells, radiation of for 10 Hz,
for DC andhalf of3730, and 8250 uA/cm2 sufficient nn One possible mechanism for control (warming by nn ↕+ (changes in firing ↕++ (changes in firing amplification (pw)
potentials of intensity consistently reduced the firing rate; for the above changes is an effect convection) rate) rate; bei niedrigerem
individual the remainder of the population, effective on one or more of the SAR als cw)
pacemaker neurons intensities reduced the firing rate during most membrane's components,
in the abdominal irradiations but increased the firing rate during perhaps by changing the ionic
ganglion of Aplysia others. For all beating pacemakers, post-irradiation conductance or by altering a
californica were firing rate returned to the pre-irradiation rate after 1-2 receptor's ability to combine
firing rates, measured as interspike recorded during with a chemical agent.
min. The smallest SAR that produced slow
interval (ISI) microwave changes of firing rate was determined for 39 beating
nn nn nn EXP SIG in vitro irradiation membrane function -/- yes nn
pacemakers from 29 ganglia and was found to be 7
(transmembrane potentials of to study the effects mW/g. In addition to the slow, graded ISI changes,
individual pacemaker neurons) of microwaves on rapid changes in ISIs were also observed in eight
excitable cells. For beating pacemakers from eight different ganglia. A
every beating rapid change consisted of an increase in firing rate
pacemaker studied, within one ISI of the onset of irradiation. Within 25
a slow change in sec after the immediate decrease in ISI, the ISI
firing rate, gradually increased until it nearly reached the pre-
measured as irradiation value. The smallest SAR causing a
interspike are
There The interbeat interval decreased The microwave
rapid change in ISI was 1 mW/g. during CW or
contradictory square-wave modulation exposures at 42.0-86.9 The authors concluded that the
reports in the W/kg, which was consistent with established effects cardiac cells were affected by
literature regarding of elevated temperatures. In the lower SAR range athermal as well as thermal effects
the sensitivity (1.2-12.2 W/kg) pre- and post-exposure interbeat of microwave exposure. They
external of excitable intervals were not significantly different. However, suggested that it should be possible
interbeat interval yes medium; no EXP CEF in vitro vertebrate tissues organ function no -/- analysis indicated that decreases in mean interbeat nn nn nn nn ↓+ (interbeat intervals) ↓+ (interbeat intervals)
to isolate such athermal effects in
sample to microwave intervals during the beginning of CW exposure were experiments at low SARs (below 2
frequency larger than predicted based on temperature changes, W/kg) with temperature controls
electromagnetic while the increases at the end were opposite to the within tight limits to eliminate
fields under small decreases predicted by temperature changes. thermal effects.
constant With PW exposures at 8.4-12.2 W/kg, the observed
temperature decrease in mean interbeat intervals during the
In an earlier Continuous and pulse-modulated exposures nn Thus, the results of this study sham-exposure ´- ↑+ (DNA duplexes ↓+ (DNA duplexes contrary effects
publication (Semin produced opposite effects. Comparison with the do not contradict an became more stable) became more
et al., Radiats Biol curves for non-exposed DNA solutions showed that assumption that microwave- instable)
Radioecol 35:36- in the former case (CW exposures), the curves were induced relaxation of DNA
41, flatter and had lower maxima, indicating that DNA secondary structure can be
1995; BENER duplexes became more stable, whereas in the latter explained by generation of
DNA unwinding time Abstract No. acoustic waves in the
case, the curves were steeper and showed higher
13806), the authors maximal values, implying a more labile structure. molecule.
(melting curves were monitored by assumed that
changes in extinction at 270 nm, fix nn no EXP GEN in vitro microwave-induced genotoxicity -/- yes nn
using a destabilization of
UV-2100 (Shimadzu) the DNA double
spectrophotometer. ) helix may be due to
specific
(nonthermal)
effects of
electromagnetic
field (EMF)
exposure. The
Behavioral The CW and PW (0.5 usec) produced behavioral
perturbations alterations; on the contrary, the PW (0.15 usec)
induced in the white produced
rat were studied only weak alterations.
after two
weeks exposure to
2.45 GHz It is postulated that the action of
continuous wave microwave fields on the behavior of
locomotor activity, emotivity, field, 9.4 GHz, 0.15 rats is linked to the peak power
watchfulness, nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo usec, 2000 behaviour no -/- nn density and not to the average nn nn nn ↕+ (behaviour) ↕+ (behaviour)
exploratory activity Hz and 9.4 GHz, power density. Moreover, this
0.5 usec, and 1000 action seems to be independent of
Hz microwave the modulation of the field.
fields. Rats were
first
exposed to a 9.4
GHz field
modulated with
2000 Hz, 0.15
The effects of usec Exposure to impulse modulated microwaves The author concludes that nn pre-exposure ´- ↕+ (ECG changes) ↕++ (ECG changes) amplification (pw)
microwave caused reproducible changes in the ECG microwave irradiation or strychnine
radiation and spectra. For example, irradiation shifted the injection induces reliable changes in
strychnine on brain maximum frequency from 10.35 Hz at time 0 to the ECGs of rats that can be
electrical 28.33-24.4 Hz at 1-2 min after the start of exposure, detected by nonlinear dynamic
activity were then 7.62-4.39 Hz by 5-7 min after exposure. methods.
Electrocortigram (ECG) pattern studied in rats. Irradiation also increased the contribution of higher
(analog of human Electrocortigrams frequency components (12-30 Hz) to the power
electroencephalograms) (ECGs), the animal changes of the spectrum. The response to CW microwaves
nn nn nn EXP CNS in vivo analog -/- yes nn
neurological system showed a less regular pattern. When analyzed by
analyzed by the spectral correction of human nonlinear dynamics, both pulsed and CW
method electroencephalogr microwave radiation caused ECG changes
ams, were indicative of brain power activation.
performed on rats The calculated values of the Ek were close to 10(-3).
anesthetized with 1 Strychnine also induced activation of brain electrical
g/kg ip uretanum. activity, the most pronounced effect being observed
ECG data were 20 min after injection. The maximum frequency
analyzed by the increased from 15.62 Hz at time 0 to 27.34 Hz after
spectral correction
The authors Urethane-induced narcosis significantly after
15 min, then declined to 9.08 at 30 min decreased
summarized their the maximum power in the total ECoG spectrum (4
experiments fold) compared to the baseline control value 10 min
investigating the after urethane administration, CD and SKE.
effects of Microwave irradiation and strychnine induced urethane:↓+(maxim
microwave changes in ECoG spectral parameters that were um power in the
radiation and Changes in ECoG activity
opposite to those induced by urethane. MW of total ECoG
treatment with probably reflect enhanced
electrocortico-gram (ECoG); narcotized rats caused a shift in the power spectrum /pre-exposure spectrum, CD,
urethane and The authors concluded that the excitability of ↑+ (maximum power ↑+ (maximum power in
correlation dimension (CD); changes of the to higher frequencies; a significant increase in CD (urethane to depress SKE);
nn nn nn EXP CNS in vivo no -/- nn effects of the MWS are similar to cerebral structures and in the total ECoG the total ECoG
standardized Kolmogorov entropy strychnine on neurological system and no significant change in SKE. Strychnine CNS); (strychnine strychnine:↑++
electrocephalogram those caused by strychnine. complex effects occurring in spectrum, CD, SKE) spectrum, CD, SKE)
(SKE) caused the same effects as MWs, but more to excite CNS) (maximum power
(electrocorticogram the dynamics of
pronouncedly: the maximum power in the total ECoG in the total ECoG
(ECoG)) activity in bioelectric processes
spectrum was increased 3 fold; CD and SKE spectrum, CD,
rats. Random showed a significant increase. SKE)
bred rats
anesthetized with 1-
g/kg urethane
(injected i.p.) and
instrumented with
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
yes athermal
thermal,
nn
athermal
nn athermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of Rostock;
Pau, H. W.; CAN ELECTROMAGNETIC
Federal Inst. for Otolaryngol
Sievert, U.; FIELDS EMITTED BY MOBILE mobile human part: sensoric
: hans-wilhelm.pau@med.uni-rostock.de (RR/H.W.P.) ( U.S.); Federal Inst. forOccupational Safety2005Health, Res. Group 2.7 Vibration, Electromagnetic Fields, Berlin, Germany(S.E.); Inst. for Measurement nn Control Techniques, Univ. of Rostock, Germany (W.W.)
140 Sievert, U. Occupational Germany and Head Neck 0.8896 0.8896 nn nn nn and nn GSM-like 2.2 nn nn nn nn nn near-field nn nn nn 1 nn 13
Eggert, S.; PHONES STIMULATE THE telephone (volunteers) ear (ear)
Safety and Surg 132(1)
Wild, W. VESTIBULAR ORGAN?
Health;
Universitatsklinik
CAN MOBILE PHONE mobile mobile mobile
Sievert, U.; und Poliklinik fur Otolaryngol standardized
EMISSIONS AFFECT phone phone phone sensoric
Hals-Nasen-Ohrenkrankheiten, Kopf- und Halschirurgie "OttoKomer," Doberaner Str. 137-9 18057 Rostock, Germany, e-mail: uwe.sievert@med.unirostocke.de(RR/U.S.)
k fur 141 Sievert, U. Eggert, S.; HNO, Kopf- und Germany 2005 Head Neck nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn near-field nn nn nn 1 human nn 12 nn
AUDITORY FUNCTIONS OF emissio emissio emission mobile phone devices (ear)
Pau, H. W. Halschirurgie Surg 132(3)
COCHLEA OR BRAIN STEM? ns ns s
"Otto Komer"
University of
Rostock,
Institute of
Cell Biology
and
Biosystems
Simko M,
Technology, Hsp70 expression and free
Hartwig C,
Division of radical release after exposure cell
Lantow M, University of
Environment to non-thermal radio-frequency Toxicol Lett (monozytes cell line cell culture
142 Simko M Lupke M, Rostock Germany 2006 1.8 1.8 none 217 217 576 576 GSM-like nn nn 2 cw = pw close to nn nn nn 1 hour acute continuous 1 nn nn cell culture
al electromagnetic fields and 161 (2006) Mono (immune)
Mattsson MO,
Physiology, ultrafine particles in human Mac 6 of human)
Rahman Q,
Albert- Mono Mac 6 cells
Rollwitz J
Einstein-Str.
3, D-18059
Rostock,
Germany.
Singh SP, horn antenna
Rai S, Athermal physiological effects
Inst. of fed by a
Rai AK, of MW on a cynobacterium 2,04; cell
Technology; Med Biol Eng pulsed S-band, VHF signal generator
143 Singh SP Tiwari SP, India Dept. Botany, Varanasi-221005, India (A.K.R.,nn
Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Inst. of Technology, Varanasi-221005, India (S.P.S., S.);2.42 of 2.97
1994 Nostoc muscorum: 2.71 10000 10000 S.P.T., S.S.S., J.A.); Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi-221005, India (S.R.)
nn nn 1,98; nn cw = pw above nn near-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 (Cyanobacterium nn nn cell culture cell culture
Banaras Hindu Comput 32(2) (square) (S470, ECIL, Hyderabad,
Singh SS, evidence for EM-memory bits in 1.92 Nostoc Muscorum)
Univ. India),
Samarketu, water
near field
Abraham J
Smialowicz, R. J.; ASSESSMENT OF THE
Health Effects 78;
Riddle, M. M.; IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS Bioelectro- rectangular strip-transmission
Smialowicz, R. Research Lab., 17,7; 1 hour mouse
144 Experimental Biology Div., Health Effects Research Lab., EPA, Research1982
Weil, C. M.; USA Triangle OF MICE IRRADIATED WITH
Park, NC 27711 magnetics 0.425 0.425 none 250 250 1 1 pulsed nn 7.7 cw = pw above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 female nn whole body immune
J. EPA, Research 5; line for 5 days (BALB/c)
Brugnolotti, P. L.; CW OR PM 425-MHz RF 3(4)
Triangle Park 1,25
Kinn, J. B. RADIATION.
Frederic Joliot-
EFFECTS OF MODULATED waveguide:
Curie Natl. Res.
Somosy, Z.; AND CONTINUOUS MW function generator and
Inst. for 0,0024; 0,0024;
Thuroczy, G.; IRRADIATION ON THE 0,000798; 0,000798; microwave generator,
Radiobiology Scanning pulsed 0,244; 0,244; below / embryo cell culture
145 Somosy, Z. Kubasova, T.; Frederic Joliot-Curie Natl. Res.1991 for MORPHOLOGY AND CELL
Hungary Inst. Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P.O. Box 101, H-1775Budapest, Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T. 16 L.D.S.); Dept.nn General Zoology, Eotvos nn
2.45 2.45 none 16 T.K, nn of Lorand Univ.,Budapest, Hungary (J.K.)
0,00798; 0,00798; cw = pw nn connected by a directional nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
and Microsc 5(4) (square) 0,24; 0,24; close to (mouse 3T3) (mouse embryo 3T3)
Kovacs, J.; SURFACE NEGATIVE 0,0798 0,0798 coupler and coax waveguide
Radiohygiene; 2,4 2,4
Szabo, L. D. CHARGE OF 3T3 adapter to a TE10 mode
Eotvos Lorand
FIBROBLASTS waveguide
Univ.
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Objectives In no volunteer could EM radiation-induced
Pulsating nystagmus be recorded. In the human temporal
electromagnetic bone very weak caloric effects could only be found in
(EM) radiation the tissue layers next to the radiation source (antenna
emitted by mobile of the mobile phone), whereas deeper regions
phones (horizontal semicircular canal) seemed unaffected (at
is often incriminated least less than 0.1 degrees C).
for causing tissue These results do not support the
temperatures of human temporal EOE; in vivo alterations by changes of the theory that mobile phone-induced
yes tissue (ear) nn EXP caloric effects. no -/- nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
bones TMP probands neurological system EM radiation may cause caloric
In particular, the negative effects in the human ear.
eye and the ear
were regarded as
possible "hot
spots,"
with heating up to 1
degrees C, in which
EM radiation might
have negative
Problems No impact on auditory brain stem reflexes recordings
addressed: in terms of absolute and interpeak latencies could be
Despite their found.
abundant spread,
mobile phones are
suspected by a Together with the results of a
major share of the previous article concerned with the
population to cause vestibular part of the inner ear, we
There are no adverse
adverse effects on can state that there are no adverse
auditory brain stem EOE; in vivo changes of the effects of mobile ´- (auditory brain stem ´- (auditory brain stem
nn nn nn EXP health and welfare. neurological system no -/- effects of mobile phone emissions nn nn nn
reflexes EOR probands phone emissions on reflexes ) reflexes )
The ear as the on the ear function, at least on a
the ear function.
sense organ next to short-term range. Of course, any
the individual long-term effects cannot be
device has rarely excluded by our study.
been investigated
for short-term
effects in this
regard.
In a previous article,
The contemporary Mono Mac 6 cells are capable to internalise UFP,
urban environment and that this phagocytic activity is connected to an
has become increased release of free radicals. This increase (40-
increasingly 45% above negative control) is stronger than the
complex in its effect of heat treatment. On the other hand, none of
composition, the employed RF exposures showed any effects
leading to on free radical levels. Co-exposure of RF and
Therefore, we conclude that in the
levels of the superoxide radical discussions UFP did not potentiate the UFP effect either. Our ↑+(free radical
regarding possible investigated Mono Mac 6 cells, RF
anion or the stress protein heat- molecular investigations showed a significantly increased /positive control levels) ´-(free radical levels) ´-(free radical levels)
yes nn nn EXP CEF in vitro novel health effects. no -/- nn exposure alone or in combination nn
shock protein (Hsp70) in the human biosynthesis Hsp70 expression level by heat treatment in a time- (heat treatment) ´- (HSP) ´- (HSP)
with UFP cannot influence stress-
monocyte cell line Mono Mac 6 Two factors that dependent manner, whereas UFP, RF, or UFP+RF ↑+ (HSP, heat)
recently have related responses.
were without any effect.
received
considerable
attention are
ultrafine particles
(UFP; pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
EFFECTS OF MODULATED
"Frederic Joliot-
AND CONTINUOUS MW
Curie" Natl. Res. standard horn antenna
IRRADIATION ON fed by a
Somosy, Z.; Inst. for
PYROANTIMONATE 0,2; 0,2; 0,33 histological cut
Thuroczy, G.; Radiobiology Scanning pulsed TKI (model TR) microwave mouse
146 Somosy, Z. Hungary H-1775Budapest, none
"Frederic Joliot-Curie" Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P. O. Box 101, 2.45
1993 PRECIPITABLE CALCIUM 2.45 Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T., G.J.K.); Dept. of General Zoology, Eotvos Lorand Univ., Budapest,Hungary (J.K.)
16 16 nn nn nn 0,5; 0,5; 0,82; cw = pw above nn nn 3 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body (digestive)
Koteles, G. J.; and Microsc 7(4) (rectangular) generator coupled to an (CFLP)
CONTENT IN JUNCTIONAL 1 1 1,64 /
Kovacs, J. Radiohygiene; OMKER function
COMPLEX OF MOUSE generator
Eotvos Lorand
SMALL INTESTINE.
Univ.
as described by Somosy et al.
(Scanning Microsc
"Frederic Joliot- EFFECTS OF MODULATED
7:1255-1261, 1993;
Curie" Natl. Res. MW AND X-RAY
BENER Abstract No. 11756)
Somosy, Z.; Inst. for IRRADIATION ON THE
0,1; histological cut
Thuroczy, G.; Radiobiology ACTIVITY AND Scanning pulsed mouse
147 Somosy, Z. Hungary
"Frederic Joliot-Curie" Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P. O. Box 101, 2.45
1994 Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T., G.J.K.); Dept. of General Zoology, Eotvos Lorand Univ., Budapest,Hungary (J.K.)
H-1775Budapest, none
2.45 16 16 nn nn nn 0,5; nn cw = pw above nn (standard horn antenna nn 1 hour acute continuous 0 male nn whole body (digestive)
Koteles, G. J.; and DISTRIBUTION OF CA++ Microsc 8(3) (square) (CFLP)
1 fed by a
Kovacs, J. Radiohygiene; ATPASE IN SMALL
TKI (model TR) microwave
Eotvos Lorand INTESTINE EPITHELIAL
generator coupled to an
Univ. CELLS.
OMKER function
generator)
cw = pw
pw (15 min, 30 seconds
Teng, J.; NO NONTHERMAL EFFECT IEEE Trans 1W) or
Universite rabbit
de Tournai, D. C.; OBSERVED UNDER MW Microw 1; cw (16 min; asymmetrical dipole implanted nn 16 minutes continuous; part:
148 Teng, J. Catholique Belgium
Microwaves Lab., Universite Catholique Louvain, Batiment Maxwell, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium
1996 4.2 4.2 none 6 6 200000 3 pulsed nn nn nn nn acute 0 (New Zealand nn nn nervous
Duhamel, F.; IRRADIATION OF SPINAL Theory Tech 2 1W) micro-antenna (near-field) (cw) intermittent spinal cord
Louvain seconds albino)
Vander Vorst, A. CORD 44 cw (30 sec,
2W) ? (pw)
standard gain
horn antenna funnel antenna
fed by a
coupled with source
Thomas, J. R.; model Litton consisting of
EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL 30 min once rat
Finch, E. D.; Naval Medical Ann N Y 2,45 9,6 2,86 clearly Industries an whole organism
149 Thomas, J. R. USA Behavioral Sciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD20014 (J.R.T., L.S.B.); Biophysics Div., Environmental Biosciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst.,Bethesda, MD 20014 (E.D.F.,nn
Experimental Psychology Div., 1975 MW RADIATION ON 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn 1,0 - 25 D.W.F.) cw = pw nn far-field or twice a chronic intermittent 0 (Sprague Dawley, male 4 whole body
Fulk, D. W.; Res. Inst. Acad Sci 247 (cw) (pw) (pw) above model conductivity- (conditioned behavior)
BEHAVIORAL BASELINES week 60 days old)
Burch, L. S. L5001A driven modulated p-i-
by a custom- n diode and an
designed ESU-1 electric
regulated stimulator
power supply
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF
Thomas, J. R.; Bioelectro- rat
Naval Medical PULSED AND CW 2.8-GHz close to / whole organism
150 Thomas, J. R. Schrot, J.; USA
Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD
1982 magnetics 2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 1 to 15 mW/cm2 nn cw = pw nn nn nn 30 min acute continuous 0 (albino, 320-330g, male 4 whole body
Res. Inst. MW ON TEMPORALLY above (behavior)
Banvard, R. A. 3(2) 240 day old)
DEFINED BEHAVIOR.
0.001-
SOMATICO AUTONOMIC
0,020; means of a part:
Vagin, Iu. E.; USSR Acad. of FUNCTIONS OF RABBITS 1; 14-mm-aperture antenna
Biol Nauki 0,030; medical "He-Gu" muscle-skeleton;
151 Vagin, Iu. E. Res. Inst. of
Vagina, L. V.; Normal Physiology, USSR Acad. of Medical Sciences, Moscow,EXPOSED TO A VHIF EMF
Medical Russia 1985 Russia 2.375 2.375 none 1 25; nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn 3-10 minutes acute continuous 0 rabbit nn 11
(10) 0,100; application fed by a acupuncture nervous
Batsiuro, S. G. Sciences AT ACUPUNCTURE 100 "Mirta-01" device
0,500; point
POINTS
1,000
right hand right hand
polarized polarized
planar planar
spiral antenna spiral antenna
Johannes
(AEL-ASO (AEL-ASO rat
Vollrath, L.; Gutenberg-
1658 AA, AEL- 1658 AA, AEL- (Sprague-Dawley;
Spessert, R.; Universitat NO SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Bioelectro- 0,6 - 0,36 for the rats; close to / Defense Defense 15 minutes - Dark-Agouti); organ (neuro-
nberg-Universitat Mainz, Becherweg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany(RR/L.V., R.S., T.K., M.K.); Deutsche BundespostHF EMF ON THE
152 Vollrath, L. Kratzsch, T.; Mainz; Deutsche Germany 1997 OF Telekom, Forschungsinstitut beim FTZ, Darmstadt,Germany (H.H.)
magnetics 0.9 0.917 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn 0,1 - 0,6 cw = pw nn far-field acute continuous 0 nn nn whole body
0,04 for the hamsters above Corporation), Corporation), 6 hours endocrine)
Keiner, M.; Telekom MAMMALIAN PINEAL GLAND. 18(5)
fed by a fed by a hamster
Hollmann, H. Forschungsinstit
Hewlett- Hewlett- (Djungarian)
ut Darmstadt
Packard Packard
model 8657 model 3314A
transmitter pulse
generator
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Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The effects of CW Exposure to the CW fields or to modulated The authors concluded that low- These data support the view sham-exposure ´- ´- (distribution of ´- (distribution of
and modulated low- microwave radiation (0.1 mW/cm2) did not alter frequency modulated microwaves that extremely low-frequency calcium-containing calcium-containing
intensity microwave the distribution of calcium-containing pyroantimonate can alter the calcium distribution in electromagnetic fields may pyroantimonate pyroantimonate
radiation on the deposits. Irradiation with 0.5 and 1-mW/cm2 tissues without thermal effects. modify the calcium content deposits; 0.1 deposits; 0.1
calcium content of modulated microwaves caused marked changes in and/or distribution in cell mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
intestinal epithelial the distribution of the deposits. The deposits were membranes and disturb cellular
cells were studied now located on the cytoplasm side of the lateral functions regulated by the ´- (distribution of ↕+ (distribution of change (pw)
changes in calcium content of in mice. Male calcium signal transduction calcium-containing calcium-containing
membrane, in the tight junction, and in other areas of
intestinal epithelial cells, measured CFLP mice were pathway. pyroantimonate pyroantimonate
BMP; in vivo -> the lateral plasma membrane. These changes were
by changes in the distribution of nn nn nn EXP whole body cell function -/- yes nn deposits; 0.5 and 1 deposits; 0.5 and 1
CEF vitro reversible--24 hr after exposure the distribution of
pyroantimonate deposits by irradiated with CW mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
the deposits was similar to that of the controls.
transmission electron microscopy or amplitude Exposure to CW microwave radiation did not alter
modulated 0.1, the distribution of the pyroantimonate deposits.
0.5, or 1-mW/cm2,
2,450-MHz
microwaves for 3
hr. The modulated
radiation
was modulated
The effects of with Immediately and 1 and 3 hr after irradiation with 1- The authors concluded that Since both modulated sham-exposure ´- ´- (CaATPase activity) ↓+ (CaATPase decrease (pw)
modulated mW/cm2 modulated microwaves, CaATPase modulated microwave and X-ray microwave and X-irradiation activity)
microwave and X- activity was inhibited on the lateral membrane. irradiation decrease CaATPase have been shown to act on
ray irradiation on The amount and distribution of CaATPase activity 24 activity in small intestine epithelial components of the membrane
calcium hr after irradiation did not differ significantly from the cells. signal transduction process
transporting control values. Irradiation with CW microwaves did (i.e., multiple second
Changes in CaATPase activity adenosine not affect CaATPase activity. Irradiation with 1-Gy messenger pathways including
(by cytochemical technique) triphosphatase X-rays caused a transient reduction in lateral protein kinase C-, cAMP- and
in vivo -> (CaATPase) activity membrane CaATPase activity. Irradiation with 5-Gy Ca++ dependent mechanisms),
nn nn nn EXP ENA in small cell function -/- yes nn they presumably play a role in
distribution of CaATPase vitro X-rays, however, caused a decrease in lateral
(by transmission electron intestine epithelial membrane CaATPase activity that persisted for up to inducing changes in calcium
microscopy) cells were 24 hr. pump ATPase activity.
examined. Male
CFLP mice were
whole body
irradiated with
square-wave
modulated (16 Hz)
AnCW 2,450-MHz
or in vivo The experimental results showed that there is a MW Thus, it was concluded that a MW nn nn nn ↓+ (latency and ↓+ (latency and
experiment was effect on the SEP response of the nervous effect takes place, whichdecreases amplitude of the SEP amplitude of the SEP
amplitude and latency of the conducted on the system after a long period of irradiation, and that the latency and amplitude of the response) response)
somatosensory evoked potentials nervous system of these variations are reversible. Computations of SEP response, and that the effect
(SEP) in the cortex anesthetized, power deposition and of a bioheat equation, as a is of thermal origin. Nonthermal ↑+ (temperature ↑+ (temperature
spinal changes of the
for yes yes EXP NES in vivo New Zealand albino no -/- function of MW irradiation duration, revealed a nn effects were not observed. increase of the spinal increase of the spinal
cord neurological system
variation of the cerebral activity from rabbits, weighing temperature increase of the spinal cord for long cord; 16 min, 1W or cord; 15 min, 2W)
somatosensory stimulation about 3.5 kg each, pulsed irradiation during 15 min under an 30 sec, 2W)
(with an electrode) to observe the incident power of 2 W; for continuous irradiation
somatosensory during 30 sec under an incident power of 2 W;
evoked potentials and for continuous irradiation during 16 min
The authors The 3 types of microwave radiation produced The authors concluded that low- nn sham-exposure nn ↑++ (time out ↑+ (time out amplification (cw)
examined the changes in response rates on the multi FR DRL level microwave radiation can responses; 2.45 MHz, responses; 2.8 and 9.6
effects of low-level schedule. Responding on the FR schedule (which produce behavioral changes in 7 mW/cm2) MHz)
microwave varied at baseline from 1.40 to 2.70 responses/sec) animals trained to respond on
radiation on the was disrupted after irradiation, leading to a marked multiple reinforcement schedules.
behavior of rats decrease in the overall response rate. Responding Generally, the low rates of ↓+ (responding on the ↓++ (responding on amplification (pw)
trained to respond on the DRL schedule (which varied from 0.06 to 0.08 responding produced by the DRL FR schedule) the FR schedule; 2.86
in a task involving response/sec at baseline) was increased. The schedule increased after irradiation, GHz, 20 mW/cm2)
response rate (fixed intervall multiple schedules percentage increase over control levels (up to the high rates of responding on the ↑++ (responding on
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo of reinforcement. behaviour -/- yes nn FR schedule decreased, and the ↑+ (responding on the the DRL schedule;
schedule of food reinforcement) approximately 130%) was most evident at the
Four experimentally highest exposure levels for S-band pulsed and X- number of responses during the DRL schedule) 2.86 GHz)
naive male band radiation. The number of responses that time-out period increased after ↑+++ (responding on
Sprague Dawley occurred during the time-out period was also irradiation. These results also show the DRL schedule; 2.9
rats, 60 increased after irradiation. More detailed analysis of that not only do low levels of GHz)
days old at the start the response data on the DRL schedule showed that microwave irradiation produce
of the study, were exposure to 9,600-Hz radiation appeared to increase effects on the central nervous
used in experiments DRL response rates above control values at lower system, as evidenced by behavioral
where they dose rates than the other 2 types of radiation. The changes, but the changes are
were trained to a
The effects of low- largest increase in response rates was produced by
Alterations of normal performance were more influenced by the interactions of
It is concluded that under the nn nn nn ´- ↕+ (alterations of change (pw)
power-density pronounced after a 30-min exposure to the PW conditions explored in the present normal performance;
pulsed-wave (PW) field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of study behavior is more sensitive to 10 and 15 mW/cm2)
and continuous appropriately timed responses declined after pulsed fields than to continuous
wave (CW) exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas fields at the same power levels, and
2.8-GHz microwave exposure at the same power levels to the CW field such differential sensitivity must be
(MW) irradiation on did not consistently affect the rate of responding. considered in analyzing the
behavior in rodents Change in performance associated with MW biological effects of MW exposure.
response time in conditioned were exposure was not necessarily related to a general
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo investigated. Four behaviour -/- yes nn
behavior decline in responding; in some instances, increases
240-day-old male in overall rates of responding were observed.
albino rats,
weighing 320-330
g, were
conditioned by a
complex
reinforcement
schedule that
required precise of
Analgesic effects Pulp irritation induced jaw movement, respiratory
local microwave rhythm drastically decreased and became unstable.
irradiation of the Conventional acupuncture treatment restored the
"He-Gu" respiration rate from 86 +/- 28 cycles/min to 182 +/-
acupuncture 40 cycles/min, significantly decreased its instability,
point and its The authors contended that the
and weakened jaw movement. MW radiation in the
dependence upon thermal effect of intense radiation
power range of 1-20 mW weakened jaw
impaired the
radiation intensity movement and decreased respiratory rhythm /control acupunctur: ↓+
specific analgesic response.
indices of pain: respiration rate, jaw SEN; and modulation changes of the instability to the same extent as conventional (acupuncture)/ pre- (respiration rate, its ↓+ (jaw movement at ↓+ (jaw movement at
nn nn yes EXP in vivo were no -/- nn Mechanisms of the microwave nn
movement VNS neurological system acupuncture. The analgesic effect of "microwave exposure (pulp instability, jaw low power densities) low power densities)
studied in rabbits. effect in the context of the role of
acupuncture" strongly depended on output power irradiation) movement)
Respiration rate acupuncture points in control of
(less pronounced as output power increased) and did
and jaw movement biological functions are being
not depend on the modulation regimes. In contrast
served as indices of investigated further.
with conventional acupuncture, neither kind of
pain severity during microwave treatment restored the respiration
a 10-min direct rate.
irritation of a tooth
pulp by a 50-Hz,
4- to 24-uA electric
The authors No evidence that EMF exposure either at night or in
investigated the the afternoon affected the behavior of the animals.
effects of high The experiments were conducted using simultaneous
frequency exposure and sham exposure. These experiments
microwaves on showed no significant exposure-related effects on
pineal In one of the
pineal NAT activity or serum melatonin
functions in rats and experiments, nocturnal The authors concluded that CW
pineal concentrations in either the rats or hamsters. No
hamsters. Sprague- NAT activity was 900-MHz EMFs or 917-MHz EMFs
functions: serotonin significant exposure-related changes in synaptic ´- (pineal NAT
Dawley and Dark- slightly higher in pulsed at 217 Hz under the ´- (pineal NAT activity, ´- (pineal NAT activity,
N-acetyl-transferase (NAT); END; in vivo -> changes of the ribbon profile numbers were detected. activity, serum
nn nn nn EXP Agouti rats and no -/- exposed rats than in conditions used in these nn sham-exposure serum melatonin serum melatonin
Pineal synaptic ribbon profile MEL vitro; in vivo endocrine system melatonin
Djungarian controls, but the experiments have no short-term concentrations) concentrations)
numbers; concentrations)
hamsters were difference was effects on the mammalian pineal
melatonin
exposed or sham not statistically gland.
exposed to CW 900- significant.
MHz or PW
900-MHz
microwaves pulsed
at 217 Hz for 15
min to 6 hr during
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
yes athermal
yes nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
5 10 minutes
4;
intervals
16
(1 min on, 1
THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY min off, 1min
1 min
OF SYMMETRICAL AREAS on,…)
Vorob'ev, V. V.; 4Hz
OF THE RAT CEREBRAL Fiziol Zh Im I circular antenna
Konovalov, V. F.; Russian Acad. 1 min off organ
153 Vorob'ev, V. V. Russia
Inst. of Cell Biophysics of Russian Acad. Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 0.945
1994 CORTEX DURING THE USE M Sechenova 0.945 none 4 20000 20000 pulsed nn 0.1 nn cw = pw above nn positioned at the top of the nn (3 intervals acute intermittent 0 rat nn 8 whole body
Gorelkova, T. F.; Sciences 1 min 16 (nervous)
OF 80(12) cage without
Gal'chenko, A. A. Hz
A LOW-INTENSITY UHF exposure, 2
1 min off
FIELD intervals with
1 min 4
exposure)
Hz
….
AIL-type 125-microwave
Wachtel, H.; EFFECTS OF LOW- source,
Ann N Y 1,5 2,45 1000 - 20) directional coupler, and the (neuron) (nervous)
Joines, W. ISOLATED NEURONS stripline
National Inst. nerves
McRee, D. I.; PULSE MW EFFECTS ON Radiat Res waveguide part: histological cut
155 Wachtel, H. Natl. Inst. Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
Environmental USA 1982 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 10 10 pulsed nn nn 10 10 cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn 0 (frog, nn nn
Wachtel, H. NERVE VITALITY 91(1) exposure system sciatic nerve (nervous)
Health Sciences Rana-pipiens)
head of the animal in a
waveguide,
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
design as by Oscar and
Environmental PERMEATION IN THE RAT Bioelectro- Hawkins rat
Ward, T. R.; below / part: nervous
156 Ward, T. R. USA
MD-74, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Protection 1985 DURING EXPOSURE TO magnetics 1.7 1.7 none 1000 1000 0.5 0.5 pulsed nn 0.03 - 1.0 0,1 / 200 cw = pw nn near-field 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (Sprague-Dawley, male nn
Ali, J. S. close to (Brain Res 126(2):281-93, head (BBB)
Agency LOW-POWER 1.7-GHz MW 6(2) mature)
1977;
RADIATION.
BENER volume II(2):
Abstract No. 5127)
model 299
model 299
standard gain
standard gain
wave line horn
wave line horn
antenna
antenna
with a S-band
with a S-band
waveguide
waveguide
Weiter, J. J.; ASCORBIC ACID CHANGES coupled to a lens
coupled to a
Finch, E. D.; Naval Medical IN CULTURED RABBIT Ann N Y 2,45 2,86 Raytheon nn (rabbit part: organ
157 Weiter, J. J. USA
Environmental Biosciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD 20014
1975 none 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn 0-250 nn nn nn nn nn Litton 10 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
Schulz, W.; Res. Inst. LENSES AFTER MW Acad Sci 247 (cw) (pw) model 4J31 (far-field) New Zealand, lens (sensoric)
Industries
Frattali, V. IRRADIATION magnetron white, adult)
model L5001
driven by a
magnetron
Manson
Laboratories
model 275
pulse tube
modulator
100 -
900
(The
energy
dosage
is histological cut
regulated (thermo-regulatory
Biomed Tech by
Wildervanck, rabbit; part: (heating pattern,
158 Wildervanck, A. none Jousterweg 4, Netherlands
HASKERHORNE [Fr], 9350, Netherlands
1978 PULSED MW-DIATHERMY (Berlin) 2.45 2.45 none 100 60 60 pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn Diatron-1500 Diatron-1500 nn 20 minutes acute nn 0 nn nn
A. varying dog gluteal muscle temperature elevation,
23(7/8) the pearl chain
number formation)
of pulses
over
eight dial
settings
from 100-
900
ALTERATIONS IN ACTIVITY pulses/se
AT AUDITORY NUCLEI OF
THE RAT INDUCED BY
EXPOSURE TO MIW
Wilson, B. S.;
RADIATION:
Zook, J. M.; Research Brain Res 0,918 2,45 2,5; rat 7 (exposed)
159 Wilson, B. S. USA
Center Technology Applications, Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
1980 AUTORADIOGRAPHIC none 10 10 20 20 pulsed nn 2,5 / 12500 nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn whole body sensoric
Joines, W. T.; Triangle Inst. 187(2) (CW) (PW) 10 (Sprague-Dawley) 4 (control)
EVIDENCE USING [14C]-
Casseday, J. H.
DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE
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Seite 67 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The effects of The first experimental periods, which were without nn The authors suggested that pre-exposure experimental ↕+ (electrical activity ↕+ (electrical activity change of hemisphere
exposure to low- irradiation, revealed an asymmetry in the these microwave effects could periods without changes in the left changes in the right
intensity UHF frequency spectra of the electrical activity in the result from alterations of the irradiation revealed hemisphere) hemisphere)
radiation on the left brain neurochemical status, an asymmetry in
lateral and right hemispheres. The cortex of the left which, in turn, could arise from the frequency
asymmetry of the hemisphere demonstrated higher amplitude rhythms changes in the blood-brain spectra of the
cortical in the 10-30 Hz band, and lower amplitude rhythms barrier function or in the electrical activity in
lateral electroencephalogr in the 1.5-4 Hz band compared to the right sensitivity of neuromediator the left
asymmetry of the cortical aphic pattern was changes of the hemisphere. Microwave irradiation virtually receptors. and right
nn nn nn EXP CNS in situ assessed in -/- yes nn hemispheres.
electroencephalographic pattern; neurological system eliminated the frequency asymmetry in the lower
Electrocorticograms rats. Artifact-free frequency band, and decreased it in the higher
cortical electrodes frequency band. After cessation of exposure, the
made of a frequency asymmetry was partially restored.
conductive carbon Analysis of the frequency spectra during the first 10
material were sec of exposure established that the CW field
chronically caused electrical activity changes in the
implanted in the left left hemisphere, while pulse-modulated fields
and right induced changes in the right hemisphere. The
hemispheres of 8
The authors Changes in the were statistically were often and
described effects magnitude of ISIsignificant (t-seen The authors concluded that they
summarized their during irradiation at microwave intensities of detected reproducible microwave-
research examining less than 5 mW/cm2. In 4 cases were the induced effects
the effects of low- thresholds for ISIs changes above 20 mW/cm2 and on firing patterns at power levels
intensity in 10 cases- below 10 mW/cm3. Effects on the below 10 mW/cm2. Depending on
microwaves on interburst intervals (IBIs) occured in 7 pacemaker which head model is used, these
isolated marine cells below 10 mW/cm2 in 3 cases. No significant power levels correspond to power
gastropod ganglia differences between CW and PW were seen in that might be absorbed by cortical
firing patterns: interspike intervals neurons. Ganglia the effects on ISI. Temperature control neurons in a person exposed to a sham-exposure/
yes nn yes EXP SIG in vitro isolated membrane function no -/- nn nn ´- ↕+ (ISIs) ↕+ (ISIs)
(ISIs) and interburst intervals (IBIs) experiments indicated that, in most cases, "safe" free-field microwave intensity control (heating)
from Aplysia were increasing the temperature produced effects on of anywhere from 10 to 1 mW/cm2.
used in experiments the ISIs that were approximately equivalent to Whether or not these effects can be
where they were microwave irradiation at 20 mW/cm2 or greater. considered harmful cannot be
exposed to 1.5- or In a few cases, unexpected effects occurred. For determined, but it appears
2.45-GHz example, irradiation of a neuron with 2.45-GHz almost certain that the effects
microwave radiation at a Po of 0.5 W caused complete would disrupt ongoing information
radiation at power cessation of firing, whereas heating in the same processes if they were to occur in
levels below the temperature range (21.5-22.5 C) caused an increase an intact nervous system.
accepted safety
The effects of In all cases Experiments decrease occurred in
in firing rate. a significant with MW effects on AP
pulsed microwave the
(MW) radiation on survival time of the exposed nerves, as
the vitality of frog compared with the unexposed nerves. However,
sciatic nerves were It is suggested that the MW effect
the magnitude of this effect was essentially the same
investigated and on nerve
in all three cases of exposure and was also
compared with vitality may result from an
comparable with the effect seen earlier with CW MW
effects of interference with long-term
radiation of equivalent SAR.
continuous-wave regulatory processes (such as
survival time of the exposed nerves nn nn nn EXP CEF in vitro (CW) MW cell vitality no -/- nn interfering with maintenance of nn sham-exposure ´- (survival time) ↓++ (survival time) ↓++ (survival time)
radiation. Isolated adequate ionic concentration
sciatic nerves of gradient across the membrane)
frogs (Rana rather than interference with the
pipiens) were mechanism for action potential
exposed to 2.45- firing.
GHz pulse-MW
radiation in a
waveguide
exposure system.
The authors Small (0.22 C maximum) but statistically
conducted a study significant increases in temperature were found in
designed to follow two brain regions of exposed animals, the midbrain
up previous work by and stratum. No change in uptake of either tracer
Oscar was found in any of the brain regions as compared
and Hawkins (Brain The authors conclude, on the
with those of sham-exposed animals, indicating that
Res 126(2):281-93, basis of their results and other
there were no changes in permeation.
1977; BENER recent reports in the literature, that
volume II(2): morphological and there is little evidence that low-level
permeability of BBB (radioactivity in in vivo -> ´- (BBB
yes brain yes EXP BBB Abstract pathological no -/- nn microwave irradiation affects the nn sham-exposure ´- (BBB permeability) ´- (BBB permeability)
brain) vitro permeability)
No. 5127) who changes blood-brain barrier, although
reported dramatic possible changes in blood flow at
increases in these low power levels cannot be
permeation of the ruled out.
blood-brain
barrier as
measured by
mannitol and inulin
uptake during
The authors Exposure to CW microwave radiation for 10 min at The authors concluded that nn nn nn ↓+ (AA concentration) ↓+ (AA concentration)
examined the effect power densities of 0 to 250 mW/cm2 caused a irradiation of rabbit lens ↑+ (opacification, if ↑+ (opacification, if AA
of microwave linear power density-related decrease in lens AA preparations with CW or pulsed AA concentration was concentration was pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Research
MECHANISMS AND
Triangle Inst.,
PHYSIOLOGIC J
Wilson, B. S.; Research 10: 2,5;
USA SIGNIFICANCE OF Durham, Bioelectricity
e Program Office, Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (B.S.W.);Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Duke Univ.,MW
160 Wilson, B. S. 1985 NC 27709 (W.T.J.)
2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 pulsed nn nn nn nn above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 rat nn nn nn sensoric
Joines, W. T. Triangle Park; 20 10
ACTION ON THE AUDITORY 4(2)
Duke Univ.,
SYSTEM
Durham
Univ.of Naples waveguide
Federico II; CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE IN GSM-like 16
d'Ambrosio, G.; 0,0623
Interuniversity HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES Bioelectro- (GMSK phase Rohde Schwarz SME 03 cell (8 males)
Massa, R.; (cw); mobile female (?), cell: cell culture
161 Zeni, O. Centre for and
Dept. of ElectronicItaly Telecommunication Engineering, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio,21, 80125 Naples, Italy, e-mail: gdambros@unina.it nn
2002 FOLLOWING GMSK PHASE magnetics 1.748 1.748 none nn nn nn (RR/G.d., R.M.); Interuniversity Centre forInteraction Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems, Naples, Italy (G.d., R.M., M.R.S., O.Z.);Natl. Res. Council - IREA, Naples, Italy (M.R.S., O.Z.)
modulated nn 1,17 - 3,93 cw = pw close to signal source with a built-in nn 15 minutes acute continuous 1 (human
Rosaria Scarfi, M.; 0,0594 telephone male lymphocyte (immune)
Interaction MODULATED MW 23(1) microwave GMSK modulation mode, lymphocytes) > 500
Zeni, O. (pw)
Between EMF EXPOSURE radiation) coupled to a TWT amplifier lymphocytes
and Biosystems (Varian VZS 6951 K2 BDEK)
Zeni, O.; CNR-Inst. for
GSM signal
Chiavoni, A. S.; Electromagnetic LACK OF GENOTOXIC
produced by a human cell culture:
Sannino, A.; Sensing of EFFECTS (MICRONUCLEUS CW signal
Radiat Res 0,2; below / modified 24; 44: 72 (healthy volunteers, 12 female, 8 peripheral- cell culture
162 Zeni, O. Antolini, A.; Environment Italy
ICEmB at CNR-Inst. for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), via Diocleziano, 0.9
2003 INDUCTION) IN HUMAN 328-80124Napoli,none e-mail: scarfi.mr@irea.cnr.it (RR/M.R.S., O.Z., A.S.); TILab, viann Reiss Romoli274, 10148 Torino, Italy (A.S.C., A.A., D.F.); ICEmB cwDept. of Physics, Univ. of Bologna, VialeBerti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (F.B.)
0.925 Italy, nn nn nn nn GSM-like G. nn 1.6 at ≥ pw nn generator; near-field temporary intermittent 1 20
160(2) 1,6 close to commercial hours age 32 +/- 9 yr male blood lympho- (immune)
Forigo, D.; (IREA); LYMPHOCYTES EXPOSED TEM cell
cellular phone; lymphocytes) cytes
Bersani, F.; TILab; IN VITRO TO 900 MHz EMF
TEM cell
Scarfi, M. R. Univ. of Bologna
0,8 - 1,2 0,8 - 1,2
THE EFFECTS OF 860 MHz averaged averaged
RF RADIATION ON THE over the over the
George Motorola Integrated AC76
Zook, B. C.; INDUCTION OR PROMOTION Radiat Res brain, brain, 6 hours/day rat organ
163 Zook, B. C. Washington USA
George Washington Univ., Ross Hall, B-12, 2300 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 (RR/B.C.Z.);Depts. of none
2001 0.860 0.860 Pathology11.1 of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington1
and 11.1 15000 15000 pulsed Univ., Washington, nn
DC20037 cw = pw below nn near-field chronic intermittent 0 nn 900 whole body
Simmens, S. J. OF BRAIN TUMORS AND 155(4) 0,27-0,42 0,27-0,42 Radio Services source 22 months (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
Univ.
OTHER NEOPLASMS IN averaged averaged
RATS. over the over the
whole body whole body
* Sorting-Name technical application
To identify
similar studies,
the table is
sorted with the
nn
name of this
column.
Sometimes
this name is
not the first in technique for remote determination of breathing frequ. in unrestrained animals using RF EM waves
dielectric measurement
electronical weapon
industrial heating
medical application
medical heating
microscopic RF dosimetry
microwave killing
microwave oven
microwave thawing
mobile telephone
radar System of Body
in vivo endocrine
neuro-endocrine
reproductive
sensoric
thermo-regulatory
immune
muscle-skeleton
cardio-vascular
respiratory
haematopoetic
nervous
digestive
whole organism
in vitro biological molecules
cell-free
cell organelles
cell Example: cell (nervous)
cell culture /
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V.
Seite 70 von 100
cell culture (organic)
7e131495-b774-4c87-8929-d9f154d703bd.xlsstudies
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Microwave hearing The MWAS spectrum of the thresholds for the The authors concluded that
or responses of the responses to the microwave pulses spanned the CF thermoelastic expansion of fluids
auditory system to range of 0.3 to 30 kHz. The frequency content of the and structures within the inner ear is
microwave pulses MWAS spectrum could be expressed as a sinusoidal the major mechanism by which
(perceived as function of the form sin(x)/x. This was taken as auditory stimuli are produced by
clicks) is one of the evidence in support of the thermoelastic expansion microwave pulses. The frequency
most widely studied mechanism. In the rat experiment, changes in the spectra of these stimuli are ↑+ (level of metabolic
microwave induced auditory stimuli and accepted pattern of dGlu uptake by the inferior colliculus indistinguishable from the spectra of activity, dGlu uptake, changes in the pattern
(MWAS): metabolic activity induced effects of low- indicated that the MWAS spectrum for the rectangular pulses of the same in nuclei in the of dGlu uptake by the
EOE; changes of the
in the inferior colliculus; yes cochlea yes EXP in vivo power nonionizing neurological system no -/- microwave pulses was very broad and was similar to nn duration as the microwave pulses. nn nn nn ascending auditory inferior colliculus;
TMP
uptake of carbon-14 (14C-) tagged radiation on that induced by the acoustic clicks and noise. A The observed behavioral effects of pathway; increase of thermoelastic
2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlu) biological systems. model based on the thermoelastic hypothesis microwave exposure can be intracochlear expansion
Early indicated that the area in the MWAS spectrum explained on the basis of temperature)
studies indicated wherein microwave pulses would be expected to intracochlear heating. Very small
that these effects produce effective auditory stimuli would be bounded shifts in inner ear temperature, for
did not involve by the upper limit of hearing (31 kHz in the cat), the example, can produce large
electrophonic maximum level of peak power, and the individual changes in an animal's sensitivity
heating spectral curves for each pulse duration as described and suprathreshold responses to
Theand could be
authors by the function sin(x)/x.
Exposure to CW or GMSK phase modulated environmental sounds.
The authors concluded that, under nn control ´- ´- (CBPI) ´- (CBPI)
examined radiation did not significantly affect the CBPI in their experimental conditions, CW ´- (Micronuclei ↑+ (Micronuclei increase (pw)
cell cycle progression and cytogenetic frequency) frequency)
any experiment (mean CBPIs were 1.87 +/- 1.748-GHz radiation does not
chromosome damage (Micronuclei damage induced in 0.055 in unexposed cultures, 1.83 +/- 0.08 in CW affect MN frequency, whereas
frequency) human lymphocytes exposed cultures, and 1.99 +/- 0.063 in GMSK irradiation with GMSK phase
by exposed cultures). Exposure to CW radiation only modulated radiation increases
Cytotoxicity and changes in cell Gaussian minimum did not significantly alter MN frequency, but the MN frequency. They noted
proliferation shift keying exposure to GMSK phase modulated radiation that the intensity level used in their
(by classifying 500 lymphocytes (GMSK) phase
external significantly increased the group mean MN experiments was substantially
according to their number of yes no EXP GEN in vitro modulated genotoxicity -/- yes nn
medium frequency (0.89 +/- 0.01%, p tumors at any of these sites.
body weight; nn nn nn EXP TUM exposure cancer no -/- fatal brain tumors than
vitro
incidence of brain tumors to RF radiation of sham-exposed rats
the type emitted by and the cage controls.
cellular phones Neither of these
induced or represented a
promoted statistically significant
brain tumors or elevated risk.
other malignancies.
Fifteen groups of
60 rats each (900
Class Type of study
nn
nn nothing named
experimentelle biologisch-medizinische Studien in vivo
EXP
in vivo probands
in vivo patients
in vitro
in vivo -> vitro
in vitro; in vivo
in situ
epidemiology
chemical model system
physical model system
literature
ervous)
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Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn thermal
nn nn
(athermal)
nn nn
nn nn
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Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common mark common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
organ
histological cut
in situ cell Example: cell (nervous)
organ
chemical model system chemical model
physical model system physical model system
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Seite 73 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure / cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
ervous)
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Seite 74 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
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Seite 75 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/8/2011
number of
technical application publications
technique for remote determination of
8
breathing frequ. in unrestrained animals 0
using RF EM waves
dielectric measurement 0
electronical weapon 0 7
industrial heating 0
medical application 6
medical heating 0
microscopic RF dosimetry 0 6
microwave killing 1
microwave oven 0
microwave thawing 0
mobile telephone 7 5
radar 3
nn 146
163 4
3
2
1
0
of breathing…
measurement
determination
electronical
technique for
dielectric
remote
electronical
weapon
industrial
heating
medical
application
medical
heating
microscopic
RF dosimetry
microwave
killing
microwave
oven
Number of publications per technical application
microwave
thawing
mobile
telephone
radar
number of
year
publications
2006 2
2005 8
2004 5 14
2003 6
2002 8
2001 12
2000 2 12
1999 5
1998 0
1997 8
1996 8 10
1995 2
1994 7
1993 4
1992 4
1991 3
8
1990 3
1989 3
1988 7
1987 4 6
1986 3
1985 8
1984 5
1983 3 4
1982 8
1981 1
1980 7
1979 3 2
1978 7
1977 3
1976 2
1975 8
1974 1
0
1973 0 1960 1965 1970 1975
1972 1
1971 0
1970 0
1969 1
1968 0
1967 1
1966 0
1965 0
1964 0
1963 0
1962 0
1961 0 14
1960 0
summa 163 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Number of publications p.a.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Number of publications p.a.
2000 2005
number of
country
publications
Argentina 0
Australia 1
Austria 1 80
Belarus 2
Belgium 2
Brazil 0
Bulgaria 0
70
Canada 5
China 1
Costa Rica 0 60
Czech Republic 0
Denmark 0
Finland 3 50
France 5
Germany 9
Greece 1 40
Hungary 5
India 1
Israel 0 30
Italy 7
Japan 2
Netherlands 2
New Zealand 0
20
Poland 5
Romania 0
Russia 12 10
Saudi Arabia 0
Slovakia 0
Slovenia 0 0
Brazil
Bulgaria
Argentina
Denmark
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
China
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Canada
Australia
Costa Rica
South-Korea 0
Spain 0
Sweden 9
Switzerland 2
Turkey 0
UK 2
Ukraine 2
USA 75
USSR 8
Yugoslavia 1
nn 0
163
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Israel
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Poland
Romania
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Number of publications per country
Slovakia
Slovenia
South-Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
UK
Ukraine
Ukraine
USA
USSR
Yugoslavia
number number frequ. number number
frequ.
of publ. of publ. up to of publ. of publ.
[GHz]
min. max. [GHz] min. max.
0.0001 1 0 0.1 3 0 minimal frequency
0.0005 0 0 0.2 1 0 60
0.001 0 0 0.4 4 0
0.01 1 0 0.6 7 5
0.01312 0 0 0.8 0 0
0.05 1 0 1 47 45
0.07 0 0 1.2 3 2 50
0.147 0 0 1.4 7 8
0.18 1 0 1.6 3 1
0.22 1 0 1.8 5 7
0.27 2 0 2 2 2
0.35 1 0 2.1 1 1
0.425 1 1 2.2 0 0 40
0.46 2 2 2.3 0 0
0.5 1 0 2.4 2 2
0.546 1 0 2.5 47 41
0.591 1 1 2.6 0 0
0.6 1 1 2.7 0 0 30
0.835 1 0 2.8 7 9
0.83562 7 0 2.9 0 1
0.84 1 1 3 3 8
0.84774 0 7 4 0 1
0.86 1 1 5 1 1
0.872 1 0 6 2 4 20
0.88 2 1 7 1 1
0.89 1 1 8 0 0
0.9 17 15 9 2 1
0.902 2 2 10 3 7
0.915 10 12 > 10 9 10 10
0.925 0 1 nn 5 5
0.917 0 2 mobile phone 2 1
0.918 2 1 163 163
0.945 1 1
1 1 1
0
1.05 1 0
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
1
1.2 2 2 1.2
1.22 1 1
1.25 2 2
1.3 4 5
1.5 2 0
1.6 1 1
1.7 1 1
1.748 1 1
1.8 3 5
1.9 2 2
2.06 1 1
2.375 2 1
2.39 0 1
2.4 0 0
2.42 1 0
2.45 46 41
2.75 0 3
2.8 7 6
2.86 0 1
2.88 0 0
2.95 1 1
2.97 0 1
3 2 6
3.1 0 1
4.2 1 1
5.5 1 1
5.6 1 3
5.8 0 0
6.45 1 1
7.1 0 0
8.4 1 0
8.42 1 1
9 0 0
9.3 3 3
9.4 0 1
9.6 0 3
9.7 0 0
10 0 0
10.4 0 0
10.7 0 1
12.4 0 1
15 0 1
17 0 1
27.12 0 0
37.5 0 0
40 1 0
42.19 0 0
42.2 1 1
53 0 0
54 1 0
72.2 2 1
mobile phone 2 1
78 2
76 1 1
nn 5 5
163 163
Number of publications per frequency
minimal frequency in the study maximal frequency in the study
1.2
1.6
1.8
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.8
1.4
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.9
3
5
2
4
6
7
(up to) Frequency [GHz]
8
9
10
> 10
frequ.
frequ. number number
up to
[Hz] of publ. of publ.
[Hz]
0.00001 1 1 20
0.001 1
0.1 0 5 20
0.167 0 10 28 60
0.5 7 50 55
1 11 100 19
1.7 0 500 49
2 0 1000 29
2.5 4 5000 4 50
3 1 10000 3
4 12 upper 1
5 3 nn 47
6 7 275
7 1 MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH!
40
8 10
9 2
10 8
11 1
11.1 1
30
12 1
13 2
16 22
17 1
21 1
22 2
20
25 2
30 1
32 4
40 1
50 16 10
60 2
75 2
80 1
83 0
100 14 0
110 1 1 5
138 2
200 3
217 19
250 5
300 1
350 0
370 1
400 1
413 1
500 15
555 1
600 2
700 1
710 1
769 1
935 1
1000 22
1200 1
2000 1
5000 2
6000 1
10000 2
30000 1
1E+12 0
nn 47
MEHRFACHN
ENNUNGEN
275 MÖGLICH!
Number of publications per
pulse repetition frequency (min.)
5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000
(up to) frequency [Hz]
10000 upper nn
width
width number number
[µs] of publ.
up to
of publ. Number of public
[µs]
0.01 1 1 25
0.1 1 5 24 80
0.15 1 10 14
0.5 7 50 6
1 15 100 2
1.2 1 500 2 70
1.3 2 1000 8
1.5 1 5000 0
2 13 10000 4
2.7 2 50000 4 60
3 2 100000 0
5 3 500000 0
6 1
50
7.1 0 1000000 0
10 14 nn 74
10.9 0 163
20 3
40
30 3
60 1
65 1
100 1 30
500 2
570 5
576 2
577 1 20
580 1
750 1
2000 1
5000 1 10
4000 3
6000 2
6670 1
6700 1 0
9200 1 1 5 10 50 100
10000 1
15000 1
20000 1
25000 2
400000 0
750000 0
1000000 0
100
Number of publications per pulse width
100 500 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000
(up to) pulse width [µs]
1000000 nn