Index of European Court of Justice rulings related to Article 4 of the EC Directive on the
Conservation of Wild Birds
This is an index to key judgements relating to the selection, classification and management of Special Protection
Areas under Article 4 of the EU Birds Directive. It has been prepared as part of the 2008-2010 review of the UK
network of Species Protection Areas (see www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1770 for further information).
It makes no attempt to provide interpretation of any judgements, rather its aims just to enable access to relevant
parts of the orginal Court Judgements. Access to these are facilitate by means of hotlinks to the Curia website.
Judgements can also be located via the following page: http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_7045/
Alternatively, they may be searched for via: http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en
Contents
The Case Index worksheet lists those cases indexed, together with the main Articles of the Directive(s) for which the
Judgement provides interpretation.
The Key Word Index provides an index, for each subject, to paragraphs of the relevant cases where this topic arises.
The index is arranged under different themes and there is a degree of deliberate duplication to facilitate search.
Thus one paragraph may be referenced both under ' inadequate size of SPA' as well as under 'boundary delineation'.
The Species Index does what its title suggests!
Whilst this aims to be a complete listing of relevant case-law, no liability is accepted for its content or completeness.
Further versions
Please provide any corrections or comments (especially any key Judgements inadvertantly not included) to:
David.Stroud@jncc.gov.uk
Further updated versions of this spreadsheet will be produced from time to time and will be made available at
www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1770
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the following for their assistance in helping to develop this spreadsheet: Nigel Buxton, Simon Catherall,
Kate Jennings, Ant Maddock, Conor McKinney , Michael McLeod, Micheal O'Brian and Andy Tully.
Citation
Suggested citation: Stroud, D.A. 2011. Index of European Court of Justice rulings related to Article 4 of the EC
Directive on the conservation of wild birds. Version 2.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK.
1 August 2011
JNCC, Peterborough, UK
Main Article of Birds or Habitats & Species Directives being interpreted or referred to
Indexed Case number and Commission v. Date of judgement Short title Comments Preamble 1 2 3 4(1) 4(2) 4(3) 4(4) 4(4) first 4(4) 5 6 7 7(1) 7(4) 8 9 10 Preamble HSD HSD HSD HSD HSD HSD
hyperlink sentence second 3(1) 4 6(2) 6(3) 6(4) 7
sentence
C-247/85 Belgium Wednesday, July 08, 1987 Not SPA related 1 1 1 1 1
C-252/85 France Wednesday, April 27, 1988 Not SPA related 1 1 1
C-262/85 Italy Wednesday, July 08, 1987 Not SPA related 1 1 1
C-412/85 Germany ######################## Not SPA related 1 1
Y C-57/89 Germany Thursday, February 28, 1991 Leybucht Dikes 1 1 1 1 1
N C-157/89 Italy Thursday, January 17, 1991 Not available in English 1
Y C-334/89 Italy Thursday, January 17, 1991 1
Y C-355/90 Spain Monday, August 02, 1993 Santona Marshes 1 1 1 1 1 1
C-435/92 France Not SPA related 1
C-118/94 Italy Thursday, March 07, 1996 Regione Veneto Not SPA related 1
Y C-44/95 Thursday, March 21, 1996 Lappel Bank Referal from UK High Court 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-3/96 Netherlands Tuesday, May 19, 1998 Dutch IBAs 1 1 1
C-10/96 Begium ######################## ABSL Not SPA related 1 1
Y C-166/97 France Thursday, March 18, 1999 Seine Estuary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-96/98 France ######################## Marais Poitevin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-374/98 France ######################## Basses Corbieres 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C-39/99 France ######################## Not SPA related 1 1 1 1
C-159/99 Italy Thursday, May 17, 2001 Not SPA related 1 1 1 1
Y C-117/00 Ireland Thursday, June 13, 2002 Owen-Duff-Nephin Beg Complex 1 1 1
Y C-202/01 France Tuesday, November 26, 2002 Plaine des Maures 1 1
Y C-378/01 Italy Thursday, March 20, 2003 1 1 1 1
Y C-415/01 Belgium Thursday, February 27, 2003 Région flamande 1 1 1 1 1 1
C-182/02 France Thursday, October 16, 2003 Not SPA related 9(1)c
N C-166/04 Greece Thursday, October 27, 2005 Messolongi Lagoon Not available in English
Y C-209/04 Austria Thursday, March 23, 2006 Lauteracher Ried 1 1 1
Y C-235/04 Spain Monday, June 28, 2004 Spanish IBAs 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-334/04 Greece Thursday, October 25, 2007 1 1
Y C-418/04 Ireland ######################## Irish SPAs 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-191/05 Portugal Thursday, July 13, 2006 Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 1
Y C-304/05 Italy ######################## Santa Caterina 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-388/05 Italy ######################## 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C‑186/06 Spain ######################## Segarra-Garrigue Canal 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-535/07 Austria Thursday, October 14, 2010 Austrian SPAs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Y C-522/09 Romania Thursday, April 14, 2011 Case dismissed as 1 1
inadmissable
N C-2/10 Thursday, July 21, 2011 Italian wind farms Preliminary ruling
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Site inventories
IBAs C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 26, 28, 35, 37, 40-44, 51-53, 65-72
IBAs C-388/05 1, 19-20
IBAs C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 13
IBAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 13-43, 46, 68
IBAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 40-68, 82, 94, 115
IBAs C-378/01 10, 18
IBAs C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 11, 27, 31, 42
IBAs ability of ECJ to use as a reference C-378/01 18
IBAs ability of ECJ to use as a reference C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 68-70
IBAs C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 11-12, 23, 25
IBAs ability of ECJ to use as a reference C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 25
IBAs impacts upon C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 6, 8, 12
IBA inventories inadequacy and poor quality of C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 14-19
IBA inventories inadequacy and poor quality of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 42-44
IBA inventories scientific nature of C-378/01 18
IBA inventories lack of completeness - doesn't undermine C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 51
IBA inventories update of national inventory C-378/01 13, 18
IBA inventories National inventory (ZICO) C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 7, 15
IBA inventories - 1988 C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 20, 26-27
IBA inventories - 1988 use in the absence of other MS inventories C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 27
IBA inventories - 1989 relationship to IBA 2000 C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 17
IBA inventories - 1989 identifies most suitable territies cf IBA 2000 C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 17
IBA inventories - 1998 ability of ECJ to use as a reference C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 6, 30
IBA inventories - 2000 ornithological criteria C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 6, 8, 14, 16, 19-48, 52-53, 57, 59
IBA inventories - 2000 ornithological criteria - disputed C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 53
IBA inventories - 2000 inadequacy and poor quality of C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 20
IBA inventories - 2000 use in the absence of other MS inventories C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 28
IBA inventories - 2000 insufficient inclusion of IBAs in SPA network C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 57
IBA inventories - 2000 insufficient inclusion of IBAs in SPA network C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 3
IBA inventories - 2000 C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 15-17
IBA criteria C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 30-34
Nature reserves and other protected areas C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 24
Nature reserves and other protected areas C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 17
Nature reserves and other protected areas C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 18, 20
Nature reserves and other protected areas C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 9, 17, 23, 45
National SPA inventories lack of criteria for C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 41
National SPA inventories lack of C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 66, 69
National SPA inventories lack of C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 22, 26-27, 35, 70
National SPA inventories lack of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 51-54
National SPA inventories lack of C-378/01 18
National SPA inventories lack of C-378/01 18
Site selection
Time necessary for MS to undertake surveys and gather data C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 31
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 17-18, 45
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 8-9, 12
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 1-42
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 8, 49, 59, 67
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 39, 141
Balance between ecological and socio-economic factors C-378/01 15
Boundary determination C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 29
Boundary determination C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 10, 17
Boundary determination C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 124-147
Boundary determination C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 26
Boundary determination need to align with natural boundaries of wetland ecosystem C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 131, 137, 142, 145
Boundary determination need to include areas infrequently used C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 132-137
Boundary determination Article 4(1) & (2) as a guide to Member States C-191/05 10
Boundary determination exclusion of areas of importance C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 10
Boundary determination exclusion of areas of importance C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 6, 10-15, 27, 51
Boundary determination exclusion of areas of importance C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 22-31
Boundary determination must be undertaken solely on basis of scientific criteria C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 28-42
Boundary determination classification needs to be based on best scientific knowledge available C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 32, 46, 48
Boundary determination change of SPA boundary following classification - reasons for C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25-31
Boundary determination change of SPA boundary following classification - failure to justify C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 26
Boundary determination inclusion of adjacent areas with the same species interest C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 10, 18-49
Boundary determination selection of boundaries where habitat is continuous over wider area C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 19
Boundary determination obligation to keep boundaries under review in light of evolving knowledge C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 20, 28, 42-45
Discretion of national governments to classify C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 25-26
Discretion of national governments to classify C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 20
Discretion of national governments to classify margin of discretion as to 'most suitable' C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 33
Discretion of national governments to classify margin of discretion as to 'most suitable' C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 42
Discretion of national governments to classify margin of discretion as to 'most suitable' C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 61
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 42
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 26
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 23, 40, 47, 51, 53, 60-62, 65, 71
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 16, 20-22, 30-34
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 36-37, 39, 49, 141
Criteria for selection of SPAs C-378/01 14
Criteria for selection of SPAs should be exclusively ornithological criteria C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 26, 31, 40
Criteria for selection of SPAs globally threatened species C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 30-32, 67
Criteria for selection of SPAs globally threatened species C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 90, 92, 94
Criteria for selection of SPAs relationship between population size & SPA provision C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 90
Criteria for selection of SPAs 1% population thresholds C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 31-32, 71
3
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Criteria for selection of SPAs biogeographical regions C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 33
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 47, 62
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-388/05 19
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 50, 59, 63, 91, 108, 110, 276
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 13
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 39, 47
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 12
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 20, 23-29, 33, 37-39
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 34
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories -relationship with IBA inventories (1989 & 2000) C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 17
Criteria for selection of SPAs condition of site prior to classification C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 26
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories - need to classify all C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 37
Criteria for selection of SPAs most suitable territories - need to classify all C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 62
Criteria for selection of SPAs site no longer a most suitable territory C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 17
Criteria for selection of SPAs classification as SPA means site is a most suitable territory C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 21, 23
Criteria for selection of SPAs small population numbers no justification for failure to classify SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 91
Criteria for selection of SPAs IBA Criterion C6 C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 94, 115
Criteria for selection of SPAs IBA Criterion C1 C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 94
Criteria for selection of SPAs need for criteria to be scientific C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 142
Criteria for selection of SPAs need for criteria to be scientific C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 26, 39-40
Criteria for selection of SPAs need for criteria to be scientific C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 13-14
Criteria for selection of SPAs flawed criteria give incorrect boundaries C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 142
Criteria for selection of SPAs Article 4(1) & (2) as a guide to Member States C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 10
Criteria for selection of SPAs relationship with Ramsar Criteria C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 18, 39-40, 43
Criteria for selection of SPAs burden of proof lies with MS C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 23
SPAs inadequate size of C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 46-57
SPAs inadequate size of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 34, 124-147
SPAs inadequate size of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 6, 10-15, 27, 51
SPAs inadequate number of C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 58-85
SPAs inadequate number of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 34, 68, 105
SPAs inadequate number of C-378/01 5
SPAs relationship with SAC C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 17, 34, 39
SPAs - inadequate number and size of relationship with IBAs C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 8
SPA classification inadequately varied or representative national network C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 3, 13-21
SPAs - inadequate number and size of C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 3, 22-31
Sufficiency of national SPA networks C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 7-8, 30, 48, 63, 69
Sufficiency of national SPA networks C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 11, 21, 26
Sufficiency of national SPA networks C-378/01 5
Sufficiency of national SPA networks lack of SPAs for certain Annex I species C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 18-21
Coherent network of SPAs C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 50, 58, 63
Coherent network of SPAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 34
Coherent network of SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 61
Extent of national SPA network C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 41-42
Extent of national SPA network comparisions with other Member States C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 69
Extent of national SPA network representative set of sites C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 108
Extent of national SPA network C-378/01 5
Extent of national SPA network insufficient representation of species C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 54, 56
Extent of national SPA network insufficient inclusion of IBA 2000 sites C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 57
Inclusion of urban areas and industrial zones requirement to do so C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 68-69, 72-73
Inclusion of intensively managed agricultural land (as feeding C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 68-69
areas) of seasonal lagoons
Inclusion C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 70
Purpose of SPAs maintenance of geographical distributions C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 60
Purpose of SPAs maintenance of population size C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 60
Purpose of SPAs management of European common heritage C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 64
Purpose of SPAs management of European common heritage C-262/85 9
Purpose of SPAs management of European common heritage C-38/99 53
Purpose of SPAs management of European common heritage C-334/89 8
Purpose of SPAs European common heritage C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 159
Purpose of SPAs management of European common heritage C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 24
Purpose of SPAs protection of species C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 53
Purpose of SPAs survival and reproduction of Annex I spp. etc. C-415/01 - Région flamande 15
Purpose of SPAs survival and reproduction of Annex I spp. etc. C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 153
Purpose of SPAs scientifically proven ornithological interest C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 11
Withdrawal of proposed SPAs C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 7
Qualifying species/interest C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 30
Qualifying species/interest C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 104
Qualifying species/interest C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8
SPA to be subject to special conservation measures if fulfils criteria for classification as SPA C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 26
SPA to be subject to special conservation measures C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 9
State-owned land C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 17, 24
Post-classification review of boundaries in view of monitoring and of evolving knowledge C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 20, 28, 42-45
Need for updated scientific data C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 25
SPA classification
Obligations to classify SPAs C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 24-32
Obligations to classify SPAs C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 44, 55-64
Obligations to classify SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 36-39, 59-62, 65, 82-89
Obligations to classify SPAs continues after no longer most suitable C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 83
Obligations to classify SPAs not limited by state of knowledge at any given time C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 44
Obligations to classify SPAs cannot be avoided by other species conservation measures C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 48
Obligations to classify SPAs cannot be avoided by other species conservation measures C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 55
Proportionality with respect to Article 2 C-378/01 11
Extent of coverage of populations with SPA network C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 43
Failure to classify SPAs C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 57-58
Failure to classify SPAs C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 4
4
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Failure to classify SPAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 44-85
Failure to classify SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 70
Failure to classify SPAs C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 8
Failure to classify SPAs not classified most suitable territories C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 9-14
Failure to classify SPAs relationship with other types of protected area C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 10-14
Failure to classify SPAs unclear qualifying species & associated species-related conservation objectives C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 11
Failure to classify SPAs legal status of areas to be classified C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 13
Failure to classify SPAs clear shortfall in number and overall size C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 62
Failure to classify SPAs C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 13
Failure to classify SPAs - need for landowner goodwill no C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 101
justification for lack ofquality of classified SPAs
Inadequate area and SPA classification C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 25, 31-32
Inadequate area and quality of classified SPAs C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 6, 12, 13-16, 57
Inadequate area and quality of classified SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 31-148
Inadequate area and quality of classified SPAs C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 22-31
Inadequate legal status of classified SPAs C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 12, 17-28, 57
Inadequate number of classified SPAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 58-85
Mistaken classification of land as SPA C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 52-55
Invalidity of comparisions with other Member States C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 45
Inadequate national legislation and policies not a defence C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 55
Defence that site is SAC not valid C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 78-79
Classification of wetlands need to pay special attention to classification of C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 81-83
Classification of wetlands need to pay special attention to classification of C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 37
Classification of wetlands C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 131
Classification of wetlands Ramsar Sites C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 15, 18, 37, 39-40
Classification of steppes C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 11-12
Survey work of define SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 71, 127, 171
Widely ranging and thinly dispersed species C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 72, 109
Need for SPAs to accomodate between year movements between C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 88
Natura areas
nesting2000 Standard Data Form C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 5
Maps and demarcation need for maps to have binding force on third parties C-415/01 - Région flamande 19-25
Maps and demarcation need for proactive awareness raising of public C-415/01 - Région flamande 19
Maps and demarcation lack of sufficiently detailed maps C-378/01 20-23
Maps and demarcation C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 27
Maps and demarcation need for definitive maps C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 33
Failure to provide quantitative data on classified sites C-378/01 5-9, 20-23
Proposed SPAs protection regime to be applied prior to classification C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 49-57
Classification process need for definitive maps C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 33
Classification process maps not the only means of delimiting a SPA C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 82
Classification process need for adequate publicity C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 33
Classification process need for conservation objectives for site C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 33
Legal protection regime no need to be identical in form (specific) for every site C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 54-55
Legal protection regime no need for single legal measures to deliver protection regime C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 54, 65
Enlargement of SPA C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 31
Post-classification change of SPA boundaries
Declassification of SPA C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 12, 48-56
Ability to restrict boundaries of SPAs C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 19-22
Change to boundaries with scientific basis C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 3-8, 11-14
Redrawing of boundaries by Member State procedures & need to ensure areas are no longer 'most suitable' C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 7-16
Post-classification review of boundaries in view of monitoring and of evolving knowledge C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 20, 42-45
SPA management
Development adjacent to SPA C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 6, 27-50
Management plans C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 152
Management plans Conservation Management Plan C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 23, 28-31
Management plans public consultation on C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 23
Common land C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 23
Conservation objectives for SPAs C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 28
Restoration of tidal flows C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 25
Re-establishment of destroyed biotopes C-355/90 - Santona Marshes
Failure to avoid pollution or deterioriation of habitats C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 57-58
Deterioration of habitat quality following development works C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 14
Deterioration of habitat quality C-388/05 1, 6
Deterioration of habitat quality C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 10, 12, 29-47
Deterioration of habitat quality C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 85
Deterioration of habitat quality failure to avoid C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 48-49
Deterioration of habitat quality coniferous afforestation C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 28
Deterioration of habitat quality blanket bog & upland heaths C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 9-34
Deterioration of habitat quality as a result of development projects C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 7
Deterioration of habitat quality failure to avoid C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 9
Assessments prior to development permission C-388/05 15-16
Obligations to manage SPAs C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 18
Atmospheric deposits causing declines of species C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 54
Obligation to maintain conservation status of proposed SPAs C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 22
Obligation to maintain conservation status of proposed SPAs C-388/05 18
Obligation to maintain conservation status of proposed SPAs requirement to take all reasonable steps to avoid damage C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 10, 28, 38
Obligation to maintain conservation status of proposed SPAs C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 41, 57
Compensation measures for damage to SPAs C-388/05 27
Inapplicability of voluntary measures for management C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 26-28
Restoration of species to SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 80, 88, 118, 122
Piecemeal development - undermining objectives of Directive C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 139
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs C-415/01 - Région flamande 6, 10, 13-26
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs legal need to be able to prevent deterioration of site C-415/01 - Région flamande 16
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs need for maps to have binding force on third parties C-415/01 - Région flamande 19-25
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs need to be targetted at species for which site important C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 18
5
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs needs to address conservation requirements of qualifying species C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 21
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 149-168
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs need for proactive and positive measures C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 150-151, 154
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs inadequate scope of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 10, 16-26, 51
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs obligations for conservation objectives C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 33
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs need to facilitate positive measures to improve state of site C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 59, 62
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs need to clearly state qualifying species C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 64
Need for legal regime to ensure protection of SPAs no need for prohibitions to be species-specific C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 63, 65
Legal regimes need for legal certainty C-415/01 - Région flamande 21
State-owned land C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 201
State-owned land within SPA C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 27
Inadequate protection for SPAs C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 3
Directive transposition
Timetable C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 10-11
Failure to transpose adequately C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 26
Need for faithful transposition C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 64
Inadequate transposition C-334/89 1
Inadequate transposition defence of SPAs against third parties C-415/01 - Région flamande 6
Inadequate transposition pollution control regimes C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 182
Inadequate transposition of Article 6(2) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 197-221
Inadequate transposition of Article 6(3) & (4) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 222-265
National transposition need for clarity, completeness and precision C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 158, 219
National transposition need for clarity, completeness and precision C-6/04 26
Development issues & damage to SPAs
Roads C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 33-37
Roads C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 10, 12, 48-55
Roads C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 27-50
Roads determination of route, procedures C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 11-13, 50-64
Industrial development C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 38-41
Industrial development C-388/05 6-7, 14-16, 22
Industrial development titanogypsum plant adjacent to SPA C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 27-50
Port development C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 132
Impacts on hydrology C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 38, 47-49
Impacts on water quality C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 50-53
Environmental Impact Assessments C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 177, 186
Environmental Impact Assessments relationship to works undertaken C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 51-54
Environmental Impact Assessments failure to undertaken mitigation measures identified by EIA C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 33
Environmental Impact Assessments inadequate assessment of interests / not an appropriate assessment C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 23, 68
Environmental Impact Assessments independent assessment of EIA C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 25-32, 36
Environmental Impact Assessments Non-compliance with findings C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 37
Tree-felling impact of C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 35, 88
Cockle-harvesting C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 202, 211
Landclaim C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 41, 54-56
Landclaim C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 29
Aquaculture developments C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 42-46
Aquaculture developments C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 39
Aquaculture developments C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 235-247, 276
Extractive industries stone quarrying C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 6-9, 31-41
Recreational activities rock climbing C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 18
Recreational activities C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 214-221, 276
Recreational activities C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 7, 9
Waste (solid) disposal C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 47-49, 54-56
Waste (liquid) disposal C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 50-53
Waste (liquid) disposal pollution C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 177, 182
Waste (liquid) disposal pollution C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 32, 48-49
Pollution C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 7, 9
Construction works C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 8
Illegal clearing C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 8
Dyke (sea-wall/coastal defences) building C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 3, 23
Dyke (sea-wall/coastal defences) building C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 39
Access to harbours C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 24-26
Drainage C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 10, 29
Drainage C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 248-265, 276
Drainage reducing use of site by waterbirds C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 256
Intensive cultivation C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 10, 17-18, 29-46
Agriculture C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 10, 17-18, 29-46
Agriculture C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 118, 121, 183-186
Agriculture cross-compliance C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 183
Agriculture irrigation - impacts on Annex I species C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 6, 8, 33-36
Agriculture overgrazing (sheep) C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 11, 22-24
Agri-environment measures within SPAs C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 17-18, 26, 33-34
Common Agricultural Policy C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 32-33, 40
Wind energy C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 171
Skiing development of area for ski-ing and associated infrastructure C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 1-109
Fragmentation of critical habitats on site following development tree-felling C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 35
Compensatory measures following damage to SPA C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 9, 36
Compensatory measures following damage to SPA inadequacy of C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 36
Compensatory measures following damage to SPA lack of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
Appropriate assessment lack of consideration of alternative solutions C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 35, 37
Appropriate assessment lack of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
Assessment of development imperitive reasons of overriding public interest C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
Assessment of development public interest C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
Assessment of development lack of alternative solutions C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
6
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Assessment of development no need for because development is small - invalid argument C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 244
Assessment of development need to consider cumulative effects C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 245
Assessment of development prior favourable opinion C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 20
Assessment of development need for prior assessment C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 55
Assessment of development reasonable scientific doubt/best scientific knowledge C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 59
Development in areas that should be SPA failure to prevent or mitigate C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 36-37
Authorisation given affecting integrity of site C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 50
Lack of consideration of alternatives C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 74-75
Habitats outside SPAs
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs need to take serious steps to avoid C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 176-193
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs lack of coherant attempt to implement obligations C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 190-191
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs overgrazing C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 13-21
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs Loss of heather and damage to upland habitats C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 13-21
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs need to take serious steps to C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 48
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs failure to take special conservation measures C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 9
Deterioriation of habitats outside SPAs failure to take measures to preserve, maintain or re-establish diversity of habitats C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 9
Agriculture voluntary measures inadequate transposition of Article 4(4) obligations C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 185
Duty to safeguard sufficient diversity and area of habitats Red Grouse C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 12, 15
Data and information
Necessity to use up-to-date data C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 24
Necessity to use up-to-date data C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 47, 66, 266
Article
Preamble C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 18-19
Article 1 C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 2
Article 2 C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 15
Article 2 C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 3, 59
Article 2 C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 3
Article 2 C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 39
Article 2 C-378/01 2, 11, 15
Article 2 proportionality in implementation of with respect to SPAs C-378/01 11
Article 2 interpretation C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 1, 3, 24-25, 27
Article 2 relationship with Articles 3, 4(1) and 4(4) C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 13-14
Article 3 C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 4
Article 3(1) C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 2
Article 3 C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 4, 19-20, 24
Article 3 relationship with Articles 2, 4(1) and 4(4) C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 13-14
Article 3 C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 9, 13-21
Article 3 non-compliance C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 7
Article 4 interpretation C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 1, 19-20, 23-24, 28-42
Article 4 C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes
Article 4 C-388/05 2
Article 4 C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 2, 57
Article 4 C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 23
Article 4 C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 4, 46
Article 4 C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 2, 6, 26
Article 4 degree of Member State discretion to implement C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 42, 47, 57-58, 60-62
Article 4 degree of Member State discretion to implement C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 39
Article 4(1) C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 3, 24, 32
Article 4(1) C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 7, 20
Article 4(1) C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 5, 8, 22-24, 27, 30-31, 39, 46-55, 63, 72-73
Article 4(1) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 13-16, 22
Article 4(1) C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 4, 26, 79
Article 4(1) transposition of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 152, 197
Article 4(1) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 4, 30, 51-52, 124, 152, 163, 165, 276
Article 4(1) C-334/89 2
Article 4(1) C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 2, 10, 13
Article 4(1) C-415/01 - Région flamande 2, 6, 26
Article 4(1) C-378/01 3, 10, 23
Article 4(1) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 5, 26-27, 28-42
Article 4(1) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 2, 8, 14-27, 51
Article 4(1) special conservation measures C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 8
Article 4(1) special conservation measures C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 46, 54, 55
Article 4(1) special conservation measures - doesn't override obligation to classify SPAs C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 21
Article 4(1) special conservation measures - need to adopt C-334/89 10
Article 4(1) failure to classify qualifying SPA C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 8, 17
Article 4(1) special conservation measures C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 18-23, 26, 30
Article 4(1) special conservation measures - need for if site qualifies as SPA C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 26, 30
Article 4(1) relationship with protection required by Article 4(4) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 31-47, 59
Article 4(1) Inadequate scope and extent of SPA network C-522/09 5-10
Article 4(1) C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 13-14
Article 4(1) C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 98-109
Article 4(1) non-compliance C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 15, 31, 32-115
Article 4(1) non-compliance C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 17-49
Article 4(1) non-compliance C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49-62
Article 4(1) non-compliance C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 21
Article 4(2) non-compliance C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 21
Article 4(2) non-compliance C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49-62
Article 4(2) non-compliance C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 17-49
Article 4(2) non-compliance C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 15, 32-115
Article 4(2) C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 98-109
Article 4(2) C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 4,32
7
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Article 4(2) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 2, 14-27, 51
Article 4(2) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 13-16, 22
Article 4(2) C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 4, 26, 79
Article 4(2) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 4, 30, 51-52, 124, 152, 163, 165, 276
Article 4(2) transposition of C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 152
Article 4(2) C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 10
Article 4(2) C-415/01 - Région flamande 2, 6, 26
Article 4(2) C-378/01 3, 10, 23
Article 4(2) failure to classify qualifying SPA C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 8, 16
Article 4(2) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 6, 26-27, 28-42
Article 4(2) Inadequate scope and extent of SPA network C-522/09 5-10
Article 4(3) C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 10
Article 4(3) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 61
Article 4(3) C-378/01 3, 23
Article 4(4) C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 5, 33-58
Article 4(4) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 2, 27-50
Article 4(4) first sentence of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 34, 38-39
Article 4(4) second sentence of C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 48
Article 4(4) C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 7, 12-13, 18, 20-21
Article 4(4) C-388/05 17-18, 23, 26
Article 4(4) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 35, 40-46
Article 4(4) C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 22
Article 4(4) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 47, 57
Article 4(4) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 4, 30, 84, 120, 169-193, 276
Article 4(4) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 7, 39
Article 4(4) first sentence of - failure to implement C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 169-175, 195, 276
Article 4(4) first sentence of C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 44-47
Article 4(4) first sentence of C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 9, 22-26
Article 4(4) second sentence of - failure to implement C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 176-193, 276
Article 4(4) C-415/01 - Région flamande 2, 6, 26
Article 4(4) interpretation C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 13
Article 4(4) lack of ability to derogate from obligations C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 20
Article 4(4) lack of discretion C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 35
Article 4(4) legally superior to implementation of CAP C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 40
Article 4(4) relationship with Article 4(1) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 31-50
Article 4(4) first sentence of - relationship with Articles 2, 3 and 4(1) C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 13-14, 26-29, 32, 37-39
Article 4(4) first sentence of C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 58
Article 4(4) second sentence of C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 29
Habitats Directive - Article 6(1) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 163
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-388/05 1, 3, 25-26, 29
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 4
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 7, 30, 173, 195-221, 276
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-415/01 - Région flamande 3, 6, 26
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 3-4, 8, 31-47, 49-58
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 8
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) in conjunction with Articles 6(3), 6(4) and 7 C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 87-97
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 58
Habitats Directive - Article 6(2) C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 9, 25-34
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-388/05 1, 4
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 4
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 7, 30, 173, 195-213, 222-265
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) inadequate transposition C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 222-265
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 4, 34-37
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-415/01 - Région flamande 3, 6, 26
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 3-4, 8, 31-47, 49-58
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 8, 39
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 238, 276
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) in conjunction with Article 7 C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 46-73
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) non-compliance with C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 71, 73
Habitats Directive - Article 6(3) relationship with Article 6(4) C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 80-85
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 17, 50-63
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) doesn't apply as project started before HD transposition C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 50-63
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-388/05 1
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 4
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 7, 30, 173, 195-213, 222-265
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) inadequate transposition C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 222-265, 276
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 4, 29, 34-37
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-415/01 - Région flamande 3, 6, 26
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 3-4, 8, 31-47, 49-58
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 8, 36, 38-39
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) in conjunction with Article 7 C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 74-86
Habitats Directive - Article 6(4) relationship with Article 6(3) C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 80-85
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-388/05 5, 24
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 3
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 4
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-415/01 - Région flamande 4, 16, 26
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 197
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 3, 42-46
Habitats Directive - Article 7 C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 8, 36
Habitats Directive - Article 23(1) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 32
Habitats Directive - Article 23(1) C-415/01 - Région flamande 5
Habitats Directive - Article 23(1) C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 5
Habitats Directive - Article 23(1) C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 5
Article 10 failure to transpose C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 1, 7, 30, 266-276
Article 18(1) C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 31
8
Primary issue Secondary issue ECJ Case Paragraphs
Annex I C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 26
Annex I C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 7, 20-21
Annex I C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 7, 43, 45, 55-57
Annex I C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 13, 22
Annex I C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 11, 21, 23, 53, 75, 77, 85
Annex I C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 11, 19, 23
Annex I C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 11, 43
Annex I C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 46, 82, 103-104
Annex I obligation to classify SPAs for C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 55-56
Annex I obligation to classify SPAs for C-334/89 10
Annex I obligation to classify SPAs for C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 59-61, 68, 110
Annex I obligation to classify SPAs for C-378/01 10
Annex I obligation to classify SPAs for - Member State to determine which species C-334/89 2-6, 7, 9-10
Annex I purpose of C-415/01 - Région flamande 15
Annex I C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 15-16
Annex V C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 5-6
Legal issues
Legal interpretation relationship with national courts and national case law C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 166
Legal interpretation relationship with national courts and national case law C-300/95 37
Legal interpretation relationship with national courts and national case law C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 34
Legal interpretation taking economic considerations into account when defining boundaries C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 1-42
Implementation of obligations inadequate national legislation or procedures not a valid excuse C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 13
Implementation of obligations inadequate national legislation or procedures not a valid excuse C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 13
Implementation of obligations inadequate national legislation or procedures not a valid excuse C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 55
Failure to implement cannot lead to gaining advantage from failure to implement obligations C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 51
Imperitive reasons of overriding public interest economic requirements C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 41
Imperitive reasons of overriding public interest C-166/97 - Seine Estuary 29
Pre-litigation procedures C-522/09 15-20
Changing basis of complaints by Commission requirement for Member State to be able to defend itself C-522/09 15-20
Changing basis of complaints by Commission subject of litigation to be the same as pre-litigation complaint C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 15-23
Changing basis of complaints by Commission widened subject matter of action C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 32, 42-52
Legal basis for implementing Directive obligations Member State has discretion to choose C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 60-61
Obligations in light of deadlines for transposition Habitats Directive Article 6(4) C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 53-63
Member States (involved or supporting defendent MS)
Austria C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs
Austria C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried
Belgium C-415/01 - Région flamande
Finland C-334/04 - Greek SPAs
France C-166/97 - Seine Estuary
France C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin
France C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres
France C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures
France C-334/04 - Greek SPAs
France C-44/95 - Lappel Bank
Germany C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes
Germany C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs
Germany C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs
Greece C-418/04 - Irish SPAs
Greece C-334/04 - Greek SPAs
Ireland C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg
Ireland C-418/04 - Irish SPAs
Italy C-334/89
Italy C-378/01
Italy C-304/05 - Santa Caterina
Italy C-388/05
Netherlands C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs
Portugal C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA
Portugal C-334/04 - Greek SPAs
Romania C-522/09
Spain C-355/90 - Santona Marshes
Spain C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs
Spain C-418/04 - Irish SPAs
Spain C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal
Spain C-334/04 - Greek SPAs
United Kingdom C-44/95 - Lappel Bank
9
Issue ECJ Case Paragraph
Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105
Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 54
Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20
Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75
Shag (Mediterranean race) Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49
Pgymy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmaeus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 41, 43, 59-60
Bittern Botaurus stellaris C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 45, 54
Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 29
Black Stork Ciconia nigra C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia C-355/90 - Santona Marshes 27
Anseriformes C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 50
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 255-256, 259
Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 106, 148, 276
Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 29-30
Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 41, 43
Wintering ducks C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 30, 39
Migrating birds of prey C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 11
Migrating birds of prey C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 44
Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20
Black Kite Milvus migrans C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Red Kite Milvus milvus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 53, 60
Red Kite Milvus milvus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Red Kite Milvus milvus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Bearded Vulture/ Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Bearded Vulture/ Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 54, 67
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 12
Black/Cinerous Vulture Aegypius monachus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Black/Cinerous Vulture Aegypius monachus C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 12
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105, 170-171
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 16
Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 16, 23
Goshawk Accipiter gentilis C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 29, 95
Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 51, 58
Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20
Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 51, 59-60
Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 24
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 12
Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 6, 11-12, 15, 18, 24, 33, 36, 38-40
Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 31
Bonelli's Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 68, 72-73
Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 51, 58
Merlin Falco colmbarius C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105
Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Lanner Falco biarmicus C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 59-60
Peregrine Falco peregrinus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 67
Peregrine Falco peregrinus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 105
Peregrine Falco peregrinus C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 24
Peregrine Falco peregrinus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Hazel Hen Bonasa bonasia C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Hazel Hen Bonasa bonasia C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Willow Grouse Lagopus lagopus C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 14
Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 10, 13-21, 34
Ptarmigan Lagopus mutus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16, 22, 95
Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 45, 54
Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16, 95
Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75-76
Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
10
Issue ECJ Case Paragraph
Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Corncrake Crex crex C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 72, 77, 90-103, 107, 112-123
Corncrake Crex crex C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 6, 14, 18-49
Crane Grus grus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 70
Crane Grus grus C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 12
Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 68, 71, 75
Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 31
Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 54
Great Bustard Chlamydotis undulata C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 71
Great Bustard Otis tarda C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 16, 23
Charadriformes C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 50
Waders (breeding) C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 22
Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 139-140
Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 9, 27
Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 11
Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 54
Collared Practincole Glareola pratincola C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75-76
Dotterel Charadrius morinellus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Dotterel Charadrius morinellus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25, 27, 29
Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105
Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria C-117/00 - Owenduff/Nephin Beg 30
Lapwing Vanellus vanellus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 106, 148, 276
Lapwing Vanellus vanellus C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 35-36
Dunlin Calidris alpina C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105
Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 106, 148, 276
Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 35-36
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 30
Curlew Numenius arquata C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 106, 148, 276
Curlew Numenius arquata C-209/04 - Lauteracher Ried 35-36
Redshank Tringa totanus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103, 106, 139-140, 148, 276
Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20 Surely a mistake!
Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 79-88
Little Tern Sterna albifrons C-44/95 - Lappel Bank 11
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse Pterocles alchata C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 68
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 189
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo C-191/05 - Moura, Mourão, Barrancos SPA 8, 12
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 24
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Eurasian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Eurasian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 103-105
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 16, 23
Boreal/Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Boreal/Tengmalm's Owl Aegolius funereus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 29
Kingfisher Alcedo atthis C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 72, 103, 107-111
European Roller Coracias garrulus C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75
European Roller Coracias garrulus C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 31
European Roller Coracias garrulus C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 29
Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 17
Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Green Woodpecker Picus viridis C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 29
Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16, 29, 95
Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopus major C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 29
Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus C-535/07 - Austrian SPAs 25
Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 65, 75-76
Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti C‑186/06 - Segarra-Garrigues Canal 31
Calandra Lark Melanocorypha calandra C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75
Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75
Thekla Lark Galerida theklae C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20
Skylark Alauda arvensis C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 189
Sand Martin Riparia riparia C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 189
Swallow Hirundo rustica C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 189
Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 20
Krüper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 51, 56, 62
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 16
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 29
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor C-235/04 - Spanish IBAs 75-76
Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 104
Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 24
Cinereous Bunting Emberiza cineracea C-334/04 - Greek SPAs 49, 51, 58
Ortolan Bunting Emberiza hortulana C-202/01 - Plaine des Maures 29
11
Issue ECJ Case Paragraph
Population trends C-57/89 - Leybucht Dikes 27
Population trends C-3/96 - Dutch IBAs 45, 54
Population trends C-96/98 - Marais Poitevin 30, 39
Population trends C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 98-100, 118
Population trends C-374/98 - Basses Corbieres 24
American Mink Neovison vison C-418/04 - Irish SPAs 80, 87
Marmot Marmota marmota C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 22
Invertebrates C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 22
Amphibia C-304/05 - Santa Caterina 22
12