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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
Alternate
Element name Symbol Isotope Half life Use
Aluminium Al 26 710000 years Medical
Aluminium Al 26 710000 years Research
Americium Am 241 432.2 years Industrial
Argon Ar 41 1.82 hours Industrial
Cadmium Cd 109 462 days Industrial
Caesium Cs 137 30.2 years Medical
Caesium Cs 137 30.2 years Industrial
Calcium Ca 47 4.536 days Research
Californium Cf 252 2.64 years Industrial
Carbon C 11 20.3 minutes Medical
Carbon C 14 5715 years Research
Carbon C 14 5715 years Industrial
Chlorine Cl 36 301000 years Research
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Chromium Cr 51 27.70 days Research
Cobalt Co 57 271.8 days Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days Medical
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days Industry
Cobalt Co 60 1925 days Industry
Copper Cu 64 12.701 hours Medical
Copper Cu 67 2.580 days Medical
Curium Cm 244 18.11 years Industrial
Fluorine F 18 1.83 hours Medical
Gallium Ga 67 3.260 days Medical
Gold Au 198 2.694 days Industrial
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Hydrogen Deuterium, D H 2 stable Chemistry
Hydrogen Tritium H 3 Medical
Hydrogen Tritium, T H 3 12.32 years Industrial
Indium In 111 2.8049 days Medical
Iodine I 131 8.040 days Medical
Iodine I 123 13.2 hours Medical
Iodine I 125 59.4 d Medical
Iodine I 129 1.7 x 107 years Medical
Iridium Ir 192 73.83 days Medical
Iridium Ir 192 73.83 days Industrial
Iron Fe 55 2.73 years Medical
Iron Fe 55 2.73 years Industrial
Iron Fe 59 44.51 days Medical
Krypton Kr 81 210000 years Medical
Krypton Kr 85 10.73 years Industrial
Lanthanum La 140 1.678 days Industrial
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Manganese Mn 54 312.2 days Industrial
Nickel Ni 63 100 years Industrial
Nickel Ni 63 100 years Research
Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes Medical
Nitrogen N 13 9.97 minutes Industrial
Nitrogen N 15 122.2 seconds Industrial
Oxygen O 15 122.2 seconds Medical
Oxygen O 18 Medical
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days Medical
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days Industrial
Phosphorus P 32 14.28 days Research
Phosphorus P 33 25.3 days Research
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Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years Industrial
Plutonium Pu 238 87.74 years Medical
Polonium Radium F Po 210 138.38 days Industrial
Potassium K 42 12.36 hours Industrial
Potassium K 42 12.36 hours Medical
Promethium Pm 147 2.6234 years Industrial
Radium Ra 226 1599 years Industrial
Rubidium Rb 81 4.57 hours Medical
Rubidium Rb 82 76 seconds Medical
Samarium Sm 152 Medical
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Samarium Sm 153 1.929 days Medical
Scandium Sc 46 83.81 days Industrial
Scandium Sc 46 83.81 days Industrial
Selenium Se 75 119.78 days Research
Selenium Se 75 119.78 days Industrial
Silver Ag 110m 24.6 seconds Industrial
Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours Industrial
Sodium Na 24 14.96 hours Medical
Strontium Sr 85 64.85 days Research
Strontium Sr 87 Research
Strontium Sr 89 50.52 days Medical
Strontium Sr 92 2.71 hours Medical
Sulfur S 35 87.2 days Medical
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Technetium Tc 99m 6 hours Medical
Thallium Tl 201 3.040 days Medical
Thallium Tl 204 3.78 years Industrial
Thorium Th 229 7880 years Industrial
Thorium Ionium Th 230 75380 years Industrial
Thorium Ionium Th 230 75380 years Research
Uranium Uranium II U 234 245500 years Medical
Uranium Uranium II U 234 245500 years Industrial
Xenon Xe 133 5.243 days Medical
Ytterbium Yb 169 32.026 days Medical
Yttrium Y 90 64.10 hours Medical
Zinc Zn 65 244.26 days Industrial
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Radiation
Specific Use Chemical Properties produced
Alzheimer's disease gamma
Acid rain gamma
Smoke Detectors, fluid-density gauges, oil well logging (neutron source), to Americium 241 emits alpha particles which
measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness ionise the air and allow a current between
in rolling processes like steel and paper production, to help determine where oil two electrodes, if smoke is present, it
wells should be drilled, useful for a level gauge, a X-ray fluorescence analysis. absorbs the alpha particlas and the current
Am241-Be9 is useful for a moisture gauge is interrupted and the alarm goes off alpha
ventilation tests in building research beta
to analyse metal alloys for checking stock, scrap sorting, X-ray fluorescene
analysis. gamma
treatment of cancerous tumous, measurement of correct dosages of
radioactive pharmaceuticals beta
measurement and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines, determine whether oil
wells are plugged by sand, ensure the right fill level for food and drug
packaging, tradiotracer for identification of sources of soil erosion and
deposition beta
to study the cellular functions and bone formation in mammals beta
to inspect luggage for hidden explosives, to gauge moistute content of soil in
the road construction and building industries, to measure moisture of materials
srored in soils alpha
glucose tagged with C11 is used with Positron Emission Tomography, positron-emitting radionuclides have short
produces positrons in the brain or other organs and monitored by PET half-lives and high radiation energies gamma
Dating organic samples up to 35000 yrs old Carbon is present in form of carbonhydrates beta
isotopic tracer, investigations of photosynthesis, also glucose through the body,
to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolised without forming harmful by-
products, useful for thickness gauge of thin plastics beta
measurement of sources of chloride and age of water (up to 2 million years),
used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics beta
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to study red blood cell survival rates gamma
Isotopic tracer - for pernicious anemia, X-ray fluorescence analysis gamma
Treating cancer, sterilisation of medical products and equipment beta and gamma
isotopic tracer - vitamin B12 with tagged with Co60 can be used to study the
absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract beta and gamma
Isotopic tracer - for finding flaws in metal castings, together with Ag110m,
La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast furnace, level gauge,
density gauge beta and gamma
Isotope dilution - used to calculate amount of compounds beta and gamma
Isotopic tracer - brain tumours absorb Copper, genetic diseases affecting
copper metabolism such as Wilson's and Menke's disease gamma
when injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the
antibodies bind to and destroy the tumour beta
used in mining to analyse material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling
operations alpha
PET, detection of cancers and monitoring progress in their treatment, positron-emitting radionuclides have short
fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) is useful for Energy metabolism diagnosis half-lives and high radiation energies gamma
isotopic tracer - as gallium citrate to detect inflammation and disorders
associated with AIDS gamma
trace factory waste causing ocean pollution, trace sand movement in river beds
and ocean floor, together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure
performance of blast furnace, togther with Ir192 and Cr57 to label sand to study
coastal erosion beta
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Deuterium enters into all chemical reactions
characteristic of ordinary hydrogen, forming
equivalent compounds. Deuterium, however,
reacts more slowly than ordinary hydrogen, a
criterion that distinguishes the two forms of
hydrogen. Because of this property, among
others, deuterium is extensively used as an
isotopic tracer in investigations of chemical
isotopic tracer, investigations of chemical and biochemical reactions involving and biochemical reactions involving
hydrogen hydrogen stable
life science and drug metabolism to ensure safety of potential new drugs beta
self luminous aircraft and commercial exit signs, luminous dials, gauges and
wrist watches, production of luminous paint, geological and hydrological
prospecting,measure "young" groundwater, tracer to study sewage and liquid
waste beta
Isotopic tracer absorbed by brain tumours gamma
imaging of the thyroid gland, treatment of thyroid cancer and Graves' disease,
Iodine accumulates in the thyroid, also brain tumors, abnormal liver function, brain tumours absorb large quantities of
renal blood flow and urinary tract obstruction Iodine beta and gamma
Diagnosis of thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders including brain
function gamma
Diagnosis of thyroid disorders, biomedical research, glomerular filtration rate of used in radioimmunoassay because 125I
kidneys, deep vein thrombosis, radioimmuno assays, show the presence of attaches easily to most antibodies or
hormones in tiny quantities antigens gamma
used to check radioactivity counters beta
Implants for tumour irradiation (brachytherapy) Internal radiotherapy beta
Test welds in boilers, pipelines and aircraft parts, radiography of steel to
discover flaws beta
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron gamma
Analyse electroplating solutions and detect the presence of sulfur in the air gamma
Isotopic tracer, investigate the metabolism of iron beta
imaging of pulmonary ventilation gamma
indicator lights in appliances such as clothes dryers, washing machines, gauge
the thickness of thin plastics and sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper, beta
together with Ag110m, Co60, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of
blast furnace beta
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water gamma
to detect explosives, voltage and current surge protection devices, useful for
thickness gauge of thin plastic beta
electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs beta
positron-emitting radionuclides have short
Positron emission tomography half-lives and high radiation energies gamma
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and
passage of elements through the environment gamma
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and
passage of elements through the environment stable
Positron Emission Tomography, incorporated into metabolically important positron-emitting radionuclides have short
molecules half-lives and high radiation energies gamma
preparation of F18-deoxyglucose for Positron emission Tomography, as
Oxygen-18 water, heart blockage detection, deficiencies in heart valves, brain
scanning for tumour detection, energy expenditure in humans and total body
water composition in humans stable
treating ovarian and bone cancer beta
isotopic tracer - to investigate the uptake of fertilisers in plants beta
molecular biology and genetics research, treatment of polycythermia vera
(excess red blood cells) beta
molecular biology and genetics research beta
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
energy generation in nuclear power stations, source of fuel for spacecraft alpha
power heart pacemakers alpha
reduce the static charge in production of photographic film and other materials alpha
isotopic tracer used in fertilisers to follow the mechanism of plant growth and
passage of elements through the environment beta
exchangeable potassium in ccoronary blood flow beta
electric blanket thermostats, useful for thickness gauge of film and leather beta
makes lighting rods more effecctive, with Be-9 is useful for moisture gauge alpha
imaging of pulmonary ventilation gamma
Positron Emission Tomography, short-term effects of physiologic alterations or
of drugs, used to identify blood-brain-barrier deficits gamma
treating ovarian and bone cancer stable
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic
phosphates beta
isotopic tracer - to investigate the silt movement in rivers beta and gamma
together with Ag110m, La140, Co60 and Au198 to measure performance of
blast furnace beta and gamma
protein studies in life science research, study the production of enzymes, useful
for density gauge gamma
weld inspection of pipelines, useful for density gauge gamma
together with Co60, La140, Sc46 and Au198 to measure performance of blast
furnace beta and gamma
detecting leaks in underground pipes, oil well studies beta
isotopic tracer - monitor blood flow, to detect constrictions or obstructions beta
bone formation and metabolism gamma
isotopic tracer - study bone growth gamma
relieve pain of secondary cancers lodged in bone, complexed with organic
phosphates gamma
treating ovarian and bone cancer beta
medical treatment beta
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
produce images of the brain, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, gall bladder, skeleton chemically binds with many biologically
and cardiovascular system, about 70% of nuclear medicine procedures, useful active molecules, injected with tin compound
for thickness gauge of film and leather which soon binds with red blood cells, beta
injected into blood stream, concentrates in normal heart muscle but will not
remain in damaged tissue, area is then photographed with a nuclear
scintillation camera to show damaged areas gamma
measurement of dust and pollutant levels on filter paper, gauge thickness of pure beta emitter,
plastic, sheet metal and rubber, used for thickness gauge for paper, plastics gamma
helps fluorescent lights last longer, with Tungsten - to improve stability and
efficiency of electric arc welding rods alpha
provide colouring and fluorescence in coloured glazes and glassware alpha
Because uranium compounds are soluble in
seawater, while thorium compounds are
quite insoluble and are readily precipitated
dating sediments, as old as 400,000 years and incorporated in sediments
provide natural colouring and brightness to dental fixtures\ alpha
fuel, production of fluorescent glassware, coloured glazes and wall tiles alpha
determination of functional lung capacity and blood flow studies beta
cerebrospinal fluid studies in the brain gamma
targetted cancer treatments, silicate colloid for treatment of arthritis in larger
joints beta
predict behaviour of heavy metals in mining waste water gamma
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
Advantage Disadvantage Production Handling
Radioactive smoke detectors should be
disposed of by returning to supplier or the
Department of Health, small amount of
gamma radiation releases, alpha particals
are produced but are absorbed within a few
readily available centimetres of the device
short half-lives of these tracers that allow administered by means of injection
large doses to be administered to the or inhalation, the purpose being
patient with low radiation exposure and half-life is so short, they have to be C-11 is created from N-14 (p,alpha), simply to enter the compound into
enable studies to be repeatedly generated on site or B-11 (p,n) using cyclotron. the bloodstream
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
created from V51 (p,n) using a
cyclotron.
Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59
in a nuclear reactor
Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59
in a nuclear reactor
Co60 is made by irradiation of Co59
in a nuclear reactor
produced from a nuclear reactor
short half life, do no emit alpha particles with Zn64(n,p) reaction.
short half-lives of these tracers that allow administered by means of injection
large doses to be administered to the or inhalation, the purpose being
patient with low radiation exposure and half-life is so short, they have to be created from O18 (p,n) using a simply to enter the compound into
enable studies to be repeatedly generated on site cyclotron. the bloodstream
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short half life, do no emit alpha particles
short half life, most is absorbed by attending staff must wear protection,
thyroid, any other is excreted, dosage too excreted I-131 can be a significant source of
small to harm the thyroid or the rest iof both contamination and radiation exposure administered as NaI in water
localised and cost effective
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
short half-lives of these tracers that allow administered by means of injection
large doses to be administered to the half-life is so short, they have to be created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12 or inhalation, the purpose being
patient with low radiation exposure and generated on site (d,n) using cyclotron. simply to enter the compound into
created from O16 (p,alpha), or C12
(d,n) using cyclotron.
short half-lives of these tracers that allow administered by means of injection
large doses to be administered to the half-life is so short, they have to be created from N15 (p,n) using or inhalation, the purpose being
patient with low radiation exposure and generated on site cyclotron simply to enter the compound into
majority of injected radiactive material
stays within the body, body acts as
effective shield administered by injection
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toxic radioisotope is sealed inside a case
that prevents alpha particles from escaping
and damaging surrounding tissue
advantage of serial measurements in the can be produced without a cyclotron
same patient from a column generator
majority of injected radiactive material
stays within the body, body acts as
effective shield administered by injection
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
majority of injected radiactive material
stays within the body, body acts as
effective shield administered by injection
produced from a nuclear reactor
with Cl35(n,p) reaction
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
half life is only 6 hours, ideal for medical 99Tc is produced as a fission As Tc-99m has short half life, it is
imaging as it keep radiation dose to short half life presents problems for delivery product from the fission of uranium transported as Mo-99 which has a
minimum, do not emit alpha particals of isotope in nuclear reactors half life of 67 hours
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hazard Web resource
http://www.nrc.gov/NRC/NUREGS/BR0217/par
t12.html http://www.uic.com.au/nip35.htm
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
http://www.c14dating.com/
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http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
http://www.c-f-
c.com/specgas_products/deuterium.htm
http://www.uiowa.edu/~hpo/training/CCCnurses
protective foot wear and /sld014.htm
disposable clothing http://www.eanmrtc.org/Monogrph/iodide.htm
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
http://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8000/lpp/radioisotope
s/tracers.html
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
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c4187827-2528-47e2-90f9-f2ce684c46f9.xls
99Tc is a contamination hazard http://www.ansto.gov.au/ansto/gentech/overvie
and should be handled in a w.htm
glove box. http://www.ainse.edu.au/info/press/2000_02.ht
http://www.britannica.com/seo/i/ionium-thorium-
dating/
http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm
http://www.uic.com.au/uicphys.htm
http://www.uic.com.au/uicchem.htm
http://encarta.msn.com/find/search.asp?search
=yttrium
http://www.nidlink.com/~jfromm/elements/yttriu
m.htm
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