Word Roots
• atrio- = a vestibule; -ventriculo = ventricle
(atrioventricular node: a region of specialized muscle
tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle; it
generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the
ventricles to contract)
• cardi- = heart; -vascula = a little vessel (cardiovascular
system: the closed circulatory system characteristic of
vertebrates)
• fibrino- = a fiber; -gen = produce (fibrinogen: the inactive
form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active
form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the
framework of a blood clot)
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Go on to the Campbell Biology site, Chapter 23
activities, do them as we learn the work, and then take
the activity quiz and submit it to me when we are done
with the chapter.
Circulatory System
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23.1 The circulatory system associates
intimately with all body tissues
23.2 Several types of internal transport have
evolved in animals
23.3 Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect
evolution
23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular
system typify those of mammals
Read pp. 464-469
Activities 23A (1st of 3) and 23B
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Diffusion inadequate for transporting chemicals
over distances greater than a few cell widths
• Capillaries form • O2/nutrients/CO2/metabolic
network around all wastes
cells
• Diffusion • Circulatory system moves
blood through organs
(liver/kidneys) where
contents are regulated
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Several types of internal transport have
evolved in animals
• No true circulatory
systems
• Cnidarians
• Exchange directly
with water
surrounding
animal/water in
gastrovascular
cavity
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No distinction between blood/interstial fluid Blood separate from interstial fluid
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• Arteries: • Veins:
1. Oxygenated blood 1. Deoxygenated blood
• Light red in color (hemoglobin picks up
CO2)
• Dark red - maroon
2. Carry blood away 2. Carry blood back to
from heart heart
3. Deeper in body-high 3. Nearer to skin-low or
pressure no pressure
4. Thick rounded walls 4. Thinner (but as
of smooth muscle wide), flatter, more
flexible (less smooth
muscle)
5. Largest : aorta 5. Largest : vena cava
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• Blood returns to heart w/aid of
• Skeletal muscle contraction
• Smooth muscle contraction in vein
• Valves (unidirectional blood flow)
• Lifting of chest cavity during breathing
(creates negative pressure by enlarging
thoracic cavity)
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Capillaries
• Walls one cell thick for diffusion
• One blood cell can pass through at
a time-pressure very low
• Found next to almost every cell of
body
• Exchange O2, food (into cell) for
waste chemicals, CO2 (into blood)
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12
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Lungs needed drastic changes (endotherms
use ~10x more energy than exotherms)
• 2 circuits, w/4-chambered heart:
• Atrium (atria)
• Thin walled
• Top chambers
• Ventricles
• Thick walled
• Pointed base at bottom
• Points toward left side
• Septum
• Wall of muscle separating right and
left sides of heart
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Nutrients picked up
by capillaries in SI
Transported to liver
where excess is stored
(nearly ¼)
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15
16
1
7
8 8
9
9
10
10
11
3 12
13
4
5 15
2
6
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23.5 The structure of blood vessels fits their function
23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat
23.8 What is a heart attack?
23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls
23.10 Measuring blood pressure can reveal
cardiovascular problems
23.11 Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood
23.12 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances
through their walls
Read pp. 470-476
Activity 23C (last one)
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Regulate blood flow by constriction
Thin walls of single layer of cells
Diffusion
Structure of blood vessels fits their functions
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Arteries Capillaries Veins
Blood away from heart Links arteries to veins Blood toward heart
Site of exchange of
materials between
blood/tissues
Thick, elastic muscular Thin-walled for rapid Muscular wall relatively
walls diffusion thin
No semilunar valves Precapillary sphincter Semilunar valves to
muscle prevent blood backflow
Blood flow rapid No pulse/little or no No pulse/little or no
Pulse/high pressure/ pressure pressure
Small lumen Small lumen Large lumen
Blood oxygenated Mix of oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood
except in pulmonary deoxygenated blood except in pulmonary vein
artery Dark red to maroon in
Bright red in color color
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Cardiac cycle:
•Passively fills w/returning blood
•Actively contracts, pumping blood out
(~0.1 sec)
(~0.3 sec)
AV valves
closed
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Heart Attack
• Cardiac muscle cells do not regenerate
• Leave non-contracting scar tissue
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Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque
Arteriosclerosis: Ca deposits in plaque
making it hard (hardening of the arteries)
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Reduce risk of
heart disease
•Increase
exercise
•Lower fat
intake
•Increase fruits/
vegetables
•Don’t smoke
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angioplasty
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Pulse-rhythmic stretching of arteries from pressure of blood from heart during systole
Blood pressure: caused by pumping of heart against resistance
offered by smaller vessels in tissues supplied by blood
Systole: 1st number (Heart contracts)
Diastole: 2nd number (Heart relaxes)
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• Velocity decreases into capillaries
• Frictional resistance
• Cross-sectional area of capillary beds
greater than that of larger vessels
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In all tissues except brain, liver, kidneys,
and heart, blood supply varies greatly
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Movement of fluid between
capillaries and interstitial fluid
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23.13 Blood consists of cells suspended in
plasma
23.14 Red blood cells transport oxygen
23.15 White blood cells help defend the body
23.16 Blood clots plug leaks when blood
vessels are injured
23.17 Stem cells offer a potential cure for
leukemia and other blood cell diseases
Read pp. 477-480
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Blood-transport medium made of liquid connective tissue
•Transport
•Temperature regulation
•Defense
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Serum-blood clotting factors removed
•5-6 million (~25
0.8% trillion in body,
~300 million per
(~7.4) drop)
5-10,000
(7000-25,000/
drop
6-8%
(60%)
(35%)
0.1% glucose/0.6% fats
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Red blood cells- erythrocytes
• Carry O2 • ~250 million hemoglobin
• Small biconcave disks, molecules/RBC
thinner in center than • No nucleus (packs in
sides more hemoglobin)
• Maximum ratio of • Fe more attracted to
surface area to CO/CO2 than to O2
volume for maximum
gas exchange
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–Hemoglobin releases O2 to cells
–Empty hemoglobin molecules then
bond with CO2
O2 molecules attach to
hemoglobin in lungs
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• ~2 million/sec • In all major body parts
formed in bone except hair/finger
marrow nails/some eye parts
• Lose nucleus & • Last ~3-4 months
mitochondria • Spleen removes/
• Negative breaks down RBCs
feedback: kidney • Molecules recycled
hormone in liver
erythropoietin • Most iron removed
(EPO) sensitive returned to bone
to amount of O2 marrow
reaching tissues
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Blood types
• Antigen (Protein/carbohydrate enables body to
recognize foreign substances)
Blood Antigen Antibody
type Present Present____Clumps w/
A A anti-B B
B B anti-A A
AB AB None None
O None anti-A A, B
anti-B
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Agglutination
clumping of blood cells
• O type blood-universal donor
• AB type blood-universal recipient
You can receive from You can donate to
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RHOGAM
destroys
Rh+ cells
in mom
Erythroblastosis
Rh+ (Rh (D) antigens present, 85% US) fetalisaby
Rh- (have Rh antibodies, no Rh antigens)
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White blood cells-
leukocytes
• # increase w/infections
• Produced in red bone marrow, lymph
nodes, and spleen
• Larger than RBC, almost colorless
• Round
• Last few days to few weeks
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61%
33%
4%
2%
1%
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Platelets
Hardens/dries,
Platelets gather, break apart
forms clot, or scab
in presence of air.
Vitamin K
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