US commitments under the UNFCCC
Supply and use of energy in the US
COP 6 unnecessary failure at The Hague
How far from Kyoto is the US
Comparing Kyoto Protocol burden
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 1
Washington DC
US commitments under the UNFCCC
• General commitments for all Parties (Art.4.1)
• Common but differentiated responsibilities (Art.3.1)
• Special commitments for industrialized Parties
-adopt policies and take measures to mitigate limiting its
anthropogenic emissions of GHG
-developed countries are taking the lead to modify long
term trends
-communicate detailed information on such policies and
measures
-aiming to return, individually or jointly, to 1990 levels of
emission
• Provide financial resources and transfer of technology
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 2
Washington DC
Selected IEA Energy Indicators 1998
TOE/Cap TOE/GDP TOE/GDP/ CO2/GDP/
PPP PPP
USA 8.11 0.31 0.31 0.77
Canada 7.73 0.35 0.38 0.78
France 4.34 0.19 0.22 0.33
Germany 4.20 0.18 0.23 0.58
Japan 4.03 0.15 0.20 0.44
UK 3.93 0.21 0.22 0.51
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 3
Washington DC
Selected IEA Energy Indicators 1998
TOE/Cap TOE/GDP TOE/GDP/ CO2/GDP/
PPP PPP
USA 8.11 0.31 0.31 0.77
World 1.64 0.37 0.28 0.67
OECD 4.63 0.25 0.26 0.61
China 0.84 1.16 0.24 1.07
India 0.49 0.95 0.32 0.61
Brazil 1.05 0.30 0.19 0.33
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 4
Washington DC
Selected IEA Energy Indicators 1998
TOE/Cap TOE/GDP TOE/GDP/ CO2/GDP/
PPP PPP
USA 8.11 0.31 0.31 0.77
Czech R. 3.99 1.55 0.44 1.11
Hungary 2.50 0.71 0.35 0.80
Poland 2.49 1.23 0.37 1.24
Romania 1.76 1.28 0.61 1.46
Russia 3.96 1.74 0.87 2.13
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 5
Washington DC
Selected IEA Energy Indicators 1998
TOE/Cap TOE/GDP TOE/GDP/ CO2/GDP/
PPP PPP
USA 8.11 0.31 0.31 0.77
Argentin. 1.73 0.27 0.21 0.47
Australia 5.60 0.27 0.29 0.86
Netherl. 4.74 0.21 0.24 0.56
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 6
Washington DC
Electric Energy Consumption 1998
kWh per capita (IEA)
Canada 16348.68 Russia 4873.11
USA 13388.11 Netherlands 4596.24
Australia 9718.89 Poland 3206.56
Japan 8008.33 World 2252.30
OECD 7751.12 Romania 2107.85
France 7175.10 Argentina 1963.93
Germany 6481.51 Brazil 1850.78
U.K 5800.11 China 871.91
Czeck R 5604.47 India 415.75
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 7
Washington DC
COP 6 “unnecessary” failure at The Hague
• The Kyoto Protocol is a modest step toward
mitigation, it is not the solution to climate change
• The target is 5.2 % reduction below 1990 (Art.3)
• According national communications gross
emissions in 1998 were 7.8 % below 1990
• Germany –16.1 %, UK -8.9 %
• Sweeden + 31.8, Spain + 23.2 %, Austria + 9.7,
Netherlands + 8.4%
• US + 21.8%, Canada + 17.1%, Japan + 8.5 %
• Eastern European 50.1 %
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 8
Washington DC
How far from Kyoto is the US
• Figures don’t suggest lack of energy in the US
• It has been said that coal is needed for electric
generation
• There are other sources of CO2 as transport and
cement production and CO2 is not the only GHG
• Methane and N2O were always accounted
• HFC, PFC and SF6 were added to the GHG basket
at the US request
• Flexibility mechanisms were also added to KP
• Developing countries mitigation action
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 9
Washington DC
Comparing Kyoto Protocol burden
• IPCC’s TAR estimated costs to implement KP
don’t include sinks, non CO2 gases or CDM
• With full trading among Annex B, estimated costs
are between 0,1 and 1.1% of projected GDP
• According the IMF the burden of developing
countries foreign debt services on their GDP in
1998 was
Indonesia 9.5 % Malaysia 7.6 %
Argentina 6.3 % Brazil 4.7 %
India 2.9 % China 2.1
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 10
Washington DC
Selected Energy Indicators for 1996
toe/cap toe/GDP toe/GDP/ppp CO2/GDP/ppp
USA 8.04 0.34 0.34 0.84
Canada 7.88 0.38 0.42 0.83
France 4.35 0.20 0.24 0.36
Germany 4.27 0.19 0.25 0.64
Japan 4.05 0.15 0.20 0.45
U.K. 3.99 0.22 0.23 0.57
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 11
Washington DC
Selected Energy Indicators for 1996
toe/cap toe/GDP toe/GDP/ppp CO2/GDP/ppp
USA 8.04 0.34 0.34 0.84
World 1.68 0.39 0.31 0.73
OECD 4.60 0.26 0.27 0.66
China 0.90 1.57 0.31 0.87
India 0.48 1.10 0.37 0.70
Brazil 1.01 0.29 0.19 0.33
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 12
Washington DC
Selected Energy Indicators for 1996
toe/cap toe/GDP toe/GDP/ppp CO2/GDP/ppp
USA 8.04 0.34 0.34 0.84
Czech Rep. 3.92 1.51 0.43 1.28
Hungary 2.50 0.79 0.39 0.91
Poland 2.81 1.56 0.47 1.59
Romania 2.03 1.26 0.60 1.62
Russia 4.17 1.80 0.90 2.20
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 13
Washington DC
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 14
Washington DC
Supply and use of energy in the US
R.A. Estrada-Oyuela PEW CENTER 15
Washington DC