E
14 March 2011
E (drug) see N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE WM298
E coli see ESCHERICHIA COLI QW138
E coli infections see ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS WC290
E-commerce see INTERNET QA320
E-journals see PERIODICALS AS TOPIC
E-learning see COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION L73
E-mail see ELECTRONIC MAIL QA305
E-prescriptions see ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING QV26.5
EAR WV500-68
A1 A9 The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL
EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that
maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE. Consider also terms at
OTI- and OTO-. For / abnormalities consider EAR DEFORMITIES, ACQUIRED. For / surgery consider
also OTOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES. For ear acupuncture use ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY
+ EAR, EXTERNAL. See related EAR, EXTERNAL; EAR, MIDDLE; LABYRINTH
Ear acupuncture see ACUPUNCTURE, EAR WB850
EAR CANAL WV522
A9 The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE. See related CERUMEN
Ear cancer see EAR NEOPLASMS WV560
EAR DISEASES WV515
C9 Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body. For /
diagnosis consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OTOLOGICAL. For inflammatory disease use
OTITIS and its specifics. See related OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC DISEASES
EAR, EXTERNAL WV520-22
A9 The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE
which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the
EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES. For congenital deformities see also EAR DEFORMITIES,
ACQUIRED. For inflammation use OTITIS EXTERNA. See related OTITIS EXTERNA
Ear inflammation see OTITIS WV515
EAR, INNER WV550
A9 The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony
labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting
cavities or spaces (COCHLEA, VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the
TEMPORAL BONE. For pressure-induced injuries use EAR, INNER / injuries + BAROTRAUMA, For
noise-induced injuries use HEARING LOSS, NOISE-INDUCED. For inflammation use
LABYRINTHITIS. For neoplasms use LABYRINTH DISEASES + EAR NEOPLASMS.
EAR, MIDDLE WV530-33
A9 The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the
inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the
EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the
throat. For / surgery consider TYMPANOPLASTY. For inflammation use OTITIS MEDIA. For injury
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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caused by pressure use EAR, MIDDLE / injuries + BAROTRAUMA. For middle ear effusions use
OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION. See related EUSTACHIAN TUBE
Ear molds see HEARING AIDS WV594
EAR NEOPLASMS WV560
C4 C9 Tumours or cancer of the internal, external, or middle ear.
Ear piercing see BODY PIERCING WR620
EAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES WV390
E7 J1 Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold.
These include earmuffs and earplugs.
Earplugs see EAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES WV390
Ear wax see CERUMEN WV522
EARACHE WV515
C9 C23 Pain in the ear.
EARLY AMBULATION WO192
E2 Procedure to accelerate the ability of a patient to walk or move about by reducing the time to
AMBULATION. It is characterised by a shorter period of hospitalisation or recumbency than is
normally practiced. Use for patient recovery, not child development.
Early awakening see SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS WL724
EARLY DIAGNOSIS WB141
E1 Methods to determine in patients the nature of a disease or disorder at its early stage of
progression. Generally, early diagnosis improves PROGNOSIS and TREATMENT OUTCOME.
In cancer QZ660
Early intervention see EARLY INTERVENTION (EDUCATION) WS518/WS618
EARLY INTERVENTION (EDUCATION) WS518
N2 Procedures and programmes that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and
young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities or who are gifted. It
includes programmes that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young
children and family-centred programmes designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with
special needs. Do not use for early intervention in various organic and systemic diseases.
In learning disability WS618
See related CHILD, EXCEPTIONAL; DISABLED CHILDREN; REHABILITATION
Early mobilisation see EARLY AMBULATION WO192
Early onset Alzheimer disease see ALZHEIMER DISEASE WM222
Early placental phase see PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, FIRST WQ220
EARTH (PLANET)
G1 Use for natural history or geographical material relating to the whole of the planet.
EARTHQUAKES W410
G1 Sudden slips on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused
by the slips, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. Faults
are fractures along which the blocks of EARTH crust on either side have moved relative to one
another parallel to the fracture. Co-ordinate with DISASTERS and specify geographic location.
East Asian traditional medicine see MEDICINE, EAST ASIAN TRADITIONAL WB60-64
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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EASTLEIGH G
Z1 Wessex Mesh
EATING WI102
G7 G10 The act of eating: do not confuse with FOOD (the substance eaten) or FEEDING
BEHAVIOUR (the manner of eating). See related MASTICATION; NUTRITION PROCESSES
Eating behaviour see FEEDING BEHAVIOUR WL712
EATING DISORDERS WM175
F3 A group of disorders characterised by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite
or food intake. In children use FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD if related to
mental disorder. See related ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BULIMIA NERVOSA; OBESITY; THINNESS
Eating-induced epilepsy see EPILEPSY, REFLEX WL460
Eating utensils see COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS WX536
ECCRINE GLANDS WR400
A10 A17 Simple sweat glands that secrete sweat directly onto the SKIN.
ECG see ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY WG140
ECHINOCOCCOSIS WC840
C3 An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus
Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. If of the liver
use ECHINOCOCCOSIS, HEPATIC; of the lung use ECHINOCOCCOSIS, PULMONARY.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY WG148
E1 Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues.
The standard approach is transthoracic. Consider also / ultrasonography with specific heart disease.
See related HEART FUNCTION TESTS
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER WG148
E1 Measurement of intracardiac blood while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible
Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column
of red blood cells.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL WG148
E1 Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualising only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional
ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take
place until 1974.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSOESOPHAGEAL WG148
E1 Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues
using a transducer placed in the oesophagus.
ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY WL256
E1 Use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial pathologic processes.
ECLAMPSIA WQ263
C13 Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA, SEIZURES or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic
patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA). A pregnancy toxaemia. See related PRE-ECLAMPSIA; CONVULSIONS
Eclipses, solar see ASTRONOMY
Ecological bias see BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY) W110
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Ecological monitoring see ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Ecological system see ECOSYSTEM GE
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, CLOSED WD656
G16 N6 Systems that provide for the maintenance of life in an isolated living chamber through
re-utilisation of the material available, in particular, by means of a cycle wherein exhaled carbon
dioxide, urine and other waste matter are converted chemically or by photosynthesis into oxygen,
water and food. See related ENVIRONMENT, CONTROLLED; SPACE FLIGHT; SUBMARINE
MEDICINE; WASTE MANAGEMENT
ECOLOGY GE
H1 The branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their
ENVIRONMENT, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development
and structure, interactions between different kinds of organisms, geographic distributions, and
population alterations. See related CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM;
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Ecology, sealed cabin see ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, CLOSED WD656
Econometric models see MODELS, ECONOMETRIC HB
Economic Community, European see EUROPEAN UNION JC4
ECONOMIC COMPETITION HB
N3 The effort of two or more parties to secure the business of a third party by offering, usually
under fair or equitable rules of business practice, the most favourable terms.
Economic condition see ECONOMICS HB
Economic development see ECONOMICS HB
Economic inflation see INFLATION, ECONOMIC HB
Economic models see MODELS, ECONOMIC HB
Economic policies see ECONOMICS HB
Economic recession see ECONOMICS HB
Economic value of life see VALUE OF LIFE W270
ECONOMICS HB
I1 N3 The science of utilisation, distribution, and consumption of services and materials. Consider
also / economics with the subject. For a combination of social and economic factors use
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS.
In social welfare HV108
Non-statutory and private organisations in social welfare HV165
See related HEALTH CARE SECTOR
/ economics Subheading. (C,D,E,F3-4,G1-2,I2-3,J,N2-4) Used for the economic aspects of any
subject, as well as for all aspects of financial management. It includes the raising or providing of funds,
finances, financing, funding, costs, fees, salaries, financial management etc.
ECONOMICS, DENTAL WU79
N3 Economic aspects of the dental profession and dental care. See related DENTISTRY;
PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, DENTAL
Economics, health see ECONOMICS, MEDICAL WX138
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ECONOMICS, HOSPITAL WX155
N3 Economic aspects related to the management and operation of a hospital. See related
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL; HOSPITALS; PURCHASING, HOSPITAL
ECONOMICS, MEDICAL WX138
N3 Economic aspects of the field of medicine, the medical profession and health care. It includes
the economic and financial impact of disease in general on the patient, the physician, society or
government. Consider also / economics with specific term.
Comparative WX90
See related MEDICINE; OFFICE MANAGEMENT; PRACTICE MANAGEMENT, MEDICAL
ECONOMICS, NURSING WY60
N3 Economic aspects of the nursing profession. Consider also / economics with specific term.
See related NURSING
ECONOMICS, PHARMACEUTICAL QV427
N3 Economic aspects of the fields of pharmacy and pharmacology as they apply to the
development and study of medical economics in rational drug therapy and the impact of
pharmaceuticals on the cost of medical care. Pharmaceutical economics also includes the economic
considerations of the pharmaceutical care delivery system and in drug prescribing, particularly of cost-
benefit values. See related DRUG COSTS; PRESCRIPTION FEES
ECOSYSTEM GE
G16 N6 A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together
with their environment. ECOLOGY is the science. Differentiate from ENVIRONMENT which is the
immediate conditions surrounding the subject.
Human ecology GF
Ecosystem influences on humans GF51
Human influences on the ecosystem GF75
See related BIODIVERSITY
ECRs see CONTRACTS WX145
Ecstasy (drug) see N-METHYL-3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYAMPHETAMINE WM298
ECT (psychotherapy) see ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY WM412
ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA WS806
C16 C17 A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the
embryonic ectoderm. They are characterised by the presence of abnormalities at birth and
involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and
diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, FOCAL DERMAL
HYPOPLASIA, and aplasia cutis congenita.
ECTOGENESIS WQ208
G7 Embryonal development or foetal maturation that takes place in an artificial environment. See
related FERTILISATION IN VITRO
Ectohormones see PHEROMONES QL
ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS WC695
C3 Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's
EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS. See related SKIN DISEASES, PARASITIC
Ectopia cordis see HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL WG230
ECTOPIA LENTIS WW165
C11 C16 Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation. Do not
coordinate with INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES. See related LENS SUBLUXATION
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Ectopic pregnancy see PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC WQ226
Ectopic pupil see PUPIL DISORDERS WW365
ECZEMA WR159
C17 A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and
exogenous agents. An indistinct concept: check text for more specific skin disease.
Eczema, atopic see DERMATITIS, ATOPIC WR160
Eczematous skin diseases see SKIN DISEASES, ECZEMATOUS WR158
EDUCATION L
I2 Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.
Consider also / education with topic. See also 18 in all schedules.
For tables and / statistics & numerical data L16
Primary education L30
Adult education L47
Educational systems L27
Educational theory and philosophy L50
History of education L11
For physically disabled and chronically ill WB618
In environmental medicine W107
In forensic sciences WA318
In health promotion W545
In learning disability WM812
In immunology QW518
In patient education W645
In physiology QT118
In public health medicine W107
Legislation L15
Pharmacology QV18
Psychotherapy WM495
Research on educational issues L20
Secondary education L35
Sociological aspects L55
Guides to learning and study L125
For psychotherapists WM498
See related CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, CONTINUING; EDUCATION DENTAL; EDUCATION,
DISTANCE; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EDUCATION, NONPROFESSIONAL; EDUCATION,
NURSING; EDUCATION, PHARMACY; EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL; EDUCATION, SEX;
EDUCATION SPECIAL; EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; INSERVICE
TRAINING; LEARNING; MENTORS; PRECEPTORSHIP; RESEARCH SUPPORT AS TOPIC;
SCHOOLS; STUDENTS; TEACHING; TRAINING SUPPORT; VOCATIONAL EDUCATION;
/ education Subheading. (F4,G1-2,I3,M) Used for education, training programmes and courses in
various fields and disciplines, and for training groups of persons. Includes the teacher, the student and
the courses.
Education, adult see EDUCATION L47
Education, competency-based see COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION L47
EDUCATION, CONTINUING L47
I2 Educational programmes designed to inform individuals of recent advances in their particular
field of interest. They do not lead to any formal advanced standing. It includes refresher courses.
Differentiate from EDUCATION, GRADUATE which is formal preparation for specialty training or
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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advanced study leading to official certification or a degree. For tertiary and further education use
EDUCATION, NONPROFESSIONAL.
Multiprofessional WA450
See related INSERVICE TRAINING
EDUCATION, DENTAL WU18
I2 Use for items concerning dental education in general. See related DENTISTRY
EDUCATION, DENTAL, CONTINUING WU19
I2 Educational programs designed to inform dentists of recent advances in their fields.
EDUCATION, DENTAL, GRADUATE WU19
I2 Educational programs for dental graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty
training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic dental sciences, and may lead to an
advanced dental degree.
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL WA216
N2 N4 Hospital department responsible for administering educational and training activities pertaining
to health for patients and staff.
EDUCATION, DISTANCE L45
I2 Education via communication media (correspondence, radio, television, computer networks)
with little or no in-person face-to-face contact between students and teachers. Do not confuse with
COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION.
Education, family planning see EDUCATION, SEX HQ150/2
Education, further see EDUCATION, NONPROFESSIONAL L40
EDUCATION, GRADUATE L42
I2 Studies beyond the bachelor's degree at an institution having graduate programmes for the
purpose of preparing for entrance into a specific field, and obtaining a higher degree. Use only for
post-graduate qualification. Differentiate from EDUCATION, CONTINUING which does not lead to a
formal qualification.
Multiprofessional WA440
Education, health see HEALTH EDUCATION W500-650
Education, higher see EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL; UNIVERSITIES L42
EDUCATION, MEDICAL WA206
I2 For general practice WA154
Educational materials in general medicine WB18
Rotation in medical education WA235
See related MEDICINE
EDUCATION, MEDICAL, CONTINUING WA217
I2 Educational programmes designed to inform physicians of recent advances in their field.
Differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE.
Of general practitioners WA155
Training posts WA235
EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE WA212
I2 Educational programmes for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal
specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to
an advanced medical degree. Differentiate from EDUCATION, MEDICAL, CONTINUING.
For MRCGP WA154
EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE WA208
I2 The period of medical education in a medical school.
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EDUCATION, MULTIPROFESSIONAL WA420-50
I2 Wessex Mesh. Educational programmes for groups made up of health workers in various
professions e.g. doctors and occupational therapist or nurses.
Undergraduate WA420
Postgraduate WA440
Continuing professional education WA450
EDUCATION, NONPROFESSIONAL L40
I2 Education and training outside of that for the professions. Consider also / education with
specific occupation. Includes tertiary and further education. See related EDUCATION; EDUCATION,
CONTINUING; HEALTH EDUCATION; INSERVICE TRAINING
EDUCATION, NURSING WY40-58
I2 In community and public health nursing WA166
See related NURSING
EDUCATION, NURSING, CONTINUING WY49
I2 Educational programs designed to inform nurses of recent advances in their fields.
Differentiate from EDUCATION, NURSING, GRADUATE.
EDUCATION, NURSING, GRADUATE WY49
I2 Those educational activities engaged in by holders of a bachelor's degree in nursing, which
are primarily designed to prepare them for entrance into a specific field of nursing, and may lead to a
more advanced degree.
EDUCATION OF LEARNING DISABLED WM886
F2 I2 Wessex Mesh. The teaching or training of those individuals with learning disabilities. Do not
confuse learning disabilities with learning disorders.
In childhood WS618
See related LEARNING DISABILITY; MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS
Education, formal of patients while in hospital WA50
Education, parenting see EDUCATION WS300
Education, patient see PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC W600-50
EDUCATION, PHARMACY QV418
I2 Formal instruction, learning, or training in the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilisation of
drugs in the field of medicine. See related PHARMACY
EDUCATION, PHARMACY, CONTINUING QV418
I2 Educational programs designed to inform graduate pharmacists of recent advances in their
particular field. Differentiate from EDUCATION, PHARMACY, GRADUATE
EDUCATION, PHARMACY, GRADUATE QV418
I2 Educational programs for pharmacists who have a bachelor's degree entering a specific field
of pharmacy. They may lead to an advanced degree.
Education, physical see PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING W570
EDUCATION, PREMEDICAL WA208
I2 Preparatory education meeting the requirements for admission to medical school.
Education, primary see EDUCATION L30
EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL L42
I2 Formal education and training in preparation for the practice of a profession. Use for higher
education. Consider also / education with the profession.
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Librarians Z315-7
Management WX204
Personnel officers WX404
See related EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE;
EDUCATION, NURSING; EDUCATION, PHARMACY
EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL, RETRAINING L40
I12 Educational programs for individuals who have been inactive in their profession, or who wish
to regain unused skills. See related EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EDUCATION, NURSING; EDUCATION,
PHARMACY
EDUCATION, PUBLIC HEALTH PROFESSIONAL W105
I2 Education and training in PUBLIC HEALTH for the practice of the profession.
Education, secondary see EDUCATION L35
Education, sex see SEX EDUCATION HQ130-6
EDUCATION, SPECIAL
I2 Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially or
emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.
For the visually impaired WW818
For the hearing impaired WV618
For the physically disabled WB618
See related DISABLED PERSONS; EDUCATION OF LEARNING DISABLED; MAINSTREAMING
(EDUCATION)
Education, tertiary see EDUCATION, NONPROFESSIONAL L40
Education, vocational see VOCATIONAL EDUCATION WX432
Educational achievement see EDUCATIONAL STATUS L47
Educational assessment see EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT L100
Educational grants see TRAINING SUPPORT L120
EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT L100
I2 Assessment of academic or educational achievement including all aspects of testing and test
construction.
Examination techniques such as MCQs, OSCEs L105
See related APTITUDE TESTS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Educational models see MODELS, EDUCATIONAL L20
Educational needs assessment see NEEDS ASSESSMENT L100
Educational psychology see PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL L150
EDUCATIONAL STATUS L47
N1 Educational attainment or level of education of individuals. Include adult literacy and
numeracy. See related CAREER MOBILITY; EMPLOYMENT; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS;
INCOME; POVERTY; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL CONDITIONS;
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;
Educational status, maternal see EDUCATIONAL STATUS L47
Educational subsidies see TRAINING SUPPORT L120
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Educational systems see EDUCATION L27
Educational techniques see TEACHING L60
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY L70-77
J1 Systematic identification, development, organisation, or utilisation of educational resources
and the management of these processes. It is occasionally used also in a more limited sense to
describe the use of equipment-orientated techniques or audiovisual aids in educational settings. See
related AUDIOVISUAL AIDS; MULTIMEDIA; TEACHING MATERIALS
Educational theory and philosophy see EDUCATION L50
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule see PERSONALITY INVENTORY WLM325
EEC see EUROPEAN UNION JC4
EEG see ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY WL254
Efalizumab see ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL QW570
Effects, long-term see TIME
Effects, oral see ORAL MANIFESTATIONS WU290
Effects, radiation see RADIATION EFFECTS
Effectiveness, treatment see TREATMENT OUTCOME WB300
Efferent pupillary defect see PUPIL DISORDERS WW365
EFFICIENCY
F2 Ratio of output to effort, or the ratio of effort produced to energy expended. Do not confuse
with PHYSICAL FITNESS for with metabolic efficiency. EFFICIENCY, ORGANISATIONAL is also
available. See related WORK
EFFICIENCY, ORGANISATIONAL WX424
N4 The capacity of an organisation, institution, or business to produce desired results with a
minimum expenditure of energy, time, money, personnel, materiel, etc. Coordinate with specific
organisation, institution, business, department etc.
In use of resources WX170
Effort see PHYSICAL EXERTION WE60
Egg see OVUM WP618
EGGS WD88
J2 Eggs as food, include fish eggs. Differentiate from OVUM. Consider also EGG
HYPERSENSITIVITY
EGO WM462
F1 F2 The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the
demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalised parental and social prohibitions or
the conscience, (the superego), and of reality. Index egocentrism under DEFENSE MECHANISMS.
See related SELF PSYCHOLOGY
Egoism see ETHICS BJ
EGYPT G
Z1
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EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME WD720
C14 C15 C16 C17 A heterogeneous group of autosomal inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES
caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous
subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include
hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability. See related
COLLAGEN DISEASES; SKIN ABNORMALITIES
Eire see IRELAND G
Ejaculation, premature see SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL HQ200
EJACULATORY DUCTS WJ750
A5
Ekbom syndrome see RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME WL724
EKG see ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY WG140
Elastic stockings see STOCKINGS, COMPRESSION WG620
ELBOW WE630-8
A1 The bone or site. Differentiate from ELBOW JOINT. See related TENNIS ELBOW
ELBOW JOINT WE630-8
A2 A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM. Differentiate from ELBOW which should
be used for the bone or site.
ELDER ABUSE WT321
I1 Emotional, nutritional or physical maltreatment of the older person generally by family
members or by institutional personnel. See related DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Elderly see AGED WT 1-398
Elderly, frail see FRAIL ELDERLY WT130
Elective surgical procedures see SURGICAL PROCEDURES, ELECTIVE WO65
Electric burns see BURNS, ELECTRIC WD480
ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK WG220
E2 An electrical current applied to the HEART to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm,
ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC. For / instrumentation consider also DEFRIBRILLATORS, IMPLANT-
ABLE. See related ARRYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS; ELECTRIC STIMULATION
ELECTRIC INJURIES WD480
C21 Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS,
ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock. Accidental shock by electricity
goes here not at ELECTROSHOCK. Consider also BURNS, ELECTRIC.
Electric power plants see POWER PLANTS WX710
ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES WX715
E7 Devices that control the supply of an electric current for running electrical equipment. Do not
confuse with POWER PLANTS which are on an industrial level. See related ENERGY-GENERATING
RESOURCES
Electric shock cardiac stimulators see DEFIBRILLATORS WG26
ELECTRIC STIMULATION WG335
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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E5 Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses. Used therapeutically see
ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY.
In surgery WO220
See related CARDIAC PACING, ARTIFICIAL; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; ELECTROSHOCK
ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY
E2 Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It
includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of
interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
In physiotherapy WB495
In surgery WO220
See related DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY; TRANSCUTANEOUS
ELECTRIC NERVE STIMULATION
Electric stimulation, transcutaneous see TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRIC NERVE STIMULATION
WL834
ELECTRIC WIRING WX715
E7
Electrical engineering see ELECTRICITY WX715
Electricians see PERSONNEL, HOSPITAL WX715
ELECTRICITY WX715
G1 A physical phenomenon involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and when in
motion. Static electricity and electrostatics go here. For / adverse effects consider also ELECTRIC
INJURIES. For / diagnostic use see ELECTRODIAGNOSIS. For / therapeutic use see ELECTRIC
STIMULATION THERAPY. Index capacitance under ELECTRIC CAPACITANCE. Index impedance
and resistance under ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE. ELECTROSTATICS is also available. See related
LIGHTNING
ELECTROACUPUNCTURE WB850
E2 E3 A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate
NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA, ANAESTHESIA, physical rehabilitation and
treatment for diseases. See related ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY
Electro-analgesia see TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRIC NERVE STIMULATION WL834
Electrocardiogram see ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY WG140
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY WG140
E1 Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto
various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored
by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE
RAY TUBE DISPLAY. See related ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; HEART FUNCTION TESTS
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, AMBULATORY WG140
E1 Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape
recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system) while the patient undergoes
normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias
and transient myocardial ischemia.
Electrocardiography, dynamic see ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, AMBULATORY WG140
Electrocautery see ELECTROCOAGULATION WO220
ELECTROCOAGULATION WO220
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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E2 Electrosurgical procedures used to treat haemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate
tumours, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. Co-ordinate organ or disease with / surgery.
See related CATHETER ABLATION; HOT TEMPERATURE
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY WM412
F4 Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE
DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA. A therapeutic technique. Do not confuse with ELECTROSHOCK
- an experimental tool.
Electrocution, accidental see ELECTRIC INJURIES WD480
ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED WO220
E7 Electric conductors through which an electric current enters or leaves a medium. When
inserted, usually surgically, they are referred to as implanted electrodes. See related AUDITORY
BRAIN STEM IMPLANTS; COCHLEAR IMPLANTS; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE
ELECTRODIAGNOSIS WB141
E1 Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or
organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.
In ophthalmology WW146
See related ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY;
ELECTROKYMOGRAPHY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY
Electroencephalogram see ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY WL254
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY WL254
E1 Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the
scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. See related CEREBRAL
CORTEX; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS
Electroimmunoblotting see IMMUNOBLOTTING QW525
ELECTROKYMOGRAPHY WN480
E1 Radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy. It is
used especially to study heart motion. See related ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY;
ELECTRODIAGNOSIS
Electrolyte balance see WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE QU105
ELECTROLYTES QV270
D1 For / therapeutic use consider also FLUID THERAPY. See related FLUID THERAPY;
WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Electromagnetic energy see RADIATION WN600
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
G1 Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces.
Environmental carcinogens QZ550
Physics QC4
Radiography WN418
Electromagnetic radiation see RADIATION WN600
Electromagnetic radiation, ionising see RADIATION, IONISING WN330
Electromagnetic radiation, non-ionising see RADIATION, NON-IONISING WN418
Electromagnetic waves see RADIATION WN600
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY WE315
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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E1 Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle
electrodes. See related ELECTRODIAGNOSIS
Electron microscopy see MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON QH
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY WN460-9
E5 A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism
because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons.
ELECTRONARCOSIS WM412
E3 Profound stupor produced by passing an electric current through the brain.
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS WX360
E5 Media that facilitate transportability of pertinent information concerning patient's illness across
varied providers and geographic locations. Some versions include direct linkages to online consumer
health information that is relevant to the health conditions and treatments related to a specific patient.
ELECTRONIC MAIL QA305
L1 Messages between computer users via COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. The
term also refers to an individual message sent in this way.
Electronic medical records see ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS WX360
ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING QV26.5
N2 The use of COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS to store and transmit medical
PRESCRIPTIONS. See related CLINICAL PHARMACY INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Electronic publishing see PUBLISHING Z40-5
ELECTRONICS WX720
H1 Specialty.
In computers QA30
ELECTRONICS, MEDICAL QT34
H1 Specialty. See related BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRONYSTAGMOGRAPHY WW146
E1 Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye
produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina. See related
ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; NYSTAGMUS
ELECTROPHORESIS QU25
E5 G2 An electrochemical process.
ELECTROPHORESIS, CAPILLARY QU25
E5 A highly-sensitive and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC
ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIAC WG140
E1 Invasive procedures whereby tachyarrhythmias (TACHYCARDIA), induced or spontaneous,
are mapped via heart catheterisation techniques for the investigation of electrical activities in the heart.
In addition to diagnostic purposes, the techniques of intracardiac programmed electrostimulation are
used therapeutically. See related HEART FUNCTION TESTS
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY QT104
H1 Physiology in relation to electricity
ELECTROSHOCK WLM130
E5 F4 Experimental shock by electricity, usually in psychological experiments. Do not confuse with
ELECTRIC INJURIES or ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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In experimental psychiatry WM25
See related ELECTRIC STIMULATION
ELECTROSURGERY WO220
E4 Division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or
needle.
Electrotherapy see ELECTRIC STIMULATION THERAPY WB495
Electroversion, cardiac see ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK WG220
ELEMENTS, RADIOACTIVE WN600
D1 Elements which exhibit atomic emission due to natural or artificial nuclear transformation.
These elements spontaneously undergo radioactive decay.
ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS WX600
J1 For people or equipment.
Eligibility criteria see ELIGIBILITY DETERMINATION WB300
ELIIBILITY DETERMINATION WB300
N4 Criteria to determine eligibility of patients for medical care programmes and services.
In cancer QZ700
See related DISABILITY EVALUATION
ELIMINATION DISORDERS WS732
F3 Excretory-related psychiatric disorders usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood. See related
ENCOPRESIS; ENURESIS
E-mail see ELECTRONIC MAIL QA305
EMBALMING W95
I1 Process of preserving a dead body to protect it from decay. See related CADAVER
EMBOLISATION, THERAPEUTIC WN125
E2
EMBOLISM WG500
C14 Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved
material in the blood stream.
Arterial WG540
Coronary WG300
Venous WG610
See related EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM; PULMONARY
EMBOLISM
EMBOLISM, AIR WG500
C14 Blocking of a blood vessel by air bubbles that enter the circulatory system, usually after
TRAUMA; surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure. Classify by site of embolism.
EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS WG500
C14 A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot
(THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved
materials in the blood stream. See related EMBOLISM
Embolism, pulmonary see PULMONARY EMBOLISM WG420
Embryo see EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN QS604-90
Embryo cloning see CLONING, ORGANISM QZ65
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Embryo creation, research see RESEARCH EMBRYO CREATION QS620
Embryo death see EMBRYO LOSS WQ230
EMBRYO DISPOSITION QS690
E5 Process for deciding utilisation or disposal of an embryo that is fertilised but not immediately
transplanted and resulting course of action.
EMBRYO IMPLANTATION QS645
G8
EMBRYO LOSS WQ230
C13 C23 Early pregnancy loss during the second to the end of the eighth week after
fertilisation. See related FOETAL DEATH
EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN QS604-85
A16 The entity of a developing mammal, generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of
embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two
months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FOETUS. See related EMBRYO
RESEARCH; FOETUS; GESTATIONAL AGE
EMBRYO RESEARCH QS620
E5 H1 Experimentation on, or using the organs or tissues from, a human or other mammalian
conceptus during the prenatal stage of development that is characterised by rapid morphological
changes and the differentiation of basic structures. In humans, this includes the period from the time
of fertilisation to the end of the eighth week after fertilization. Use for the ethical, legal, moral, social or
religious aspects of research on embryos. Do not routinely add for all research involving embryos.
In-vitro fertilised embryos as research material QS685
See related EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN; ETHICS, RESEARCH; FOETAL
RESEARCH; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
Embryo resorption see EMBRYO LOSS WQ230
EMBRYO TRANSFER WQ208
E2 E5 The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host
to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment
programmes, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are
transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILISATION IN VITRO. See related
FERTILISATION IN VITRO
EMBRYOLOGY QS604
H1 Specialty. The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and foetal
stages of life. Prefer subheading "embryology" with organ or system.
As a career QS621
Handbooks & resource guides QS629
/ embryology Subheading. (A1-10,A13-14,B1-2,B6,C) Used with organs, regions and animal
headings for embryologic and foetal development. It is used also with diseases for embryologic factors
contributing to postnatal disorders.
Embryonal neoplasms see NEOPLASMS, GERM CELL AND EMBRYONAL QZ310
EMBRYONIC AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT WQ210
G7 G8 Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FOETUSES.
Embryonic abnormalities QS675-681
See related ABNORMALITIES, DRUG-INDUCED; ABNORMALITIES, RADIATION INDUCED;
CHROMOSOME ABBERATIONS; CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT QS604
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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G7 G8 Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
Embryonic stem cell transplantation see STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION WH385
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS QU328
A11 Cells derived from the BLASTOCYST INNER CELL MASS which forms before implantation in
the uterine wall. They retain the ability to divide, proliferate and provide progenitor cells that can
differentiate into specialised cells.
EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES QS604
A16 The anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development. Prefer /
embryology with the organ or system.
Embryotomy see ABORTION, INDUCED WQ435
EMERGENCIES WD450
C23 Situations or conditions having a high probability of disabling or immediately life-threatening
consequences or requiring first aid or other immediate intervention. EMERGENCY MEDICINE is the
specialty; EMERGENCY NURSING the nursing specialty; for nursing the patient use / nursing. For
drug emergencies co-ordinate with the specific drug or chemical probably with / poisoning.
Anaesthesia WO716
Cardiac WG220
Gastrointestinal WI148
In childhood WS370
Radiography WN260
Respiratory failure WF165
Surgery WD457
See related CRISIS INTERVENTION; CRITICAL CARE; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; EMERGENCY
NURSING; FIRST AID; HOTLINES; TRAUMATOLOGY; WOUNDS AND INJURIES
Emergency care see EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES WD411-58
Emergency health services see EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES WD411-58
Emergency helicopters see AIR AMBULANCES WX582
Emergency hotlines see HOTLINES WA126
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES WD411-58
N2 Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients.
In psychiatry WM401
See related AMBULANCES; EMERGENCY SERVICES, PSYCHIATRIC; FIRST AID;
TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS; TRIAGE
EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS WX560-70
M1 N2 Paramedical personnel trained to provide basic emergency care and life support under the
supervision of physicians and/or nurses. These services may be carried out at the site of the
emergency, in the ambulance, or in a health care institution.
EMERGENCY MEDICINE WD421
H2 Specialty only. A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation,
transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other
emergency treatment facility. Differentiate from EMERGENCIES, the patient or urgent admissions.
See related DISASTER MEDICINE
EMERGENCY NURSING WD458
H2 N2 Specialty. The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients admitted to the
emergency department. Differentiate from EMERGENCIES.
Emergency psychiatric services see EMERGENCY SERVICES, PSYCHIATRIC WM401
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL WD428
N2 N4 Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or
surgical care to the emergency patient. See related TRAUMA CENTRES
EMERGENCY SERVICES, PSYCHIATRIC WM401
F4 N2 Organised services to provide immediate psychiatric care to patients with acute psychological
disturbances. See related CRISIS INTERVENTION
Emergency surgery see EMERGENCIES; TRAUMATOLOGY WD457
EMERGENCY TREATMENT WD450
E2 First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring
immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured.
See related EMERGENCIES; FIRST AID; RESUSCITATION; TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS
Emesis see VOMITING WI146
Emesis, postoperative see POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING WO590
EMETICS QV73
D27 Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about
emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger
zone in the postremal area near the medulla. See related ANTIEMETICS; GASTROINTESTINAL
AGENTS; NAUSEA; VOMITING
Emigrants see EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS
EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS HM222
M1 People who leave their place of residence in one country and settle in a different country.
Health care aspects WA96
Prejudice and discrimination HM268
Social welfare aspects HV265
See related TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS
EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION JC100
I1 N1 N6 The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
Health needs of immigrants WA96
Prejudice and discrimination HM268
Sociological aspects of immigrant groups HM222
Welfare aspects HV265
See related TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS
EMOLLIENTS QV63
D27 Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous
membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents.
Emotional aspects see / psychology
Emotional bonds see OBJECT ATTACHMENT WLM812
Emotional disturbances see AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS WM170
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE WLM210
F1 The ability to understand and manage emotions and to use emotional knowledge to enhance
thought and deal effectively with tasks. Components of emotional intelligence include empathy, self-
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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motivation, self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skill. Emotional intelligence is a measurement of
one's ability to socialise or relate to others. See related INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
Emotional stress see STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL WLM228
EMOTIONS WLM200-72
F1 Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational
properties.
In childhood WS220
Neurological aspects WL702
See related AFFECT; AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS; ANGER; ANXIETY; BEREAVEMENT; FEAR;
FRUSTRATION; GUILT; HAPPINESS; HATE; HOSTILITY; JEALOUSY; LAUGHTER; LONELINESS;
LOVE
EMPATHY WLM272
F1 An individual's objective and insightful awareness of the feelings and behaviour of another
person; to be distinguished from sympathy which is usually nonobjective and non-critical. It includes
caring, which is the demonstration of an awareness of and a concern for the good of others.
EMPHYSEMA
C23 A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or other organs. See related PULMONARY
EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema, pulmonary see PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA WF648
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Q20
H1 The study, based on direct observation, use of statistical records, interviews, or experimental
methods, of actual practices or the actual impact of practices or policies. See related DATA
COLLECTION
EMPIRICISM B
K1 One of the principal schools of medical philosophy in ancient Greece and Rome. It developed
in Alexandria between 270 and 220 B.C., the only one to have any success in reviving the essentials
of the Hippocratic concept. The Empiricists declared that the search for ultimate causes of
phenomena was vain, but they were active in endeavoring to discover immediate causes. The "tripod
of the Empirics" was their own chance observations (experience), learning obtained from
contemporaries and predecessors (experience of others), and, in the case of new diseases, the
formation of conclusions from other diseases which they resembled (analogy). Empiricism enjoyed
sporadic continuing popularity in later centuries up to the nineteenth.
EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE WX444
N4 Regulations or conditions imposed on employees by management in order to correct or
prevent behaviours which are counterproductive to the organisation. See related PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT
EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCES WX446
N4 Formal procedures whereby the employee expresses any dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice
regarding the work situation.
Industrial action WX452
See related STRIKES, EMPLOYEE
Employee health see OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH W300-90
Employee health services see OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES W310
EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE PLANS WX305
N4 Programmes designed by management to motivate employees to work more efficiently with
increased productivity, and greater employee satisfaction.
Employee participation WX428
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Employee orientation programmes see INSERVICE TRAINING WX432
Employee participation see EMPLOYEE INCENTIVE PLANS WX428
EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL WX426
N4 The assessment of the functioning of an employee in relation to work.
For general practitioners WA155
For nurses WY70
Employee strikes see STRIKES, EMPLOYEE WX452
Employee turnover see PERSONNEL TURNOVER WX420
Employee workload see WORKLOAD WX220
EMPLOYMENT
N1 The state of being engaged in an activity or service for wages or salary. Differentiate from
WORK.
Conditions of service WX430
Conditions of service for doctors WA241
Conditions of service for GPs WA140-2
GP contracts WA132
Industrial relations WX450
Industrial tribunals WX450
Of physically disabled and chronically ill WB628
Managerial aspects WX400-80
Sociological aspects HM225-7
See related EDUCATIONAL STATUS; JOB APPLICATION; JOB SATISFACTION; PERSONNEL
DOWNSIZING; REHABILITATION, VOCATIONAL; SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS;
UNEMPLOYMENT; WORK; WORKPLACE
Employment application see JOB APPLICATION WX420
Employment-based health services see OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES W310
Employment law see EMPLOYMENT / legislation WX442
EMPLOYMENT, SUPPORTED WB628
N1 N2 Paid work for mentally or physically disabled persons, taking place in regular or normal work
settings. It may be competitive employment (work that pays minimum wage) or employment with sub-
minimal wages in individualised or group placement situations. It is intended for persons with severe
disabilities who require a range of support services to maintain employment. Supported employment
differs from SHELTERED WORKSHOPS in that work in the latter takes place in a controlled working
environment.
For the visually impaired WW828
For the hearing impaired WV628
For the learning disabled WM888
See related DISABLED PERSONS; HEARING IMPAIRED PERSONS; MENTALLY DISABLED
PERSONS; SHELTERED WORKSHOPS; VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSONS
Employment termination see EMPLOYMENT WX444
Emporiatrics see TRAVEL MEDICINE W124
Empowerment see PATIENT ADVOCACY; PATIENT RIGHTS; PATIENT SATISFACTION; POWER
(PSYCHOLOGY)
EMPYEMA, PLEURAL WF745
C1 C8 Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Enamel see DENTAL ENAMEL WU229
ENCEPHALITIS WL334
C2 C10 Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other
conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this
condition. Co-ordinate with specific organism or infection heading. For viral encephalitis use
ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL. Headings for specific forms of encephalitis are also available. See related
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Encephalitis lethargica type Parkinsonism see PARKINSON DISEASE WL315-8
Encephalitis, polio see POLIOMYELITIS WC555
ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL WC540
C2 C10 Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection.
Encephalomyelitis, myalgic see FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC WC505
Encephalopathies, spongiform, transmissible see PRION DISEASES WL338
Encephalopathy, AIDS see AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX WC170
ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM QM30
C10 C22 A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion
proteins in the brain. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or
new variant CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME
ENCOPRESIS WS732
C23 F1 F3 Incontinence of faeces of psychological origin, not due to organic defect or illness for
which use FAECAL INCONTINENCE. See related DEFECATION
Encounter groups see SENSITIVITY TRAINING GROUPS WM544
ENCYCLOPAEDIAS 13 in all schedules
V2 This heading is used as a Publication type. Works containing informational articles on subjects
in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special
field or subject.
In forensic sciences WA313
In immunology QW513
In primary care WA113
End-stage kidney failure see KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC WJ342
ENDOCARDITIS WG285
C14 Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane
lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and
become life-threatening. See related HEART DISEASES
ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL WG285
C1 C14 Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the
bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART
DEFECTS, HEART VALVE DISEASES, HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION or
intravenous drug use.
ENDOCARDIUM WG285
A7 The innermost layer of the heart comprised of endothelial cells. For inflammation use
ENDOCARDITIS and its specifics.
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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ENDOCRINE GLAND NEOPLASMS WK140
C4 C19 See related ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES
ENDOCRINE GLANDS WK100
A6 Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These
hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body. For / physiology or /
secretion consider also HORMONES. For / surgery consider also ENDOCRINE SURGICAL
PROCEDURES. See related ADRENAL GLANDS; GONADS; HORMONES; ISLETS OF
LANGERHANS; PARATHYROID GLANDS; PINEAL GLAND; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM;
PITUITARY GLAND; THYROID GLANDS
ENDOCRINE SURGICAL PROCEDURES WK140
E4 Surgery performed on any endocrine gland. See related ADRENALECTOMY; CASTRATION;
ISLET OF LANGERHANS TRANSPLANTATION; THYROIDECTOMY
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WK100
A6 The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory
system. In addition to the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, included are the CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM and the
NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES WK140
C19 Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal
level of available HORMONES. For / diagnosis consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES,
ENDOCRINE. See related ADRENAL GLAND DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DWARFISM;
ENDOCRINE GLAND NEOPLASMS; ENDOCRINOLOGY; PARATHYROID DISEASES; PITUITARY
DISEASES; THYROID DISEASES
ENDOCRINOLOGY WK21
H1 H2 A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders
of the endocrine system.
Of neoplasms QZ460
See related ENDOCRINE DISEASES
ENDODONTICS WU21
E6 H2 A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and
the treatment of the pulp cavity. See related DENTAL PULP DISEASES; ROOT CANAL THERAPY
Endogenous nitrate vasodilator see NITRIC OXIDE QV156
Endogenous opiates see OPIOID PEPTIDES QV90
Endogenous substances receptors see RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE
ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS WP460
C4 C13 Tumours or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These
neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell
types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.
ENDOMETRIOSIS WP390
C13 A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often
confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac and the uterovesical
peritoneum. It is non-neoplastic and nothing to do with endometrial carcinoma which is
ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS.
ENDOMETRITIS WP420
C13 Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is
the most common cause of postpartum fever. See related PELVIC INFECTION; PELVIC
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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ENDOMETRIUM WP400
A5 The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the
MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that
characterise MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILISATION it serves to sustain the developing
embryo. For inflammation use ENDOMETRITIS
Endoneurium see PERIPHERAL NERVES WL150
Endopeptidase inhibitors see PROTEASE INHIBITORS QU136
ENDORPHINS WL210
D12 One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides.
ENDOSCOPES WB35
E7 Instruments for the visual examination of interior structures of the body. There are rigid
endoscopes and flexible fibreoptic endoscopes for various types of viewing in ENDOSCOPY.
ENDOSCOPY WB260
E1 E4 Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy
involves passing an optical instrument along either natural body pathways such as the digestive tract,
or through keyhole incisions to examine the interior parts of the body. With advances in imaging,
endoscope, and miniaturisation of endosurgical equipment, surgery can be performed during
endoscopy. Prefer specific forms, e.g. GASTROSCOPY. For / instrumentation use ENDOSCOPES.
Surgical procedures WO232
See related ANGIOSCOPY; ARTHROSCOPY; BRONCHOSCOPY; COLPOSCOPY; CULDOSCOPY;
CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, SURGICAL; FOETOSCOPY; HYSTEROSCOPY;
LAPAROSCOPY; LARYNGOSCOPY
ENDOSCOPY, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WI141.5
E1 E4 Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract. See related
CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES,
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL; GASTROSCOPY
ENDOSCOPY, GASTROINTESTINAL WI141.5
E1 E4 Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract. See related
COLONOSCOPY; GASTROSCOPY; PROCTOSCOPY
ENDOSONOGRAPHY WN420
E1 Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a
fibreoptic endoscope. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a
special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of
tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed
externally or transcutaneously.
Endothelin receptor see RECEPTORS, ENDOTHELIN QU55
ENDOTHELINS
D12 D23 21-Amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as
potent vasoconstrictors.
As vasoconstrictors QV150
Biochemistry QU68
Endothelium derived vasoconstrictor factor receptors see RECEPTORS, ENDOTHELIN QU55
ENDOTOXINS QW630.5
D23 Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms,
which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Energy see ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES WX715
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Energy expenditure see ENERGY METABOLISM QU125
ENERGY-GENERATING RESOURCES WX715
N6 Natural sources from which power is obtained. See related ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES;
POWER PLANTS
ENERGY INTAKE WD30
G6 Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
Energy management see ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES WX712
ENERGY METABOLISM QU125
G3 See related METABOLISM
Energy resources conservation see CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES QH20
Energy supply see ENERGY-GENERATING RESOURCES WX712
ENERGY TRANSFER QU125
G1 G2 The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. In biochemistry, this
concept generally refers to the transfer of groups from compounds that contain energy-rich bonding
arrangements to compounds that have relatively energy-poor bonding characteristics via
thermodynamically permissible enzymatic reactions. This principle is a major premise of the
interaction between energy-producing and energy-utilizing metabolic pathways in living cells.
Engine exhaust see VEHICLE EMISSIONS W44
ENGINEERING TA
J1 Specialty. The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles. See
related BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; HUMAN ENGINEERING; SANITARY ENGINEERING
Engineering, biomedical see BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING QT34
Engineering, civil see ENGINEERING WX705
Engineering, electrical see ELECTRICITY WX715
Engineering, genetic see GENETIC ENGINEERING QZ60
Engineering, hospital see MAINTENANCE AND ENGINEERING, HOSPITAL WX700-47
Engineering, mechanical see ENGINEERING WX735
Engineering, power see ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES WX710-5
ENGLAND G
Z1 Statistics, general HA20
Statistics, health and medical W206-214
English language see LANGUAGE PE
ENOXAPARIN QV193
D9 An anti-thrombotic agent. See related FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
Enrolled nurses see NURSES WY245
ENT diseases see OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIC DISEASES WV140
Enteral drug administration see DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES WB350
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Enteral feeding see ENTERAL NUTRITION WD190
ENTERAL NUTRITION WD190
E2 Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal
system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using
nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. Do not confuse with PARENTERAL NUTRITION.
See related FEEDING METHODS; GASTROSTOMY; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
Enteric fever see TYPHOID FEVER WC270
Enteritis, regional see CROHN DISEASE WI422
ENTEROBACTER QW138
B3 Gram-negative gas-producing rods found in faeces of man and other animals, sewage, soil,
water, and dairy products.
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE QW138
B3 A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form
endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being
plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their
pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS WC260
C1 Gram-negative bacterial infections. Enterobacterial infection goes here.
ENTEROBIUS WC860
B1 A genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or threadworm Enterobius
vermicularis.
ENTEROCOCCUS
B3 A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable
hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus
STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.
Vancomycin resistant WC260
ENTEROCOLITIS WI420
C6 Inflammation of small and large intestines. See related COLITIS; INTESTINAL DISEASES
ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANEOUS WI420
C1 C6 An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterised by the presence of
pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the
LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy
and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonisation. See related CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS
ENTEROTOXINS QW630.5
D23 Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhoea, etc.; most
common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. See related STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD
POISONING
ENTOMOLOGY QL20
H1 A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the
control of insects. Specialty.
Entrapment neuropathies see NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES WL564
ENTREPRENEURSHIP WX214
J1 N4 The organisation, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually
implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity.
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ENURESIS WJ146
C12 C13 F1 F3 Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed
development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one
is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as
persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).
In childhood - bed-wetting WS732
See related URINARY INCONTINENCE
ENVIRONMENT QH30
G16 N6 The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life
and development of an organism or population. For / microbiology use ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY
Effect on human physiology QT162
Effect on patients WA20
Effect on physically disabled and chronically ill WB622
See related ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH W35-70
N6 Natural and man-made environments and their impact on public health.
ENVIRONMENT, CONTROLLED
N6 A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work
places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air
conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes
control of atmospheric composition.
Effect on patients WA20
In intensive care WB420
For laboratory animals QY56
See related AIR CONDITIONING; DIVING; ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, CLOSED; HEATING;
HOUSING; HUMIDITY; INCUBATORS, INFANT; LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS; LIGHTING;
TEMPERATURE; VENTILATION
ENVIRONMENT DESIGN WX615
I1 N6 The structuring of the environment to permit or promote specific patterns of behaviour.
Effect on health QT230
For patients WA20
Environment, social see SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT HM200
Environmental carcinogens see CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL QZ550
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE QT140
N6 The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical or biological agents in the environment
or to environmental factors that may include ionising radiation, pathogenic organisms or toxic
chemicals. Co-ordinate with a specific substance. Do not use for occupational environment.
Factors other than climate QT162
In learning disability WM849
See related ENVIRONMENTAL ILLNESS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY; OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME
Environmental factors see SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT HM200
Environmental factors, physiological see ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE QT162
Environmental hazards see HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES W67
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH W1-107
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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H2 The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences or forces surrounding man
which relate to promoting, establishing and maintaining health.
Services W27
Statistics W210
See related ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH
Environmental health medicine see ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH W100-7
Environmental hypersensitivity see ENVIRONMENTAL ILLNESS WD300
ENVIRONMENTAL ILLNESS WD300
C20 C21 A polysymptomatic disorder believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune
dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens and chemicals, resulting in various physical and
mental disorders. MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME and SICK
BUILDING SYNDROME are also available. Do not use for diseases caused by environmental
pollution. See related ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental impact see ENVIRONMENT
Environmental impact assessments see ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH W4
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE W100
H2 N6 Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human
disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally
related disease.
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY QW55
H1 N6 The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their
pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man. See related AIR MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD
MICROBIOLOGY; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY; WATER MICROBIOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING W40
N6 The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other
harmful substances in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in
the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the
measurement of ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE. Levels in humans and animals are used as
indicators of toxic levels of undesirable chemicals.
Environmental policy see ENVIRONMENT W32-3
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS W40-55
D27 Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for
which there is no specific heading. See related AIR POLLUTANTS; CARCINOGENS,
ENVIRONMENTAL; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; RADIOACTIVE
POLLUTANTS; SOIL POLLUTANTS; WATER POLLUTANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION W40-55
N6 Use for environmental pollution in general or for which there is no specific heading. See
related AIR POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; NOISE;
TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION; WASTE PRODUCTS; WATER POLLUTION
Environmental protection see CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES QH20
Environmental sciences see ECOLOGY GE
Enzyme immunoassay see IMMUNOENZYME TECHNIQUES QW525
ENZYME INHIBITORS QU143
D27 Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the
normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Enzyme-labelled antibody technique see IMMUNOENZYME TECHNIQUES QW525
ENZYME PRECURSORS QU142
D8 Physiologically inactive substances that can be converted to active enzymes.
ENZYME REACTIVATORS QU144
D27 Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the
reactive site of the enzyme.
Enzyme tests see CLINICAL ENZYME TESTS QY450
ENZYMES QU135
D8 Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be
synthetically created.
In blood QY490
/ enzymology Subheading. (A2-16,B1,3-6,C,F3) Used with organisms, except vertebrates and with
organs and tissues. It is also used with diseases for enzymes during the course of the disease, but
excludes diagnostic enzyme tests, for which "diagnosis" is used.
Ependymoastrocytoma see NEOPLASMS, NEUROEPITHELIAL QZ380
EPHEDRINE QV129
D2 A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an
alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been
used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system
stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used
with the advent of more selective agonists.
Epicardium see PERICARDIUM WG275
Epidemic acute poliomyelitis see POLIOMYELITIS WC555-56
Epidemics see DISEASE OUTBREAKS W130
EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS W110
N5 N6 Events, characteristics or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a
change in a health condition or other defined outcome. For a particular disease use / epidemiology
with the disease term.
In cancer QZ550
See related AGE FACTORS; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CAUSALITY; COMORBIDITY; SEX
FACTORS
EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS W115
N6 Statistical calculations on the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions in
defined populations. See related BIOMETRY; DEMOGRAPHY; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; RISK
ASSESSMENT
EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS W115
E5 N6 See related CONTRACT TRACING; DATA COLLECTION; DISEASE NOTIFICATION;
STATISTICS AS TOPIC
Epidemiologic monitoring see ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING W40
EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH DESIGN W115
E5 N5 N6 The form and structure of analytic studies in epidemiologic and clinical research. See
related CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; HEALTH CARE EVALUATION
MECHANISMS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; RANDOM ALLOCATION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF
RESULTS; SAMPLE SIZE; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES W115
E5 N5 N6 Studies designed to examine associations, commonly hypothesised causal relations.
They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The
common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-
SECTIONAL STUDIES.
EPIDEMIOLOGY W110
H2 Specialty. Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and
characteristic behaviour of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the
interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease.
Prefer / epidemiology with the disease.
In learning disability WM816
/ epidemiology Subheading. (C,F3,Z) Used with human and veterinary diseases for the distribution of
disease, factors which cause disease, and the attributes of disease in defined populations; includes
incidence, frequency, prevalence, endemic and epidemic outbreaks; also surveys and estimates of
morbidity in geographic areas and in specified populations. Used also with geographical headings for
the location of epidemiologic aspects of a disease. Excludes mortality for which / mortality is used.
In cancer QZ600
Epidemiology, pharmaceutical see PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY QZ42
EPIDERMIS WR157-265
A10 A17 The non-vascular layer of the skin. Do not use as a synonym for SKIN.
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA WR230
C16 C17 Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and
mucosae.
EPIDIDYMIS WJ800
A5 The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. A network of ducts
leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage,
and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.
Epidural anaesthesia see ANAESTHESIA, EPIDURAL WO680
EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL WL460
C10 Conditions characterised by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a
focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether
consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types
may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be
classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary
generalised seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely.
EPILEPSY WL460-85
C10 A disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a
sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally
based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) aetiology (e.g., post-
traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to
other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy).See related
CONVULSIONS; KINDLING (NEUROLOGY); SEIZURES; STATUS EPILEPTICUS
EPILEPSY, ABSENCE WL470
C10 A childhood seizure disorder characterised by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of
generalised onset. Called minor epilepsy
Epilepsy, focal see EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL WL460
Epilepsy, localisation-related see EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL WL460
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Epilepsy, myoclonic, juvenile see MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY, JUVENILE WL470
Epilepsy, partial see EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL WL460
Epilepsy, petit mal see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE WL460
Epilepsy, simple partial see EPILEPSIES, PARTIAL WL460
EPILEPSY, POST-TRAUMATIC WL468
C10 C21 Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset
may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to
two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain
injury. See related BRAIN INJURIES
EPILEPSY, REFLEX WL468
C10 A subtype of epilepsy characterised by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain
specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading,
eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in
affected individuals.
EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE WL460
C10 A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterised by recurrent seizures that arise
from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic
phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective
experiences.
Epilepsy, traumatic see EPILEPSY, POST-TRAUMATIC WL468
EPINEPHRINE WK725
D2 The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates
both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal
relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and
cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anaesthetics.
Epineurium see PERIPHERAL NERVES WL150
Epiphysis cerebri see PINEAL GLAND WK350
Episcleritis see SCLERITIS WW325
EPISIOTOMY WQ410
E4 An incision of the posterior vaginal wall and a portion of the pudenda which enlarges the
vaginal introitus to facilitate delivery and prevent lacerations. See related DELIVERY, OBSTETRIC
EPISODE OF CARE
E2 N2 An interval of care by a health care facility or provider for a specific medical problem or
condition. It may be continuous or it may consist of a series of intervals marked by one or more brief
separations from care, and can also identify the sequence of care (e.g., emergency, inpatient,
outpatient), thus serving as one measure of health care provided.
Epithelial neoplasms see NEOPLASMS, GLANDULAR AND EPITHELIAL QZ365
Epithelioma see CARCINOMA QZ365
EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL WW330
A9 A10 Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is
smooth and contains many free nerve endings. See related CORNEA
EPOETIN ALFA
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D12 D23 This recombinant erythropoetin, a 165-amino acid glycoprotein, regulates red blood
cell production.
EPONYMS WB15
L1 See related NAMES
EPOPROSTENOL QV180
D10 D23 A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. It is
biosynthesised enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue.
The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION,
PULMONARY).
Biochemistry QU90
Epstein-Barr-virus see HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN WC522
Equal opportunities see CIVIL RIGHTS; HUMAN RIGHTS; WOMEN'S RIGHTS and individual groups
J8/WX422
Equasym see METHYLPHENIDATE QV102
Equilibrium see POSTURAL BALANCE WE70
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES WX540-47
E7 Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are
used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.
Embryology QS626
For learning disabled people WM855
For physically disabled and chronically sick WB650
Histology QS526
Immunology QW526
In intensive care WB420
Libraries Z148
Medical WB35
Prescriptions for medical devices WB305
Radiography WN150
Radiotherapy WN340-45
Social welfare HV256
See also with specialty at no 26 and with client groups. For disabled person’s equipment use SELF
HELP DEVICES
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES, HOSPITAL WB35
E7 Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital. Covers a wide range from
furnaces to surgical dressings. For / organisation & administration use MATERIALS MANAGEMENT,
HOSPITAL
Intensive care WB420
See related PURCHASING, HOSPITAL
Equipment calibration see EQUIPMENT SAFETY WN415
EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATION WC198
N6 The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses or other inanimate articles.
EQUIPMENT DESIGN WB35
E5 Disabled children WS550
Disabled persons WB650
Elderly persons WT350
See related PROSTHESIS DESIGN
EQUIPMENT FAILURE WX700
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E5 Failure of equipment to perform up to standards. The failure may be due to defects or
improper use.
Health care computing WX380
Medical equipment WB35
EQUIPMENT REUSE W350
E5 N6 Further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. It includes additional
use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. It does not include
the repeated use of fluids or solutions.
Equipment, safety see PROTECTIVE DEVICES W390
EQUIPMENT SAFETY W350
E5 Freedom of equipment from actual or potential hazards. Refers to safe use of all types of
equipment. Do not confuse with equipment used to ensure safety which is PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Calibration WN415
Equipment, dental see DENTAL EQUIPMENT WU306
Equipment, diagnostic see DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT QY26
Equipment, disposable WB35
Equipment, durable medical see DURABLE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT WB35
Equipment, surgical see SURGICAL EQUIPMENT WO162
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION WJ709
C12 F3 The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ
dysfunction.
Sexual dysfunction aspects HQ200
Ergonomics see HUMAN ENGINEERING
ERGOT ALKALOIDS QV174
D3 Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They
include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine
(ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
Erosion, cervical see UTERINE CERVICAL EROSION WP530
EROTICA HQ410
L1 Literary or artistic items having an erotic theme. It refers especially to books treating sexual
love in a sensuous or voluptuous manner. Use for pornography.
Child pornography W366
Eroticism see EROTICA HQ410
Error sources see RESEARCH DESIGN
ERYSIPELAS WC234
C1 C17 An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease
most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red
lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.
Do not confuse with erisipeloid.
ERYTHEMA WR235
C17 Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries from a variety of causes. Do not
confuse with erythroderma.
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Erythematosus, systemic lupus see LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC WD735
Erythraemia see POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA (WH180)
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS, FOETAL WS805
C13 C15 C16 C20 A condition characterised by the abnormal presence of ERYTHROBLASTS in the
circulation of the FOETUS or NEWBORNS. It is a disorder due to BLOOD GROUP
INCOMPATIBILITY, such as the maternal alloimmunisation by foetal antigen RH FACTORS leading to
HAEMOLYSIS of ERYTHROCYTES, hemolytic anaemia (ANAEMIA, HAEMOLYTIC), general oedema
(HYDROPS FOETALIS), and SEVERE JAUNDICE IN NEWBORN. Do not co-ordinate with INFANT,
NEWBORN, DISEASES. Do not confuse with HAEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN. See
related JAUNDICE, NEONATAL; RH ISOIMMUNISATION
ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE WH150
A11 A15 The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell
'ghost' after HAEMOLYSIS.
ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION WB356
E2 The transfer of erythrocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor. See related
BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION, AUTOLOGOUS
ERYTHROCYTES WH150
A11 A15 Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing
HAEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN. For / abnormalities use ERYTHROCYTES,
ABNORMAL. For / transplantation use ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION.
ERYTHROCYTES, ABNORMAL WH150
A11 A15 Abnormalities of size and shape; not for pathology of erythrocytes. Do not confuse
with ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY, which is the "ability of erythrocytes to change shape as they
pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature".
Erythrocytosis see POLYCYTHAEMIA (WH180)
ERYTHROMYCIN QV350.5
D2 D4 D9 A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus.
ERYTHROPOIETIN WJ360
D12 D23 Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the
foetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and
differentiation.
ERYTHROPOIETIN, RECOMBINANT WJ360
D12 D23 ERYTHROPOIETIN prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Escalators see ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS WX600
ESCHERICHIA QW138
B3 A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms
occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either
nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.
ESCHERICHIA COLI QW138
B3 A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in
the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains
are known to produce DIARRHOEA and pyogenic infections.
ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS WC290
C1 Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 WC290
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B3 A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which
has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which
produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination
of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
ESOTROPIA WW515
C10 C11 A form of ocular misalignment characterised by an excessive convergence of the
visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis
of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.
Esperanto see LANGUAGE PM
Essay writing see WRITING L128
ESSAYS
V2 This heading is used as a Publication type. Works consisting of collections of papers or
interpretive literary compositions not previously published. See related COLLECTED WORKS
Essential polyarteritis see POLYARTERITIS NODOSA WD740
ESSENTIAL TREMOR WL300
C10 A relatively common disorder characterised by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are
most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is
usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may
occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor).
ESSEX Z
G Wessex Mesh
Estate management see HEALTH FACILITY ENVIRONMENT WX685
Esteroproteases see PEPTIDE HYDROLASES QU136
Estimating for construction see FACILITY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION WX652
Estimation techniques see STATISTICS AS TOPIC QA28
ETHANOL QV82
D2 A clear, colourless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed
throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely
used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary
ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. See related ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; ALCOHOLIC
INTOXICATION
ETHER, ETHYL QV81
D2 A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anaesthetic and as a
solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous
membranes. See related ANAESTHETICS, INHALATION
Ethical codes see CODES OF ETHICS
ETHICAL REVIEW WA255
K1 N5 A formal process of examination of patient care or research proposals for conformity with
ethical standards. The review is usually conducted by an organised clinical or research ethics
committee (CLINICAL ETHICS COMMITTEES or RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES), sometimes
by a subset of such a committee, an ad hoc group, or an individual ethicist (ETHICISTS). See related
ETHICS COMMITTEES; PEER REVIEW
ETHICAL THEORY BJ
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K1 A philosophically coherent set of propositions (for example, utilitarianism) which attempts to
provide general norms for the guidance and evaluation of moral conduct.
ETHICISTS BJ
K1 M1 N5 Persons trained in philosophical or theological ethics who work in clinical, research,
public policy, or other settings where they bring their expertise to bear on the analysis of ethical
dilemmas in policies or cases. See related BIOETHICS; ETHICS, CLINICAL
ETHICS BJ
F1 K1 N5 The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct.
Also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality.
In social services, social care, social work HV36
See related CONFIDENTIALITY; CONSCIENCE; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANITIES
/ ethics Subheading.(E1-4,E6,E7,G1-2,G4-6,G9-11,I2-3,N2-4) For techniques and activities for
discussion and analysis with respect to human and social values.
ETHICS, BUSINESS WX224.2
K1 The moral obligations governing the conduct of commercial or industrial enterprises.
In drug manufacture QV475
See related COMMERCE; ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL; INDUSTRY
ETHICS, CLINICAL WA255
K1 N5 The identification, analysis and resolution of moral problems that arise in the care of patients.
Do not use routinely; reserve for discussions of clinical ethics as a topic in its own right.
ETHICS, MEDICAL is available for ethics in relation to the physician.
Of abortion HQ172
In anaesthetics WO521
Of birth control HQ155
In clinical laboratory technology QY21
In gynaecology WP21
In learning disability WM831
In medical research WB22
In midwifery WQ163
In psychiatry WM62
See related ETHICISTS; ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL; INFORMED CONSENT
ETHICS COMMITTEES WA255
K1 N4 N5 Committees established by professional societies, health facilities, or other institutions
to consider decisions that have bioethical implications. The role of these committees may include
consultation, education, mediation, and/or review of policies and practices. Committees that consider
the ethical dimensions of patient care are ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL; committees established
to protect the welfare of research subjects are ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH. See related
ADVISORY COMMITTEES; ETHICAL REVIEW; ETHICS, CLINICAL
ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL WA255
K1 N4 N5 Hospital or other institutional ethics committees established to consider the ethical
dimensions of patient care. Distinguish from ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH, which are
established to monitor the welfare of patients or healthy volunteers participating in research studies.
See related ETHICS, CLINICAL
Ethics committees, hospital see ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL WA255
ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH WB22
K1 N4 N5 Hospital or other institutional committees established to protect the welfare of
research subjects. See related CLINICAL TRIALS DATA MONITORING COMMITTEES
Ethics, corporate see ETHICS, BUSINESS WX224.2
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ETHICS, DENTAL WU50
K1 N5 The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the dentist,
relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the dentist in patient care and
interpersonal relations with patient families.
Ethics in publishing see SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT Q20
Ethics, hospital see ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL WX224.2
ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL WX224.2
K1 N5 The moral and ethical obligations or responsibilities of institutions. See related ETHICS,
BUSINESS
ETHICS, MEDICAL WA255
K1 N5 The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the
physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient
care and interpersonal relations with patient families.
In learning disability WM831
In psychiatry WM62
Of contraception and family planning HQ155
See related BIOETHICS; DUTY TO RECONTACT; DUTY TO WARN; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
ETHICS, NURSING WY24
K1 N5 The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of nurses
themselves, their patients, and their fellow practitioners, as well as their actions in the care of patients
and in relations with their families.
Ethics, organisational see ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL WX224.2
ETHICS, PHARMACY QV421
K1 N5 The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the
pharmacist, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the pharmacist in
health care and interpersonal relations with patient families.
ETHICS, PROFESSIONAL BJ
K1 N5 The principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations
with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and
interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families.
In psychology WLM36
See related PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCT
ETHICS, RESEARCH WB22
K1 N5 The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research
ethics as a general topic. See related ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION; EMBRYO RESEARCH;
FOETAL RESEARCH; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; RESEARCH
ETHNIC GROUPS HM268
M1 N1 A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a
variety of social relationships. Do not confuse ethnicity with race.
Health care WA90
Mental health WM31.1
See related AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY
GROUP; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; MINORITY GROUPS
Ethnography see ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL GN/HM201
ETHNOLOGY GN
I1 The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural
anthropology.
Sociological aspects HM201
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/ ethnology Subheading. (C1-21,C23,F3,Z) Used with diseases and selected terms for ethnic,
cultural, anthropological or racial aspects and with geographic headings to indicate the place of origin
of a group of people.
Ethnomedicine see MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL WB55-64
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY QV466
H1 H2 I1 The study of the actions and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from
PLANTS, indigenous to populations or ETHNIC GROUPS. See related MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL;
PHARMACOGNOSY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL
ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY WLM890
F4 Comparative psychology of races and peoples Psychology of a specific group goes with the
group and / psychology. See related ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL
ETHOLOGY QL4
F4 Specialty. The discipline pertaining to the study of animal behaviour. See related BEHA-
VIOUR, ANIMAL
Ethyl alcohol see ETHANOL QV82
Ethyl, ether see ETHER, ETHYL QV81
ETIDRONIC ACID WE240
D2 A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows
down bone resorption and bone turnover.
Etiquette see CULTURE GT
Etiquette, medical see INTERPROFESSIONAL RELATIONS
ETODOLAC QV95
D3 A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with potent analgesic and antiarthritic properties. It has
been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS;
ankylosing spondylitis; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain.
Etymology see TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC
EU see EUROPEAN UNION JC4
EU doctors working in Britain see FOREIGN MEDICAL GRADUATES WA294
Eugenic abortion see ABORTION, EUGENIC HQ172
EUGENICS QZ50
K1 The attempt to improve the PHENOTYPES of future generations of the human population by
fostering the reproduction of those with favorable phenotypes and GENOTYPES and hampering or
preventing BREEDING by those with "undesirable" phenotypes and genotypes. The concept is largely
discredited. See related GENETICS, MEDICAL; GENETIC COUNSELLING
EUKARYOTA QH50
B1 One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called
Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They
comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into
groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; various ALGAE, and
other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
EUNUCHISM WJ840
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C19 The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is
characterised by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES. See related
CASTRATION
EUROPE G
Z1 Health aspects WX93
Statistics, general HA110
Statistics, health and medical W218
EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP
M1 Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
EUROPEAN UNION JC4
I1 EU nationals as doctors WA294
Health aspects WX93
Nurses in EU WY37
Statistics W220
See related ECONOMICS
EUSTACHIAN TUBE WV530
A9 A narrow passageway that connects the upper part of the throat to the TYMPANIC CAVITY.
See related EAR, MIDDLE
EUTHANASIA WA260
E2 I1 N2 The act or practice of killing or allowing death from natural causes, for reasons of
mercy, i.e., in order to release a person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified
death. EUTHANASIA, ANIMAL is also available. See related BIOETHICAL ISSUES; RIGHT TO DIE
EUTHANASIA, ACTIVE WA260
E2 I1 N2 The act or practice of killing for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person or
animal from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. See related SUICIDE,
ASSISTED
EUTHANASIA, ACTIVE, VOLUNTARY WA260
E2 I1 N2 Active euthanasia of a patient at the patient's request and/or with the patient's
consent. See related LIVING WILLS; RIGHT TO DIE; SUICIDE, ASSISTED
EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE WA260
E2 N2 Failing to prevent death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy by the withdrawal or
withholding of life-prolonging treatment. See related RESUSCITATION ORDERS; WITHHOLDING
TREATMENT
Euthanasia, voluntary see EUTHANASIA, ACTIVE, VOLUNTARY WA260
Evaluation, drug utilisation see DRUG UTILISATION REVIEW QV448
EVALUATION STUDIES AS TOPIC Q20
E5 N5 Use for studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel or equipment.
Not for precision or accuracy of various techniques. Not for evaluation of patient care: see terms
indented under QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE. Do not use for evaluation of drugs, prefer DRUG
EVALUATION or DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL or CLINICAL TRIALS.
Job appraisal WX426
Of health buildings WX675
Of health services WX170
In libraries Z235
In medicine WB25
In social welfare HV111
See related HEALTH CARE EVALUATION MECHANISMS
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EVALUATION STUDIES
V3 This heading is used as a Publication Type. Works consisting of studies determining the
effectiveness or utility of processes, personnel, and equipment.
Of health promotion campaigns W580
Evaluation studies, drug see DRUG EVALUATION QV471
Evaluation studies, drug, preclinical see DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL QV471
Evaluation studies, nursing see NURSING EVALUATION RESEARCH WY20
Evening primrose see OENOTHERA BIENNIS QV466
Ever married see MARRIAGE HQ500
EVIDENCE-BASED DENTISTRY
H2 An approach or process to practising oral health care that requires the judicious integration of
systematic assessments of clinically relevant scientific evidence relating to the patient's oral and
medical condition and history, with the dentist's clinical expertise and the patient's treatment needs
and preferences. See related EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING
EVIDENCE-BASED EMERGENCY MEDICINE WD420
H2 A way of providing emergency medical care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the
best available scientific knowledge with clinical expertise in EMERGENCY MEDICINE. This approach
allows the practitioner to critically assess research data, clinical guidelines, and other information
resources in order to correctly identify the clinical problem, apply the most high-quality intervention,
and re-evaluate the outcome for future improvement.
Evidence-based health care see EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE WB20
H2 The process of systematically finding, appraising and using contemporaneous research
findings as the basis for clinical decisions. See 20 in all specialties. See related EVIDENCE-BASED
DENTISTRY; EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING
EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING WY20
H2 A way of providing nursing care that is guided by the integration of the best available scientific
knowledge with nursing expertise. This approach requires nurses to critically assess relevant scientific
data or research evidence and to implement high-quality interventions for their nursing practice.
In midwifery WQ147
See related EVIDENCE-BASED DENTISTRY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE WX20
H2 A way of providing health care that is guided by a thoughtful integration of the best available
scientific knowledge with clinical expertise. This approach allows the practitioner to critically assess
research data, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to correctly identify the
clinical problem, apply the most high-quality intervention, and re-evaluate the outcome for future
improvement.
EVOKED POTENTIALS WL254
G7 G11 The recorded electrical responses from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or
area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a
microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory ( EVOKED POTENTIALS,
AUDITORY), somatosensory ( EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual ( EVOKED
POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor ( EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have
been reported. Often used synonymously to event-related potentials which are associated with higher
level cognitive processes.
EVOLUTION QH90
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G5 G16 The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which
organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics. See related
SOCIOBIOLOGY
Ewing's tumour see SARCOMA, EWING'S WE260
Examination, neurologic see NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION WL250
Examination, physical see PHYSICAL EXAMINATION WB200-86
Examination techniques see EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT L105
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 18 in all schedules
V2 This heading is used as a Publication Type. Works consisting of compilations of questions
and answers pertaining to a particular subject, used for study and review. See related PROBLEMS
AND EXERCISES
Examinations, education see EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT L100
Examinations and diagnoses see DIAGNOSIS
Examiner, medical see CORONERS AND MEDICAL EXAMINERS WA315
Exceptional child see CHILD, EXCEPTIONAL WS321-35
Excitement, psychomotor see PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION (WL380)
Excitatory neurotoxins see NEUROTOXINS QW630.5
Excitotoxins see NEUROTOXINS QW630.5
Executive see PHYSICIAN EXECUTIVES WX122
Exencephaly see NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS WL540
EXERCISE WD500
G11 I3 Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or
maintaining physical fitness or health. EXERCISE THERAPY and EXERCISE TEST are also available.
Do not confuse with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and
metabolic response to energy expenditure.
Health aspects QT255-60
Health promotion W570
In old age WT146
In psychiatric therapy WM405
Postnatal WQ526
Prevention of heart disease WG217
Sociology HM340
See related BICYCLING; PHYSICAL EXERTION; PHYSICAL FITNESS
Exercise, aerobic see EXERCISE WD500
EXERCISE MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES W570
E2 Physical activities which people can do to benefit their health. See related PHYSICAL
THERAPY MODALITIES
EXERCISE TEST WG141
E1 E5 Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow
assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic
capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
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The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen
consumption, and heart rate. See related HEART FUNCTION TESTS
EXERCISE THERAPY WB541
E2 Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to
PHYSICAL FITNESS, but not PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING.
EXERCISE TOLERANCE
G11 The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration
and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
Exertion see PHYSICAL EXERTION WE60
EXHIBITIONISM HQ300
F3 A disorder in which fantasies about or the act of exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting
stranger produces sexual excitement with no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger. See
related PARAPHILIAS
EXHIBITS
J1 L1 Descriptions or catalogues of public displays or items representative of a given subject.
In libraries Z225
Pathology QY27
EXISTENTIALISM B
F2 K1 Philosophy based on the analysis of the individual's existence in the world which holds that
human existence cannot be completely described in scientific terms. Existentialism also stresses the
freedom and responsibility of the individual as well as the uniqueness of religious and ethical
experiences and the analysis of subjective phenomena such as anxiety, guilt, and suffering.
In psychoanalytic theory WM463
EXOCRINE GLANDS QT172
A10 See related LACRIMAL APPARATUS; PANCREAS; PROSTATE; SALIVARY GLANDS;
SEBACEOUS GLANDS; SWEAT GLANDS
Exodontics see SURGERY, ORAL WU600-40
Exophthalmic goitre see GRAVES' DISEASE WK265
Expenditures, health see HEALTH EXPENDITURES WX107
Experiential learning see REFLECTIVE LEARNING L57
Experimental design see RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental Parkinson disease see PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS WL315-8
Experimental Parkinsonism, MPTP-induced see PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS WL315-8
Experimental psychology see PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL WLM130
Experimental radiation injuries see RADIATION INJURIES, EXPERIMENTAL WN625
Experiments (publication type) see LABORATORY MANUALS (publication type)
Expert opinion see EXPERT TESTIMONY WA310
Expert patient see PATIENT PARTICIPATION WA82
EXPERT SYSTEMS QA139
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
11/11/2008, 11/11/2009, 4/11/2010 & 14/03/2011 by Bobby Noyes with SWIMS Cataloguing Group.
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L1 Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a
problem, and the processing and/or formalising of this knowledge using these programs in such a
manner that the problems may be solved.
EXPERT TESTIMONY
I1 N3 Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a
particular subject.
In forensic sciences WA310
In forensic psychiatry WM715
Expert witness see EXPERT TESTIMONY WA310
Expiratory airflow see PULMONARY VENTILATION WF102
Expiratory peak flow rate see PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE WF625
EXPLOSIONS W410
N6 See related BLAST INJURIES; DISASTERS; MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS
Exposure, occupational see OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE W300
EXPRESSED EMOTION WM31
F1 Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family
members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic
patients.
Expressive arts therapy see ART THERAPY
Extended family see FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS HQ630
Extension services, library see LIBRARY SERVICES Z250
Extensor rigidity see MUSCLE RIGIDITY WE330
EXTERNAL FIXATORS WE164
E7 External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone
in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to
wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved. See
related FRACTURE FIXATION
External nerve compression syndromes see NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES WL564
External otitis see OTITIS EXTERNA WV522
Extra-contractual referrals see CONTRACTS WX145
EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION
E4 Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the
bodily circulation.
In heart disease WG310
In renal dialysis WJ378
Extracorporeal dialysis see RENAL DIALYSIS WJ378-85
EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION WD456
E2 E4 Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system,
which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use
are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. See related
MEMBRANES, ARTIFICIAL
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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Extracorporeal photochemotherapy see PHOTOPHERESIS WN478
Extracorporeal photopheresis see PHOTOPHERESIS WN478
EXTRACTION, OBSTETRICAL WQ314-20
E4 Extraction of the foetus by means of obstetrical instruments. See related OBSTETRICAL
FORCEPS; VACUUM EXTRACTION, OBSTETRICAL
Extraction, tooth see TOOTH EXTRACTION WU365
EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES QS645
A10 A16 The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing EMBRYO. See related
FOETAL MEMBRANES, PREMATURE RUPTURE; LABOUR, INDUCED
EXTRAMARITAL RELATIONS HQ520
F1 G8 Voluntary SEXUAL INTERCOURSE between a married person and someone other
than the SPOUSE. See related MARRIAGE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR; SEXUAL PARTNERS
Extramedullary spinal cord compression see SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION WL540
Extranets see COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS QA310
Extraordinary treatment see LIFE SUPPORT CARE WB430
Extrapyramidal disorders see BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES WL310
Extrapyramidal rigidity see MUSCLE RIGIDITY WL310
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS WL160
A8 See related SPINAL CORD
Extrasensory perception see PARAPSYCHOLOGY WLM500
EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT WD658
G1 G16 The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a
closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.
EXTRAVERSION (PSYCHOLOGY) WM464
F1 F2 A state in which attention is largely directed outward from the self.
Extreme sports see SPORTS MEDICINE WD510
EXTREMITIES WE600-945
A1
Extremities, artificial see ARTIFICIAL LIMBS WE136
Extremity, lower see LOWER EXTREMITY WE715
Extremity, upper see UPPER EXTREMITY WE602
Extroversion see EXTRAVERSION (PSYCHOLOGY) WM464
EYE WW
A1 A9 Consider also terms at OCUL-; OPHTHALM-; OPT-; and VIS-. For inflammation use
ENDOPHTHALMITIS or specific terms. For / abnormalities use EYE ABNORMALITIES. For / injuries
use EYE INJURIES. For / physiology use OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY. For / surgery use
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES. See related EYE MANIFESTATIONS; FACE;
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; REFRACTION, OCULAR; VISION, OCULAR
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
11/11/2008, 11/11/2009, 4/11/2010 & 14/03/2011 by Bobby Noyes with SWIMS Cataloguing Group.
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EYE ABNORMALITIES WW165
C11 C16 Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
EYE, ARTIFICIAL WW470
E7 A ready-made or custom-made prosthesis of glass or plastic shaped and colored to resemble
the anterior portion of a normal eye and used for cosmetic reasons. It is attached to the anterior
portion of an orbital implant which is placed in the socket of an enucleated or eviscerated eye. See
related ARTIFICIAL ORGANS
EYE BURNS WW590
C21 Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation. For
chemical burns use / chemically induced + BURNS, CHEMICAL. See related EYE INJURIES
Eye cancer see EYE NEOPLASMS WW170
EYE DISEASES WW160-90
C11 For / diagnosis consider also DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL. See
related EYE MANIFESTATIONS; OPHTHALMOLOGY
EYE DISEASES, HEREDITARY WW165
C11 C16 Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are
expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth,
but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.
Eye drops see OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS WW200
Eye fatigue see ASTHENOPIA WW190
EYE FOREIGN BODIES WW585
C21 See related EYE INJURIES; FOREIGN BODIES
EYE INFECTIONS WW160
C1 C11 Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs
either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment,
or blindness. See related CONJUNCTIVITIS
EYE INJURIES WW580-90
C21 Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface
injuries and intraocular injuries. Consider also / injuries with specific parts of the eye. See related EYE
BURNS; EYE FOREIGN BODIES; FACIAL INJURIES
EYE MANIFESTATIONS WW160
C11 C23 Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.
Eye motility disorders see OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS WW510
Eye movement disorders see OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS WW510
EYE MOVEMENTS WW510
G11 Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. See related NYSTAGMUS,
PATHOLOGIC; SLEEP, REM
EYE NEOPLASMS WW170
C4 C11 Tumours or cancer of the EYE. See related ORBITAL NEOPLASMS
Eye physiology see OCULAR PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA WW103
EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES WW595
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
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E7 J1 Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or
injurious radiation. Includes goggles. Do not confuse with EYEGLASSES which is for improvement of
vision
Eye socket see ORBIT WW300
Eyebrow piercing see BODY PIERCING WR620
EYEBROWS WE400
A1 A17 See related EYE; EYELIDS; HAIR
EYEGLASSES WW445
E7 The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun
glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
EYELID DISEASES WW305
C11
EYELID NEOPLASMS WW305
C4 C11 Tumours or cancer of the eyelid.
EYELIDS WW305
A1 A9 Consider also terms at BLEPHAR-. For inflammation use BLEPHARITIS.
Eye strain see ASTHENOPIA WW190
Ezetimibe see AZETIDINES QU65
Created on27/06/2003 from Wessex Mesh. Amended 18/04/2005, 08/06/2006, 06/03/2007,
11/11/2008, 11/11/2009, 4/11/2010 & 14/03/2011 by Bobby Noyes with SWIMS Cataloguing Group.
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