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ICT Policy

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ICT         Policy
7. ICT Infrastructure and Access

International - I: Policies & Regulations in I+CT -

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UNESCAP/ITU Regional Training Workshop on

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Telecommunica Enabling Policies and Regulatory Frameworks for

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Development in the Asia–Pacific Region

Asia–

tion May 5, 2004



Union Bangkok, Thailand







Eun-

Dr. Eun-Ju Kim

ITU

eun-

eun-ju.kim@itu.int









Overall Structure of Agenda

Training 0830H – 10:00H, Policies & Regulations in ICT:

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Current Status and Challenges – Development of ICT

Infrastructure and Access

Evolving Policies and Regulations in ICT driven by

Technological Development and Convergence Policies & Regulations of ICT:

Policies & Regulations of ICT:

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1030H – 12:00H, Regulatory Frameworks I: 1. Current Status and Challenges:

1. Current Status and Challenges:

Independence of Regulator

Competition Safeguard

Development of ICT Infrastructure and Access

Development of ICT Infrastructure and Access

Licensing and its Criteria



1300H – 1430H, Regulatory Frameworks II:

2. Evolving Policies and Regulations of ICT

2. Evolving Policies and Regulations of ICT

Scarce Resources (e.g., Spectrum, Numbering, etc) driven by Technological Development

driven by Technological Development

Interconnection

Universal Service and Its Funds and Convergence

and Convergence

Costing & Pricing

Others through converged ICT



1500H – 16:30H, Good Practices & Lessons of Countries

in Asia and Pacific Region – Analysis of survey









1

ICT* = Converged Technologies

Telecommunications = ‘ICT’ already ?

?

Telecommunication:

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Technologies Legislations

‘Any transmission, emission or

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reception of signs, signals, Telecommunications

writing, images and sounds or

intelligence of any nature by wire, INTERNET

radio, optical or other IT=Computer Broadcasting

electromagnetic systems’

- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution



Regulations Policies

i.e., Telecommunication is already broad enough

to integrate‘Internet’: Internet is part of Administrations

evolving technologies of telecommunications.









Why ICT Is So Important, Today ? What is ‘access’ ?

Beauty of ICT is various Access to ICT means the making

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available of facilities/and or services, to

applications and another undertaking, under defined

opportunities for “socio- conditions, on either an exclusive or

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non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of

economic development”. providing electronic communications

services. It covers, inter alia;

But, such various ICT • Access to network elements and associated

applications and facilities and services,

• Access to physical infrastructure, software

opportunities won’t be able systems

• Access to number translation systems,

to be achieved without • Access to mobile networks, for roaming

reliable and affordable ICT • Access to conditional access systems for

digital television services &

infrastructure – I.e., access • Access to Internet



to the ICT.









2

Basic Indicators

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Nepal 242

Bangladesh 357

Vietnam 430

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Status of

India 474

Bhutan 734



ICT Infrastructure and Access Sri Lanka



China

873



942

Philippines 984

Kazakhstan 1473

Thailand 2065

Malaysia 3971

Korea (Rep) 10188



0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000



GDP per capita (US$) in 2002





{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









Main Telephone Lines Telephone - Waiting List

Bangladesh 0.51 China

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Nepal 1.41 Korea (Rep.)

Bhutan 2.84 Philippines

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India 3.98

Vietnam

Philippines 4.17

Malaysia 65.9

Sri Lanka 4.66

Kazakhstan 168.3

Vietnam 4.84

Bangladesh 199.1

Thailand 10.50

Sri Lanka 257.7

Kazakhstan 13.04

Nepal 317.3

China 16.69



Malaysia 19.04 Thailand 710.2



Korea (Rep.) 48.86 India 1648.8



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800



Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants in 2002 Waiting list for telephone lines in (000s) 2002



{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003} {Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









3

Telephone Tariffs Mobile Cellular Subscribers

Nepal 0.09

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Bangladesh 0.81



India 1.22

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Vietnam 2.34



Nepal 0.01 Sri Lanka 4.92



India 0.02 Kazakhstan 6.43



Vietnam 0.02 China 16.09



Bangladesh 0.03 Philippines 19.13



Korea (Rep.) 0.03 Thailand 26.04



Malaysia 0.03 Malaysia 37.68



Thailand 0.07 Korea (Rep.) 67.95



0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80



Local call (US$) in 2002 Mobile cellular subscribers per 100 inhabitants in 2002



{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003} {Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









Estimated Personal Computers Internet

Bangladesh 0.34 Bangladesh 0.15

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Nepal Nepal 0.34

0.37

Sri Lanka 1.06

India 0.72

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Kazakhstan 1.57

Vietnam 0.98

India 1.59

Sri Lanka 1.32

Vietnam 1.85

China 2.76

Philippines 4.40

Philippines 2.77

China 4.60

Thailand 3.98

Thailand 7.76



Malaysia 14.68 Malaysia 31.97



Korea (Rep.) 55.58 Korea (Rep.) 55.19



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60



Estimated PCs per 100 inhabitants In 2002 Internet users per 100 inhabitants in 2002



{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003} {Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









4

Mobile Internet Broadband Subscribers

Bangladesh

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Kazakhstan



Nepal

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Sri Lanka



Thailand 0.1



Vietnam 0.3



Malaysia 0.7



India 2.3



China 4.5



Philippines 15.6



Korea (Rep.) 96.5



0 20 40 60 80 100 120



As % of total subscribers in 2002



{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003} {Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









Pay TV - Cable TV Subscribers Pay TV - Home Satellite Antennas

Kazakhstan China

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Malaysia India



Vietnam Kazakhstan

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Sri Lanka 0.7 Korea (Rep.)



Thailand 5.2 Nepal



Philippines 24.1 Vietnam



China 31.1 Bangladesh 0.0



Bangladesh 45.9 Sri Lanka 0.0



Nepal 56.5 Philippines 0.2



Korea (Rep.) 62.5 Thailand 2.1



India 66.0 Malaysia 21.9



0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 0 5 10 15 20 25



As % of TV households in 2002 As % of TV households in 2002



{Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003} {Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators, 2003}









5

International communications capacity, Gbit/s, ASP Digital Divide in Asia & Pacific

Combined density between haves & have-nots in Asia & Pacific, 2001

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70

Bangladesh

65

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Lao

60

Internet Nepal



Telephone Solomon Islands

50 Cambodia

Fixed

Mobile

Average

Internet

40 Korea(Rep.)



Japan

30 30 31

Singapore

26

23 Taiwan,China

20 20

18 HK,China

16

14 0 50 100 150 200



10 11

8 9 8

2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0.1 {Source: Various ITU Publications}

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001









Not just service but ‘facilities’ for access ‘Access with quality’ vs. ‘investments’

Telecom expenditure of countries in Asia & the Pacific,

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(2001-2002)

16

Australi a

Fixed Wireless

14 Top 6. DS L Top 6. Cable M odem

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Hong Kong

Broadband Ethernet LANs 1. K orea (Rep.) 1. K orea (Rep.)

12

per 100 inhabitants, June 2001









in Apartment Buildings 2. Hongkong China 2. Canada India



10

Cable M odem 3. Canada 3. Netherlands South Korea



DSL 4. Taiwan, China 4. United States

8 Malaysia

5. Iceland 5. Austria

6 6. Sweden 6. Belgium Philippines





4 China





2 Singapore





0 Taiwan

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-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

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* S.Korea reached its penetration rate of 20% in 2003 {Source: Asia Pacific Development, 2002}









6

Paradigm shift To digital economy

Shift from

Shift from

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•• Agricultural •• Information society with a

Information society with a

Agricultural

and/or Industrial knowledge-driven digital economy;

knowledge-driven digital economy;

and/or Industrial to

society; to

society;

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•• Deregulated or privatized

Deregulated or privatized

Policies & Regulations in •• Centralized control

Centralized control

or regulation from

telecom; &

telecom; &

Industry-led self-regulation &

ICT: or regulation from

regulators/

regulators/

Industry-led self-regulation &

power of individual consumers;

power of individual consumers;

monopolies in

Tools for Improving ICT monopolies in

telecom;

telecom; •• Micro, small & medium-sized

Micro, small & medium-sized

Infrastructure & Access •• Significant market

Significant market

entrepreneurs esp. in the era of

entrepreneurs esp. in the era of

eBusiness or eCommerce;;&

eBusiness or eCommerce &

powers of

powers of

incumbent,

incumbent,

conglomerates &

conglomerates &

MNCs.

MNCs. ICT

As the foundation and tool for the all









Different patch of policies, laws &

Trends of changing & evolving policies

regulations in ICT Sectors

Telecom De-Regulated,

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Evolution over decades BROADCASTING COMPUTER/IT TELECOMS

Sector: liberalized, POLICIES Till 1980s Right to communicationNot particular Not particular

privatized, or 1990s Broadcasting Policy IT Policy Telecom Policy

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Fixed: re-regulated onwards ICT Policy

LEGISLATIONS Till 1980s Broadcasting Act None or under Commerce Telecommunication Act

– Regulated with more

Laws

– Monopoly TO detailed, but 1990s Regular revision of RA IT Act Revision of TA

‘soft’

Mobile: regulatory

onwards Spam Act, Convergence Bill, Communications and Multimedia Act etc.

REGULATIONS Till 1980s Public-oriented; Regulation Market-led competition; State-owned or monopoly;

– Regulated frameworks 'Hard' & 'Soft' (e.g., censor, contents, Regulation

– Dupoly/Multipl channel etc.)

e 1990s More towards monitoring to Emerging demands for Public or private owned;

Getting onwards protect public interest regulation to ensure De-regulation with more

IT Sector: regulated with security & confidence detailed regulatory tools

– Un-regulated ‘hard’ laws

– Multiple









7

Why liberal policies ? .

Liberal Policy vs. ICT Growth

• Telecommunication sector, traditionally both

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Industries regulated and operated by the government

and/or state-owned monopoly, has been

Efficiency

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- Operators transforming towards deregulation,

Competitiveness - HW & SW

‘progressive’ liberalization or privatization;

& • Liberalization with ‘competition’ especially in

FOR companies mobile services led them to outnumber fixed

Accessbility & line services in both developed and developing

countries (e.g., Cambodia);

Affordability

• Internet capacity, developed at liberal markets,

Consumers exceeded international telephone circuit

capacity in 2000.

Thus, yes, liberal policy led to growth in the

telecom sector …. But !









Liberal policy with Liberal Policy: Leading to Sectoral

more detailed regulatory frameworks ! Reform

Most operators have been separated

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e.g., • Competition for a choice of services & from the ministries.;

suppliers as well as for competitive – if Many underwent sectoral reforms or

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not, affordable - prices; restructuring by separating regulators

• Universal Service Obligation & its funds from from policy-makers: e.g., over 110

the incumbents &/or various operators worldwide and 17 in Asia-Pacific

for access to even rural & underprivileged

(recently Nepal, Bangladesh &

groups;

Maldives).

• Pricing & Rebalancing to reduce/update

tariffs for affordability; etc. Influenced by convergence of ICTs,

because of some moved further towards multi-

sectoral or converged ministries (e.g.,

Korea, China, Australia, India,

correlation between ‘policy/regulation’ & ‘access’ Thailand, Nepal etc.) and/or regulators

(e.g., Singapore, Malaysia, Bhutan,

Mongolia etc.).









8

Current status of sectoral re-

engineering Major Regulatory Frameworks (1)

Country Policy Maker Regulator Incumbent Fixed Mobile • Licensing carriers or service providers

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Bangladesh MPT BTRC BBTB M C for different types of licenses, but ideally

China MII MII CT C C on ‘technology-neutral’, subject to

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India MCIT TRAI BSNL C C availability of scarce resources (e.g.,

Korea (Rep.) MIC KCC/MIC KT C C radio spectrum);

• Pricing services through various

Malaysia MEWC MCMC TM P P

mechanisms ranging from price-cap, rate

Nepal MOICT NTA NT M P of return, to rebalancing of tariffs in

Philippines DOTC NTC several C C accordance with maturity of markets or

Sri Lanka MPT TRC ST P C industries;

Thailand MOICT - TOT,CAT M C • Quality of Services through setting its

criteria and monitoring them;

{Source: ITU (2002), Internet for a Mobile Generation; Trends in

Telecommunication Reform; & Global Directory}

C=competition; M=monopoly; P=partial C.









Regulatory Principles

Major Regulatory Frameworks (2) WTO

in The Reference Paper*

• Ensuring interconnection among different fixed & 1. Competition safeguards or prevention of

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mobile carriers’ networks on a fair, open,

transparent, and non-discriminatory base anti-competitive behavior;

through setting the financial, administrative and 2. Interconnection guarantee and charges

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technical terms;

transparent or public availability of

• Managing radio spectrum for maximizing its The RPs

limited resources with coordination with are not just licensing criteria;

neighboring countries and regions to avoid any limited to 3. Independence of regulators from

harmful interference; Telecom sector operators;

• Ensuring competition to provide various but applicable to

operators with level playing grounds or non- IT, now ICT 4. Fair allocation and use of scarce

discriminatory bases through removing entry sectors resources (e.g., frequencies, numbers,

barriers to new entrants inter alia;

rights of way etc.); and

• Universal Service or Access to ensure that, as far

as possible, no geographic area or social group 5. Universal service

(including people with disabilities and in needs) is

deprived of access to telecoms service on

reasonable terms; and so on …. *RP ….. now adopted by 72 governments









9

Streamlined regulatory Processes:

Public availability, transparency, & Why Public Availability ?

efficiencyStreamlined regulatory processes – esp. licensing – -------- For TRANSPARENCY !!!

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with certain deadline (e.g., 30 days after

application), if not one-stop licensing;

Public Consultative Documents to resolve It will benefit for any parties,

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problems, issues and complaints; should regulators’ activities be

Public Hearings to hear various voices; publicly available and transparent

Structured Consultative Proceedings based on the through announcing and updating

submission of written comments by interest groups; their ordinances, orders,

Use of Analytic Findings by interested/consumer

groups;

directions, determinations,

Reply Comments by interest/consumer groups;

licensing conditions and criteria,

Advice from various forums or advisory committees;

the list of licensees, performance

Analytical researches by regulator’s own staff or pledge and so forth in their

contractors on specific issues; and so forth annual reports, newsletters, or

even Internet Homepages.









Having ICT Policy itself is no use , Other Prerequisites for improving

unless ensuring & implementing: e.g., ICT

• GOVERNANCE: Policy-makers & Regulators Mechanisms to raise capital or funds (e.g., USO Funds),

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– Policy & regulatory tools with political wills Development of infrastructure (e.g., electricity, road,

at national levels transportation),

Payment mechanisms (e.g., banking, exchange with goods

• MANAGEMENT: Industries

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etc.),

– Operators/suppliers with their own interests Education and training for human resources

or as an obligation of universal service Socio-cultural awareness (e.g. for poverty eradication,

– Various SMEs with more creative equality of genders, access from the underprivileged

entrepreneurship groups including the disabled),

Economic empowerment (e.g., for new business and

• SOCIAL ACTION: Communities + Civil society employment opportunities),

– Various initiatives like telecenters Local languages and contents (e.g., multi-lingual software,

local contents),

• Users/Consumers protected

Technical and legal measures for security and confidence

– To demand & monitor for ICTs at affordable (e.g., standards, cyber laws),

prices with choices and quality of services Research, development, transfer, and implementation of

• International & Regional Rules harmonized new technologies

Political wills with transparency and commitment, &

– To deal with trans-border issues esp.

Stable social, economic and political environment.

borderless ICT era.









10

Conclusion .

• Policies can be a critical facilitator – I.e.,

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‘means’ or ‘safeguard’ - rather than

‘goal’ or ‘burden’ for healthy

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development of ICT infrastructure and

access;

• Regulatory Frameworks can be critical

Dr. Eun-Ju Kim

means of not only market entries in

ITU Regional Office

liberalized markets but also developing

89/2 Chaengwattana Road

ICT infrastructure & applications Laksi, Bangkok 10210

Thailand

How to use the means successfully is Tel: +66 2574 8565

subject to each country’s circumstances: Fax: +66 2 574 9328

esp., political will and stability E-mail: eun-ju.kim@itu.int

And skills with expertise.









11


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