English
Pronunciation
Book 1
Yang Limin
Designer :Yuanlee
Designer :Yuanlee
The Fricative Consonants
Contents
1. Introduction
2. // // // // // // // //
// //
3. Exercises
4. Exit
Exit
What are fricative consonants?
Fricative Consonants are produced by forcing the
breath steam through a constriction formed by
articulators in the vocal tract. Fricatives involve
letting the air slide through a narrow opening in the
mouth. They can be prolonged for some time. The air
is not completely blocked. If you make the narrow
opening with your bottom lip against your top teeth,
you are producing a labiodentals (lip-tooth) fricative.
The voiced labiodentals fricative is the initial
consonant of veer. The unvoiced labiodentals fricative
is the initial consonant of fear. If you make that
opening with your tongue against your top teeth, you
produce a dental fricative. The voiced dental
fricative is the initial consonant of though. The
unvoiced dental fricative is the initial consonant of
think.
/f/ vs. /v/
• //
It is made by closing the mouth almost all
the way. The top teeth are shown biting
down the lower lip. The tongue is in the
middle of the mouth. Air is blown through
slowly.
•/v/
It is made by closing the mouth almost
all the way. The top teeth are shown biting
down on the lower lip. The tongue is in the
middle of the mouth.
/f/ vs. /v/
vet
village
volcano
television
tooth
month
thin
thirsty
/f/ vs. /v/
3. Listen and follow.
few /fju:/ view /vju:/ leaf /li:f/ leave /li:v/
feel /fi:l/ veal /vi:l/ file /fail/ vile /vail/
refuse /ri'fju:z/ reviews /ri'vju:z/ ferry /'fer.i/
very /'ver i/ supper /'sp/ suffer
/'sf./ rougher/'rf./ lover /'lv./
/f/ vs. /v/
2. Read these following sentences.
(1) Philip found the cave in the valley at five forty on
the first of February.
(2) The brave diver dived into the river to save the
villager.
(3) Virtue is fairer than beauty.
(4) Only a few friends were ever invited to the
famous violinist's villa. Many had seen photographs of it.
//vs.//
//
It is made by opening the mouth medium wide.
The teeth are apart, with only some of the top
front teeth shown. The tongue sticks out of the
mouth between the front teeth. Air is blown
through slowly.
//
It is produced by squeezing the breath stream
between the tongue and teeth, and it’s voiced.
Put your hand on your throat and say//. You
should not feel anything. Now say//. You
should be able to feel the vocal folds vibrating
when you say this sound. Now try//, //,
// .You should be able to feel the vibration
stopping and starting.
cloth
clothes
//vs.//
tooth
month
thin
thirsty
father
breathe
bathe
feather
//vs./s/
1.Listen and compare /s/,//.
sing /si/ thing/i/
pass/p:s/ path/p: /
sort/s:t/ thought/:t/
closing/'klu.zi/ clothing/'klu.i/
mouse/maus/ mouth/mau /
sum/sm/ thumb/m/
breeze/bri:z/ breathe/bri: /
sick/sik/ thick/ik/
// vs. /z/
2. Practice following words.
breath/bri: / breeze/bri:z/ though/u/
that/t/ doze/duz/ those/uz/
tease/ti:z/ teethe/ti:/ there//
writhe/rai/ rise/raiz/ than/n/
//vs./s/; //vs./z/
3. Listen and imitate. Pay special attention to/s/,
/z/, // and //.
(1) Three thirty.
(2) What's this? This is a zoo.
(3) The bathroom's through there.
(4) Wise thoughts
(5) Whose is that? It's theirs.
(6) What are these? These are zippers.
/s/ vs. /z/
/s/
It is made by opening the
mouth medium wide. The teeth are
shown clenched together. The
tongue touches all of the bottom
teeth. Air is blown through
slowly.
/z/
It is made by opening the
mouth medium wide. The teeth are
shown clenched together. The
tongue touches all of the top
teeth.
/s/ vs. /z/
sun
box
horse
bicycle
zoo
prize
bees
nose
/s/ vs. /z/
1. Try those following words.
// set soft sort suit sour Saturday
seven rest gas purse rice miss
loss against almost zeal
// zero zest zoo lose buzz wives
as gaze rise goes comes plays
/s/ vs. /z/
2. Try the following words. Pay special attention
to the vowel length and the strength of the
consonant.
place/pleis/ plays/pleiz/ niece/ni:s/ knees/ni:z/
price /prais/prize/praiz/ spice/spais/ spies/spaiz/
ice/ais/ eyes/aiz/ ass/s/ as/z/
// vs. / /
//, / /
They are made by opening
the mouth and pushing the lips
outward. The teeth are shown
clenched together. The sides of
the tongue touch the top back
teeth.
explosion
ocean
// vs. / /
fish
sugar
shoe
shop
garage
Asia
measure
collision
// vs. / /
1. Now listen and imitate.
she/i:/ show// short/:t/
shame/m/
machine/m'i:n/ nation/'nei n/ ash//
ashamed/'eimd/ precious/'pres/
crush/kr/ measure/'me./
vision/'.n/
garage/'r.:/ usual/'ju:.l/ rouge/ru:/
beige/bei/
// vs. / /
2.Now,read these words after the tape.
class/kl:s/ clash/kl/
leased/li:st/ leashed/li: t/
bass/beis/ bash/b/
major/'mei.d/ measure /'me./
ridge/rid/ rouge/ru: /
sew/su/ show/u /
sip/sip/ ship/ip/
ass/s/ ash//
age/eid/ beige/bei/
baggage/'bi:d/ garage /'r.:/
/h/
/h/
It is made by opening the mouth
medium wide. The teeth are
apart, with some of the top and
bottom front teeth shown. The
tongue is in the middle of the
mouth. Air is blown through
quickly.
/h/
hat
hard
hen
high
/h/
1. Now, listen and follow.
hear/hi/ ear/i/ harm/h:m/ arm/:m/
hat/ht / at/t/ hail/h:1/ all/: 1 /
hill/hil/ ill/il/ hit/hit/ it/it/
/h/
2. Practice the following phrases and sentences.
(1) How's Arthur?
(2) have the upper hand
(3) have a heart
(4) have one's hands full
(5) out of hand
(6) We all went home.
(7) How do you do?
(8) the Houses of Parliament
/r/
/r/
Put the tip of the tongue near,
but not touching , the back part
of the upper teeth ridge ;the main
body of the tongue is kept low
/r/
and the front is held concave (凹
的) allowing air to escape .
/r/
1. Read the following words and phrases.
read right already ferry sorry
arrive rhythm wrap wrist
write wrong roar rear
a real writer a crazy dreams
prince and princess bride and bridegroom
a rich prince a press conference
practice and progress hand in hand/
a huge hall here’s your hat
Contents
Affricative Consonants
1. Introduction
2. /t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/ /ts/ /dz/
3. Exercises
4. Exit
What are affricative consonants?
Fricatives are made by partially blocking the
airflow, thus causing the friction-like noise
characteristic of these sounds.
/t d/
/t d/
They are produced by stop
the breath-stream between the
tongue and ridge for a stop and
fricative. The stop is made by
the front part of the tongue
against the teeth ridge and then
the air is slowly released, and it
escapes over the surface of the
tongue.
/t d/
cheek
chicken
church
watch
jeep
jug
orange
bridge
/t d/
1.Repeat the words in the box.
peaches sugar orange juice jam chicken
bread wine champagne fish mushrooms milk
fresh vegetables cheese Coco-Cola chocolate
chips beer butter
/t d/
2. Read following words.
rich ridge
search serge
chat jack
choke joke
chain Jane
/tr,dr/
/tr,dr/
Place the main part of the /
tongue as for/r/and bring /
the tip to touch the back
part of the teeth ridge; air is
forced from the lungs and
then the tongue is removed
not too quickly from the /
teeth ridge. /
/tr,dr/
1. Read following words.
try dry
track drag
true drew
trim dream
/,/
• /,/
Place the main part of
the tongue as for/s/and //
bring the tip to touch the
teeth ridge; air is forced
from the lung and then the
tongue is removed not too
quickly from the ridge.
//
/,/
1. Read following words.
tests beasts feasts hosts gifts
lifts treats puts costs
beds fields goods hands words
bends holds pretends spends extends
/,/
2. Try to read the following passage:
A tree toad loved a she-toad who lived up in a
tree. He was a two-toed tree toad but a three-toed
toad was she. The two-toed tree toad tried to win
the three-toed she-toad's heart, for the two-toed tree
toad loved the ground that the three-toed tree toad
trod. But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain. He
couldn't please her whim. From her tree toad bower
with her three-toed power the she-toad vetoed him.