4-27-09
I) Communism
A) Russia
II) Fascism
A) Italy
B) Germany - Nov. 1923
1) National Sozialists
(i) “Beer Hall Putsch” (1923) – Adolph Hitler
(a) 16 killed
(ii) Gustav Stresemann – chancellor (1923-27)
(a) Dawes Plan = U.S. money (gold) to stabilize Germany
New German “Rentermark” = 1,000,000,000,000 DM
III) Locarno Agreements (1927)
A) Attempt to rewrite the Versailles Treaty
1) Agree to end punishments by 1930
2) WWI = “the war to end all wars”
(i) Optimism that the Great War was the last
3) Nobel Peace Prizes of 1928
IV) 1928 – Herbert Hoover
A) on Broadway “Happy days are Here Again”
B) “4 more years and we’ll have eliminated poverty in America”
V) 1928 – companies begin to show stocks of unsold goods (durable goods)
A) Lay off workers
VI) 1929 – Stock Market flutters
A) Dividend based on profits
B) “Margin” sales of stocks – run-on banks (people demand money from banks)
VII) Stock Market Crash (1929)
A) Recession – capital dries up (1930)
1) Companies “contract” or close
B) Depression – political extremism returns (1932)
VIII) Europe – reception/depression worse than U.S.
A) Elections throughout Europe
IX)
U.S. Germany
moderate conservative party moderate socialist party in control
F.D. Roosevelt – expansion of government in economy Hitler – expansion of government in economy
X) U.S.
A) 1st New Deal unconstitutional
B) Nationalization of economics
1) Make-work projects
XI) Germany
A) Reichstag Fire (1933)
B) Blame communists – gain support
1) Enabling Act 1934 – Chancellor can rule by decree
C) Economy starts to recover by 1935
1) Rise in national pride and nationalism
D) Self-determination
1) Choice of identity (country/nation)
2) But after WWI – millions of Germans now belong to Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, etc.
E) Sudeten land
1) Germans outside of Germany
F) German nationalism vs. “Other”
1) Jews – the Night of the Broken Glass (Nov. 9, 1938)
4/29/09
sans cullotes Jacobin Liberals Royalists
trade radical socialists (SPD &Fabians)
republicans monarchists
unionists “Communists” socialist democrats
I) Depression
A) 1932 – Government intervention commonly accepted as the tool for fixing depression
1) Consolidates power in executive branch of governments.
2) In Germany chancellor introduces government programs.
3) New election sees decline in Nazi vote
4) Reichstag Fire – Communist Party repressed – “associated with attack on government”
5) Enabling Act (1934) – chancellor can rule by decree
II) Nationalism – Germany has a perception that they had been “stabbed in the back” during WWI
1) Reoccupies the Ruhr Valley – German troops move into demilitarized Germany
2) German air force reappears overnight
3) Navy = beginning of arms race
4) German economy is first to recover (by 1935)
5) 1938 – “Germans” in other countries want benefit of being “German”
(i) Sudetenland Germans in Czechoslovakia
(ii) Silesian in S. Poland + Danzig (Gdansk)
+ Königsberg (Kaliningrad)
(iii) Alsaice and Lorraine in France
(iv) Austria – now almost exclusively German speaking
B) Summer 1938 – Chancellor of Austria assassinated
1) Calls for German help
(i) Occupation called “Anschlup” = annexation
C) Münich Conference
1) Britain, France, and Italy summon Hitler for talks
(i) Self-determination – people have right to choose which country they belong
(ii) “Appeasement”
(a) “Peace in our time”
D) Czechoslovakia and Austria become “Protectorate” (no longer exist as former name)
III) November 9, 1938 – Night of Broken Glass = Beginning of Holocaust
A) Sept. 1, 1939 – invasion of Poland
1) “Phoney War” (1939) – No fighting on western front
2) Russia invades – end of September
(i) Non-aggression pact (August 1939)
(a) Germany and Soviets
(b) Japan and Soviets
B) 1940 – German invasion of Denmark and Norway
1) May – Germany invades Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Belgium
– France – Dunkirk evacuation of British troops
2) June – France forms alliance with Germany
(i) “Vichy France”, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Japan Axis Alliance
C) 1940-41 – Battle of Britain
1) Winston Churchill – First Lord of Admiralty in WWI
2) F.D.R. – Secretary of the Navy in WWI
(i) Atlantic Treaty – off coast of Greenland (August 1941)
(a) Make agreement for after WWII
(b) Britain asks that U.S. stop sending steal, rubber, and oil to Japan
3) U.S. moves Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor (1941)
4) Dec. 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor
5) Dec. 8, 1941 – Philippines invade