Chapter 5: Test Review
Bone Tissue
Name, describe and give examples
of the 4 bone types.
• Long bones- longer than wide, has a shaft and
rounded ends. Found in the appendages
• Short bones- usually cube-shaped. Found in the
tarsals and carpals (ankles and wrist).
• Flat bones- usually has curvature, flattened
bone. Found in the sternum ribs, and skull.
• Irregular bones- doesn’t fit into any other
category. Found in the vertebrae and pelvis
What are the 5 major functions of
bone?
• Support- give framework to the body
• Protect- surrounds the soft organs
• Movement- by combining with the
muscular system
• Storehouse- stores fats, minerals,
chlorides and salts.
• Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation that
occurs in the red bone marrow
Compare and contrast yellow and
red bone marrow
• Both are found in openings of bone tissue
• Both are used to store and produce substance
• Both are found in long bones
• Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity, in
the diaphysis of the long bones. It stores fats, minerals,
salts, and chlorides
• Red bone marrow is found in the spongy bone, in the
epiphysis. It is the site of hematopoiesis (blood cell
formation)
• Red bone marrow is also found in the diploe of the flat
bones
Which bone marrow is more
common in adults?
• Yellow bone marrow
Describe the function of osteoblast
and osteoclast.
• Osteoblast- are bone forming cells. They
produce bone cells (osteocytes)
• Osteoclast- are bone destroying cells.
They are used to break down old worn out
bone cells for recycling. They are also
used to clean-up wound areas where bone
chips etc. may be located.
List and describe the different
types of fractures
• The 2 major classification of fractures are
Open and Closed
• Open (compound) fractures are when the
bone penetrates the skin
• Closed (simple) fractures are when the
bone does not penetrate the skin
Fracture types
Compare and contrast appositional
and longitudinal bone growth.
• Both are types of growth that occur in the long bone.
• Both are obtained by adding bone cells (osteocytes) to
the surface.
• Longitudinal growth- occurs at the epiphyseal line or
plate. It is when bone cells are added to the shaft
(diaphysis) side of the “growth plate”: the bone gets
longer
• Appositional growth- occurs when the osteoblast that are
on the inside lining of the periosteum adds bone cells to
the sides of the diaphysis (shaft): the bone gets thicker.
Define ossification and
osteogenesis
• Ossification- is the process where cartilage
type cells are “hardened” into bone cells,
the non-living matrix is changed
• Osteogenesis- is the production of bone
cells. Often times it starts out as cartilage
type cells.
Draw and label the major parts of
the long bone.
What embryonic tissue gives rise to
the skeletal bones?
• mesoderm
What stops longitudinal growth
• Chondroblast (cartilage forming cells)
become less active.
• Epiphyseal line becomes thinner
• Diaphysis and epiphysis fuse together
• Growth plate ossifies and can no longer
add bone cells to the shaft
Explain the adolescent growth
spurt. What controls it?
• the adolescent growth spurt is the rapid
increase in the length and thickness of the
bones.
• Growth is controlled by hormones. As a child it
is controlled by the “growth” hormone. After
puberty it is controlled by the “sex” hormones.
Testosterone and estrogen.
• At puberty you will have a rapid influx of the sex
hormones = adolescent growth spurt
When does ossification start
(shows up) in the long bones?
• 8 weeks of embryonic development
List and describe the 4 steps of
injury repair of bones
• Hemotoma- swelling of the area due to excess
blood in the area
• Fibrocartilaginous callus- capillaries grow into
area, phagocytes clean up debris, collagen fibers
connect the bone, osteoblast start forming
spongy bone
• Bony callus- osteoblast form spongy bone, and
eventually compact bone.
• Remodeling- the bony callus is removed, excess
is taken away.
Bone is dynamic. Explain
• Always changing.
• Old worn out cells are replaced with new
cells
What are the effects when the
calcium level drops?
• Calcium is removed from the bone. The
bone becomes porous, and weak.
• Body gives calcium priority to the nervous
system and muscular system, over the
bones
What systems (other than the
skeletal system) are involved with
the following?
• Sense of pain (nervous)
• Increase in bone strength by pulling,
tension “mechanical stress” (muscular)
• Regulates calcium absorption rate
(endocrine)
• Adolescent growth spurt (reproductive)
• Provides calcium D for calcium absorption
(integumentary)
What are bone markings? What is
their function?
• Bone markings are projections and
indentations in the bone. The bone
surface is not smooth
• Their function is to provide a place for
ligaments and tendons to attach.