Lecture 32:
Counter-Terrorism:
Internal American
Response & Its Cost
7th May 2003 (Wednesday)
Original Guest Speaker
From the US Consulate of Hong Kong
http://www.usconsulate.org.hk/
Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2001/
pdf/
Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/
pdf/
Israeli Film Festival: Desperado Square
13/5 (Tue)7:15pm Hong Kong City Hall
Theatre
18/5 (Sun)2:30pm Hong Kong Space
Museum Lecture Hall
Structure of Lecture 32
Introduction:
Key Terms Definitions
Domestic Settings of National Emergencies
Administrative Reconstruction after 911
New McCarthyism and Violation of Human
Rights after 911?
Conclusion
Why is the ―Cost‖ Neglected?
PART I:
Introduction –
Key Term Definitions
Key Terms Definitions
Anti-Terrorism
Fundamentally Opposing
Against Terrorism
As an Agenda
E.g. ―Anti-Terror Coalition‖
Counter-Terrorism
Physically Fighting Back
Against Terrorism
As an Action Plan
E.g. ―Office of Counter-
Terrorism‖
Natures of Anti-Terrorism Today
As a National Agenda of USA
Agenda of Internal Policies, Foreign
Policies, Economic Policies, Social
Policies, Cultural Policies…
As an Ideology – American
Patriotism
Comparison with Anti-Communism in
the Cold War
As a Propaganda Tool
The World of Black and White
As an Action Plan – Counter-
Terrorism
PART II
Domestic Settings
in National Emergencies
Nature of National Emergencies
Crises Affecting People of the
Whole Nation
Require a Combination of Political/
Diplomatic/ Military/ Economic/
Social Reactions
Led by Political Leaders
Require an Esprit de Corps/
Patriotism to Unite the Whole Nation
Led by Ideological/ Religious Leaders
Politics and Ideology are
Interlocked……
Implications of the Political-
Ideological Alliance
Limitation of Political Freedom
Sacrifice of Human Rights to
―National Interests‖/
National Sponsor of Ideology
Sacrifice of Ideological Freedom to
―Patriotism‖
Difference between ―Nationalism‖ and
―Patriotism‖: Who to Define if the
Subjects ―Love their Country‖?
Blurring Domains of Political
Leaders and Ideological Leaders
Rightist Christians in the Bush
Administration
Political Appointment of Ideological/
Religious Leaders
Case I:
WWII (1939-1945)
America Joined WWII after the Pearl
Harbor Incident (Dec 1941)
Anti-Fascism as the National Agenda
AND Patriotic Ideology
Anglo-American Alliance
US’s ―Stupid Investment‖ in Chiang Kai-
shek’s Government in China
Illegal Detention of American Japanese
on the West Coast Concentration
Camps
4-term Re-election of President
Franklin Roosevelt (FDR)
Case II:
McCarthyism (1950s)
Cold War between Capitalism and
Communism
Anti-Communism as the National
Agenda AND Patriotic Ideology
Senator Joseph McCarthy (―the
Bad McCarthy‖) Started the
Random Allegation against
―Communist Spies‖ in the 1950s
CIA Head Hoover in the McCarthy
Years
Ronald Reagan in the McCarthy Years
Documents to Pledge Allegiance to
the US Government
Victims of McCarthyism
Witchhunt and the ―Red Terror‖
Politicians (e.g. Condemnation of
Harley and Marshall)
Scientists (e.g. Execution of Julius
and Ethel Rosenburgs)
Hollywood (e.g. Exile of Elia
Kazan)
The ―New McCarthyism‖ before
911?
Witchhunt and the ―Yellow Terror‖?
The ―New McCarthyism‖ after 911?
Witchhunt and the ―Green Terror‖?
Revival of Religious Statements on
Both Sides
PART III
The Administrative
Reconstruction of USA after 911
―Homeland‖
as the New Battleland
Previous Wars:
―Battle Front‖
―Home Front‖
WWI Memoirs as an Example:
Dichotomization of Trench
Lives and Home Lives in One
Day
911:
Battle Front = Home Front
Nowhere is Safe?!
―Homeland Security‖ in a
Battling Format
Department of
Homeland Security
(DHS)
Office of Homeland Security (Sept 2001)
Department of Homeland Security Act of 2002
DHS Established 24th January 2003
Greatest Transformation of US Government since 1947
1947: President Truman merged Various Armed
Forces into Department of Defense
22 Disparate Government Agencies into ONE
Customs, FBI, Coast Guard, Immigration and
Naturalization…
―The Czar‖
Head: Governor Tom Ridge of Pennsylvania
Budget 2003: $US 3.5Billion
Aims of DHS
Protecting the Nation against Further Terrorist Attack
To Analyze Threats and Intelligence
To Guard Our Borders and Airports
To Protect Our Critical Infrastructure
To Coordinate the Response of Our Nation for Future
Emergencies
Protecting the Rights of American Citizens
Enhancing Public Services
E.g. Natural Disaster Assistance and Citizenship Services
http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/
No Homeland Terrorist Attack after 911 and the Anthrax
Scary – DHS Effective or Not??
Homeland Security
Advisory System
Green—Blue—Yellow—
Orange—Red
Similar Alert Systems in
Different Countries
From Internal Alert to
Public Alert
Real Alert?
Political Statement?
From Yellow to Orange in
the Iraqi War…
USA PATRIOT Act (Oct 2001)
Uniting and Strengthening
America by Providing
Appropriate Tools
Required to Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism (USA
PATRIOT) Act
Passed by Congress Oct
May 8th 6:30pm LTB
2001 Prof. Leo Lee (李歐梵教授)
Legalization of Spying Prof. Leonard Chan (陳國球教授)
and Excessive Mr. Lam Pui Lei (影評林沛理)
Intelligence Activities Mr. Mak Siu Fai (麥兆輝導演)
Details of Spying Activities
In terms of Anti-Espionage and Anti-
Subversion
Federation Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Central Intelligent Service (CIA)
UK: MI5, MI6, 007, Johnny England…
Traditional Spying
Telephone Intercepting, Mail Opening
Email Surveillance
―Sleeping with the Enemy‖
Untraditional Spying
Scientific/ Chemical ―Brainstorming‖
Program…
Behind the USAPATRIOT
Act?
Bush’s Initial Unpopularity after the
2000 Presidential Election
Bush’s Image as a ―Dummy‖
Bush’s Initial Executive Handicap
with the Democratic-Majority
Congress
Before the Congress Election 2002
and the Republican Victory
Bush’s Initial Pressure Mounting on
his ―Ineffective Counter-Terrorism‖
at 911……
Result of the
Administrative Restructuring
The American Togetherness after
National Emergencies
Expansion of Executive Power
Principle of Separation of Power
Federalist Papers, the American
Founders and the Executive Today
Expansion of Presidential Power
―Power‖ of Bush and Clinton – a
Comparison
Is it Adequate to Compare George
W Bush with Adolf Hitler?
The Sense and the Nonsense
Part IV –
―New McCarthyism‖ and
Violation of Human Rights
after 911?
Target 1: External ―Threats‖
Guantanamo Bay Scandal of Afghan
Soldiers
Military Tribunal Courts
With No Criminal Laws or Evidential
Rules of Protection
Messages from the Released Prisoners
War Prisoners in the Iraqi War
Secret?
Or Humanitarian Treatment as Reported?
Future of the Iraqi Pokers
―Mrs. Anthrax‖ as a Case-study
Target 2: Internal ―Threats‖
List of Foreign Citizens/
Overseas Students on
Surveillance!
Close Contacts with Foreign
People Reported!
―Anti-Terrorism in
Neighborhood‖ –Neighbors
Encouraged to Report
―Suspicious People‖ (=
Foreigners)
Hate Crimes, Racism, or
Melting-pot?
Target 3: ―Potential Threats‖
American Citizens with Arabic
Origins being ―Investigated‖ by
Police Systematically
Precedence of the American
Japanese in WWII
―Take You to Taliban‖ Taxi-driver
Arrested
Why do you go to the Middle
East?
Why do you study Islam?
The ―Green Terror‖
Assigned Readings
Main Text:
Richard Falk: ―Testing
Patriotism and Citizenship in
the Global Terror War‖ (B&D
P.325-335) [leftist
perspective]
Supplementary
References:
Alan Wolfe: ―The Home
Front‖ (H&R P.283-294)
[rightist perspective]
Conclusion –
Why is the ―Cost‖
Neglected?
Criticism from the
Human Rights Fighters Logic
The Bush Administration as a
―War Machine‖
External-focus: ―State Terrorism‖
Internal-focus: ―New McCarthyism‖
Michael Cox:
―Meanings of Victory – American
Power after the Powers‖
Richard Falk:
―Testing Patriotism and Citizenship
in the Global Terror War‖
Shift of America’s
Human Rights Diplomacy
1991-2001: Rule of Human Rights
in Diplomacy
Human Rights Higher than
Sovereignty
Kosovo War
Annual Report on Chinese Human
Rights
After 2001: Rule of Anti-Terrorism
Human Rights Lower than Homeland
Security
Annual Report on Anti-Terrorism
Lack of Internal Challengers
Democratic Party Joined with the
Republicans in the ―War-time
Coalition‖
Robert Byrd (86 Years Old Senator) as the
Alternative Case-study
Green Party/ Radical Human Rights
Watchers/ Noam Chomsky etc
Marginalized in the Mainstream Society
Comparison with the Vietnam War
Criticism of US Anti-Terrorism might
Violate USA PATRIOT Act
Feebleness of ―International
Human Rights Watchers‖
Lack of Government Sponsorship to
Challenge US Human Rights
China: US Human Rights White
Paper
The U-U-U-turns of France and
Russia…
International Media Dominated by
USA
Violation of Human Rights in the
Iraqi War?
Previous Mandate of ―Human Rights
Watchers‖ Given by USA
~~The End~~
Thank you for attending