Firdar, Alfridaria, or Alfridaries.doc
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Firdar, Alfridaria, or Alfridaries
The first of the names given above is the original Persian, more or less. The second is the Latin
version which is derived from adding the Arabic article 'al' to 'firdar'. The last version of the
word is the Anglicized form. There are many variants of all of the above forms of the word.
These are a system of planetary periods which appear to be of Persian origin. They are first
described as far as we know by Abu Mashar in various works and have their origin in a system
of mundane cycles intended for the long term prediction of historical events. But as we have
them, they are the small firdar and are clearly intended for use in predicting for individual charts.
Firdar are a system of planetary periods much like the dasa systems of India. It is one of the few
such systems to come into medieval western astrology even though there were quite a few such
systems in Greek Era astrology.
In all of these systems the various planets are assigned rulerships over periods of time in the life
according to some scheme peculiar to each system. It is also typical of these systems, and the
firdar are no exception, that there are two or more planets holding rulership over any particular
time. There is a planet which has a long period rulership over the 'major period' which is often
referred to as a 'major ruler'. This major period in turn is subdivided further into subperiods or
minor periods', which are also assigned to rulers of their own, often refered to as 'minor rulers'.
However, we have discovered from Greek sources that such designations may not be appropriate
as in those systems the 'minor ruler' is often more important than the 'major ruler'. We do not
know at this time whether that is true in firdar. Incidentally, in some other systems subperiods
are further subdivided into even shorter periods again and again. This does not seem to have
been true of the firdar where we only have the long-period ruler and the short-period subruler.
The system of firdar as we have them is an extremely simple system, so much so that my
immediate reaction was one of disbelief that something so simple could be effective. However,
use of the system has convinced me that they have considerable merit although much work needs
to be done to determine exactly what kind of predictive purpose the firdar most ably serve. So far
I have been using them for general purpose prediction.
General Comments Applicable to all Period Systems
The general idea of all period systems is the same. In conventional natal astrology planets have
rulership over particular areas of life derived from two sources: the rulership of each planet over
its own peculiar sphere of life otherwise known as its general signification; and in each chart
each planet has rulership derived from its rulership over houses. This could be regarded as a kind
of "spatial" rulership because metaphorically the planets have rulership over "areas" of life.
By contrast all period systems assign planets rulership over times of a native's life, not just
instances the way transits, progressions, and directions do, but over spans of time with definite
beginning and ending dates. This results in each period and subperiod having a special set of
qualities determined by the long-period and short-period rulers. These qualities are in turn
derived from the rulers' general signification and their rulership over houses.
As a consequence when a planet becomes either a long or short-period ruler, the issues that it has
rulership over become heightened in significance and brought to the fore. When there is a period
in which two planets which are in aspect with each both become rulers, one being the short-
period ruler, the other being the long-period ruler, the issues indicated by the aspect come
especially to the fore.
In Hindu astrology or Jyotish the dasa or long-period ruler and the bhukti or short-period ruler
seem to have their greatest impact in terms of the houses they rule and occupy. Therefore, it is
very difficult to make general statements about the quality of any dasa-bhukti rulership period
without having reference to house positions, house rulerships, and of course the dignity and
debility of the rulers, themselves. On the face of it this would seem to true of the firdar as well.
The quality of a period under the firdar rulerships should be a function of the houses occupied
and ruled by the two rulers, and their dignities and debilitied both essential and accidental.
Yet the literature on the use of the Firdar is scant. And one of the most comprehensive treatises
on their use delineates the periods not so much in terms of the house relationships of the rulers as
in terms of their general significations. So we have the treatise on the delineations of the firdar
from Johannes Schoener from Book III of his Three Books on the Judgment of Nativities which
is a part of this booklet. These descriptions are based almost entirely on the general significations
of the rulers. This may not be due entirely to theoretical considerations, however, as much as to
practical ones. One cannot possibly delineate all pairs of planets interacting with each other in
the chart in terms of their various and multitudinous interactions with the houses. This requires
an astrologer working in the context of the individual chart.
The Scheme of the Firdar
Each planet has its own period or firdar. These are listed in virtually all traditional astrology
which describe the attributes of the planets. However, the firdar proceed in a very simple order in
which the only thing that varies is whether the native is born by day (Sun above the horizon) or
by night (Sun below the horizon). The order is the Chaldean order in which the planets are
arranged in ascending order of speed in the zodiac, thus: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus,
Mercury, Moon. In day charts one starts with the firdar of the Sun, in night charts with the firdar
of the Moon. And when one reaches the end of the planets in the Chaldean order, one simply
starts over at the other end until one has reached the planet just before the starting planet. After
seven periods using the seven classical planets as rulers, there are two periods which come at the
end both in day and night charts, three years for the N. Node followed by 2 years for the S. Node.
All nine of these periods make a total of 75 years. After the 75 years, the cycle starts over again
with the first planetary period that ruled at birth.
Below is a table of the firdar by day and by night in the proper order which will illustrate the
basic principles.
Diurnal Charts Nocturnal Charts
Ending Ending
Ruler Period Age Ruler Period Age
1. Sun 10 10 Moon 9 9
2. Venus 8 18 Saturn 11 20
3. Mercury 13 31 Jupiter 12 32
4. Moon 9 40 Mars 7 39
5. Saturn 11 51 Sun 10 49
6. Jupiter 12 63 Venus 8 57
7. Mars 7 70 Mercury 13 70
8. N. Node 3 73 N. Node 3 73
9. S. Node 2 75 S. Node 2 75
Total 75 Total 75
Each of these long periods is in turn divided into seven short periods each of which is exactly
one-seventh of the long period. Each short period is ruled by the same planet which rules the
long period, then each short period that follows is ruled by the planets which follow the long-
period ruler in the Chaldean order. The following table illustrates the order of sub-period rulers.
Long-Period Sa Ju Ma Su Ve Me Mo
Rulers
Short-Period
Rulers Sa Ju Ma Su Ve Me Mo
1. Ju Ma Su Ve Me Mo Sa
2. Ma Su Ve Me Mo Sa Ju
3. Su Ve Me Mo Sa Ju Ma
4. Ve Me Mo Sa Ju Ma Su
5. Me Mo Sa Ju Ma Su Ve
6. Mo Sa Ju Ma Su Ve Me
7.
The next table contains the lengths of the short-periods.
Planet Period Subperiod
Saturn 11 yrs. 1 yr. 6 mos. 26 days
Jupiter 12 yrs. 1 yr. 8 mos. 17 days
Mars 7 yrs. 1 yr. 0 mos. 0 days
Sun 10 yrs. 1 yr. 5 mos. 4 days
Venus 8 yrs. 1 yr. 1 mo. 22 days
Mercury 13 yrs. 1 yr. 10 mos. 9 days
Moon 9 yrs. 1 yr. 3 mos. 13 days
While the basic idea of firdar is simple, one might find computing the rulerships a bit clumsy.
However, as an aid to computing one's current period rulership, we will provide a bit further on a
table derived from Schoener's Three Books on the Judgment of Nativities. But before we get to
the practical application of firdar, there is an issue of controversy that has to be dealt with
concerning the order of the major periods.
Most sources gives the order of the long-periods just as we have here. These include not only
Johannes Schoener, Al Biruni, Ibn Ezra, and the Liber Aristotilis, among others. However, there
are two sources which seem to contradict this view. These two sources have been interpreted as
requiring that the two periods associated with the North and South Nodes respectively should be
placed not at the ends of the seventy-five periods, but should be placed between the periods of
Mars and the Sun: thus, the diurnal sequence would be Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon, Saturn,
Jupiter, N. Node, S. Node, and the nocturnal sequence would be Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, N.
Node, S. Node, Sun, Venus, Mercury. This is as opposed to the sequence given by everyone else,
Moon, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, N. Node, S. Node.. The sequence is
obviously true for day births because the Sun is the first period and Mars is the last period of the
ones ruled by the planets. Clearly the periods of the nodes follow that of Mars, and when they are
finished, one starts over again with the period of the Sun. The question concerns night births.
The first of these two sources is Alcabitius' Introduction to Astrology. Here is the entire section
from the fourth section of the book.
"And the arrangement of the firdar is according to this: This is if the nativity is diurnal. In the
beginning of life the Sun has rulership by means of the arrangement of his firdar according to the
quantity of the years of his firdar which are ten. After that the planet which succeeds the Sun
[has rulership]. This is Venus the years of whose firdar are eight. And after Venus the planet
which succeeds her [has rulership] and it is Mercury and his years are thirteen. Then [comes] the
Moon and the years of her firdar are nine. Then Saturn, and the years of his firdar are eleven.
Then Jupiter, and the years of his firdar are twelve. Then Mars, and the years of his firdar are
seven. Then the Head of the Dragon, and the years of its firdar are three. Then the Tail of the
Dragon, and the years of its firdar are two. Moreover, the years gathered together at once become
75 years. After that, the disposition reverts to the Sun and likewise up to the last of the planets.
However, if the nativity should be nocturnal, the disposition begins from the Moon, and she will
dispose the years of her firdar which are nine. Likewise planet [comes] after planet just as we
have described previously concerning the Sun. . ."
The problem is that Alcabitius does not actually spell out the nocturnal sequence. He only
implies it.
The other source that seems to agree with Alcabitius is Guido Bonatti. The only problem here is
that Bonatti's passage is almost verbatim the same as the original Alcabitius and is clearly a
quotation of Alcabitius. Therefore, we have only one real source for the nocturnal placement of
the nodal periods between Mars and the Sun and this one source is ambiguous. All other sources
which explicitly spell out the nocturnal sequence of the firdar place the two nodal periods at the
end of the 75 year cycle for both the day and night sequences just as we show here. Therefore,
we have to say that is highly unlikely that even Alcabitius intended that the node periods should
go between the periods of Mars and the Sun in night births.
[In the table below click on any combinaton of rulers to get the traditional interpretation of the
Alfridary in question as rendered by Schoener. At the end of each interpretation are up to three
possible options, go back to the diurnal part of the table, the nocturnal part of the table, or the
parts that repeat after age 75 years up to 100 years. Not all of the ruler-pairs have all three
options as an examination of the table will explain. RH]
A Table of the Alfridaries Derived from Schoener, or
A Table of the Two Universal Alfridaries Which Will Serve for
the Genitures of All Persons.
For Diurnal Nativities ...
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