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Changes in Probabilistic Causal Models

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Changes in Probabilistic

Causal Models

or: Do we stink at probability or what?



James Baker

PSY446

Participation

 Mostly NU undergrads

 Some NU grad students

 Early data collection error / internet preteens filtered



 67 data records

 53 finished samples



 13 of type 0

 14 of type 1

 13 of type 2

 13 of type 3

Gametype 0 (control)

 A: Display "33%" Prob: .35 Price: $3

 B: Display "66%" Prob: .68 Price: $6

 C: Display "97%" Prob: .95 Price: $10

 No changes

Responses to gametype 0

 I can get 20 right if I always choose the most expensive...

 I didn't really know how the computer was operating. I just

figured that if the probability was high I would follow that

suggestion.

 I felt like 'B' was more than 66 percent, so after trying the other

two, I stuck with B.

 I chose to go with query B every time, because, on average, this

would return 22 correct answers. Query A would do the same.

And, I think, query C would return about 19, on average. Unless

my math is wrong (which is very possible)...consistently choosing

A or B is the best bet.

 so i guess i got more 'correct' answers when i just played many

times with low probablility of winning- but again- it's a little too

late in the day for me to actually strategize.

Responses to gametype 0

 I think the computer worked on the probability given,

but when you moved to a higher cost value, it

decreased the likelihood that the probability given

would work at a lower cost value. (Therefore, if you

ask at $3, then move to $6, $3 will be less likely to

work in subsequent rounds.) I mostly stayed with the

$6 option, only moving to $10 when I wanted a

correct answer and $3 when I wanted $6 to be more

likely, which seemed to work.

 I spent nearly all my money on the 97% question.

 i would stick with c until it stopped being correct,

then move to b for a while until it stopped working

then go back to c, etc

Results-0

 > 90% A’s: 3

 > 75% B’s: 4

 > 70% C’s: 4

 30% 95% A’s: 2

 > 70% B’s: 1

 > 70% C’s: 6

 Mixed: 4

 Among mixed: 57 A, 61 B, 77 C



 Conclusion: We like round numbers?

Gametype 2

 A: Display "35%" Prob: .37 Price: $3

 B: Display "65%" Prob: .67 Price: $5

 C: Display "95%" Prob: 1.0 Price: $7

 C starts as best choice

 C ramps from 1.0 to .3

 Hypothesis: People will start on C, then

change to B/A when C gets worse.

Responses to gametype 2

 Same logic as last time (divided $200 by the cost/query and then

multiplied by the odds of that query returning a "correct answer").

I predicted 27 correct answers for choice C, which would have

been the most.

 considering that the correct answer changed (I haven't figured

out the pattern yet) when I stopped getting right answers I would

switch.

 Option C maximizes expected profit in the long run. Hence, I

believe in following it should return in the best outcome in the

long-run.

 I just tried the 95% to play it safe.

 i didn't change my strategy at all, i just kept going for what i

thought was the most consistent, c every time.

 stick with highest odds

Responses to gametype 2

 I think the computer worked on the probability given, but when

you moved to a higher cost value, it decreased the likelihood that

the probability given would work at a lower cost value.

(Therefore, if you ask at $3, then move to $5, $3 will be less

likely to work in subsequent rounds.) I mostly stayed with the $5

option, since it was a better than 50% chance and it cost an

average amount.

 just played C as long as I could (in writing, it seemed like the best

deal)

 The correct answer was not returned at anywhere near 95%, so I

don't know how I'm supposed to guess which query to go with.

 I stayed with the highest probability option

 It seemed that the computer started returning wrong answers for

C more than 5% of the time, even when I would vary my

answers.

Results-2

 >90% B: 1

 >75% C: 10

 50 80% A: 5

 > 90% B: 1

 > 70% C: 0

 Mixed: 7

 Of A’s, 2 were ALL As and 3 had other

selections in the middle section.



 Conclusion: More churn with bad outcomes,

again slow to change model of A

Aggregate Results

 Tendency to pick one favorite

 We like round numbers?

 Very slow to change mental model from

samples

 More churn with bad outcomes, again slow to

change model of A

 Disconnect between comments and

unconscious trends?

Confounding Factors

 Display of percentages reinforcing static

mental model

Fin

James Baker

Backup

 Gametype 0

 20 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 20 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 55 choices: 50 A's, 0 B's, 5 C's. .91% A, .00% B, .09% C.

 20 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 20 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 32 choices: 3 A's, 25 B's, 4 C's. .09% A, .78% B, .12% C.

 30 choices: 6 A's, 15 B's, 9 C's. .20% A, .50% B, .30% C.

 24 choices: 4 A's, 3 B's, 17 C's. .17% A, .12% B, .71% C.

 35 choices: 5 A's, 29 B's, 1 C's. .14% A, .83% B, .03% C.

 20 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 20 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 33 choices: 0 A's, 33 B's, 0 C's. .00% A, 1.00% B, .00% C.

 27 choices: 1 A's, 16 B's, 10 C's. .04% A, .59% B, .37% C.

 60 choices: 55 A's, 4 B's, 1 C's. .92% A, .07% B, .02% C.

 33 choices: 0 A's, 33 B's, 0 C's. .00% A, 1.00% B, .00% C.

 66 choices: 66 A's, 0 B's, 0 C's. 1.00% A, .00% B, .00% C.

Backup

 Gametype 1

 42 choices: 3 A's, 4 B's, 35 C's. .07% A, .10% B, .83% C.

 40 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 40 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 47 choices: 7 A's, 21 B's, 19 C's. .15% A, .45% B, .40% C.

 51 choices: 20 A's, 15 B's, 16 C's. .39% A, .29% B, .31% C.

 49 choices: 5 A's, 35 B's, 9 C's. .10% A, .71% B, .18% C.

 47 choices: 16 A's, 3 B's, 28 C's. .34% A, .06% B, .60% C.

 50 choices: 14 A's, 22 B's, 14 C's. .28% A, .44% B, .28% C.

 65 choices: 63 A's, 0 B's, 2 C's. .97% A, .00% B, .03% C.

 40 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 40 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 40 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 40 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 40 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 40 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 41 choices: 2 A's, 2 B's, 37 C's. .05% A, .05% B, .90% C.

 40 choices: 0 A's, 0 B's, 40 C's. .00% A, .00% B, 1.00% C.

 66 choices: 66 A's, 0 B's, 0 C's. 1.00% A, .00% B, .00% C.

Backup

 Gametype 2

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 35 choices: 7 A's, 9 B's, 19 C's. .20% A, .26% B, .54% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 29 choices: 0 A's, 2 B's, 27 C's. .00% A, .07% B, .93% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 31 choices: 2 A's, 5 B's, 24 C's. .06% A, .16% B, .77% C.

 40 choices: 2 A's, 37 B's, 1 C's. .05% A, .93% B, .03% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 29 choices: 1 A's, 0 B's, 28 C's. .03% A, .00% B, .97% C.

 33 choices: 2 A's, 12 B's, 19 C's. .06% A, .36% B, .58% C.

Backup

 Gametype 3

 115 choices: 98 A's, 17 B's, 0 C's. .85% A, .15% B, .00% C.

 38 choices: 12 A's, 18 B's, 8 C's. .32% A, .47% B, .21% C.

 200 choices: 200 A's, 0 B's, 0 C's. 1.0% A, .00% B, .00% C.

 35 choices: 2 A's, 33 B's, 0 C's. .06% A, .94% B, .00% C.

 119 choices: 106 A's, 9 B's, 4 C's. .89% A, .08% B, .03% C.

 84 choices: 68 A's, 7 B's, 9 C's. .81% A, .08% B, .11% C.

 39 choices: 18 A's, 7 B's, 14 C's. .46% A, .18% B, .36% C.

 32 choices: 4 A's, 21 B's, 7 C's. .12% A, .66% B, .22% C.

 44 choices: 24 A's, 6 B's, 14 C's. .55% A, .14% B, .32% C.

 200 choices: 200 A's, 0 B's, 0 C's. 1.0% A, .00% B, .00% C.

 33 choices: 10 A's, 10 B's, 13 C's. .30% A, .30% B, .39% C.

 28 choices: 8 A's, 2 B's, 18 C's. .29% A, .07% B, .64% C.

 26 choices: 4 A's, 6 B's, 16 C's. .15% A, .23% B, .62% C.

Backup

 Gametype 0

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 B,B,B,A,A,A,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,A,A,B,A,

 B,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,

 B,B,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,B,B,C,C,A,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,C,B,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,A,

 B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

Backup

 Gametype 1

 A,B,C,C,C,C,B,A,B,C,A,C,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,B,C,A,C,C,B,B,A,C,C,C,B,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,A,C,B,A,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,

B,B,

 B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,A,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C

,B,B,A,A,C,

 A,A,A,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,

B,B,A

 A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

C,B,

 B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,

A,C,C,A,

 C,C,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,A,A,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A

,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

Backup

 Gametype 2

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,A,C,A,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B

,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,A,B,B,A,C,C,B,C,C,

 B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,B,B,B,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B

,B,B,B,B,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,

 C,C,C,A,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,B,C,C,C,B,C,C,B,A,

Backup

 Gametype 3

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,B,

B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 B,C,A,A,A,B,B,B,A,B,B,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,

 B,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,A,A,B,B,A,A,A,A,C,C,A,B,B,B,A,C,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,B,A,A,A,A

,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,B,A,

 C,B,B,A,C,C,C,C,C,B,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,A,C,C,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 C,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,A,A,A,A,

 B,B,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,C,C,C,B,B,B,B,B,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,B,B,

 C,B,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,

 C,B,B,C,C,C,B,C,A,C,B,C,A,C,C,B,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,B,A,A



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