Index
Abbot Laboratories, 101, 102 Montgomery, Hyundai in, 23
academic studies, stadium subsidy pay- tax credits, 175
off, 162–163 Toyota and, 61
accelerated depreciation, expanded by Vance, Mercedes-Benz in, 23
corporate tax cuts, 179 Alabama Department of Revenue, 175
accountability Alaska
corporate income tax and, 97–98 new TIF rules and, 138
IRBs and, 73 school funding, 126
official vote for every deal, 193 Albertson’s, 118
property tax abatements and, 73 Alexander Grant & Company, 81. See
Single Sales Factor and, 97–98 also Grant Thornton
subsidies lack, 179 Allen County, Indiana, property tax
Ada, Oklahoma, Sykes Enterprises, 20 abatement in, 117
ADP, Inc., 113 Allen, Paul, 164
Advantage Capital Partners, 25 Allentown Morning Call, 66–67
Ady, Robert, 69, 90, 115, 126 Alltel Corp., 105
site location and, 50, 51 America Online, site location and, 62
Ady International, 50 American Bar Association, 105
AFL-CIO, Massachusetts, 13 American Express, site location and, 61
African-American households, car American Federation of Labor, factory
ownership and, 139 relocation, 72
air quality, deterioration as sprawl result, American Greetings Corp., 113
130, 131 American Healthcare Association, 200
airports, needs of, 204–205 American International, 39
Akron Beacon Journal, 120 American Journal of Health Promotion,
Alabama 132
auto plants, 23 American Society of Civil Engineers
IRB scheme, 71–72 (ASCE), infrastructure “report
Lincoln, Honda in, 23 card,” 203–204
Mercedes deal, 175 Ameritech, 101
259
Amherst, New York, GEICO in, 136 asthma, 6
Amoco, 102 sprawl and, 131–132
Amylin Pharmaceuticals, 150 A.T. Kearney, Inc., 85
Andrus, Cecil (former Idaho governor), Atlanta Business Chronicle, 105
59 Atlanta, Georgia
Anoka, Minnesota, tax increment convention center attendance, 167
financing subsidizing sprawl, 134– land consumption, 131
135 traffic delays, 144–145
“anti-blight” subsidies, 133 AT&T, 180
anti-city relocation, 70 Single Sales Factor, 97
anti–corporate tax share relocation, 70 audit, effective, of major corporations,
“anti-poverty” subsidies, 133 109
anti–Rust Belt relocation, 70 audits, corporate income taxes, 110
anti–social safety net, Grant Thornton’s Austrian, Ziona, 163
index, 82 auto imports, 22
anti-tax, Grant Thornton’s index, 82 auto plants, foreign, 84
anti-union relocation, 70, 72 auto(s)
apparel industry, relocation of, 72 domestic content of, 22
Applied Signal Technology, 150 protectionism and, 22
apportionment, 105
Georgia, 104 Baade, Robert, 163
appropriations, Unified Development Baby Boom generation
Budgets and, 191 healthcare needs of, 200
Archer Daniels Midland, 102 need for skilled labor, 192
Arizona retiring, needs of, 183–184, 197–200
corporate tax dodging, 170 site location and, 49
opposition to Supercenter and Sam’s “balance agriculture with industry,” 71
Club subsidies, 154 Ballpark in Arlington, 165
“throwback rule” in, 112 Baltimore Colts, 159
Yuma, 90 Baltimore, Maryland. See also Camden
Arkansas Yards
corporate tax dodging, 170 stadium subsidies, 163
enterprise zone of, 138 Baltimore Orioles, 159, 165
IRBs, 72 Baltimore Sun, 15, 96, 124
passive investment companies allowed Marriott bluff story, 15
in, 114 Bank of America, 150
Toyota and, 61 “job retention” subsidies from New
Arkansas Advocates for Children and York City, 16
Families, 170 merger with Fleet Bank, layoffs from,
Arlington, Texas, sports stadium in, 165 17
Arthur Andersen, 30, 31, 41 merger with Security Pacific National
Arvada, Colorado, opposition to Wal- Bank, layoffs from, 16
Mart subsidies, 154 BankAmerica, 39
Ashcroft, John (governor of Missouri), Baraboo, Wisconsin, Wal-Mart, 153
44 Barnes & Noble, 40, 149
Aspen Institute, 200 Barnes, Roy, 105
Associated Industries of Massachusetts Bath Iron Works, 188
(AIM), 11 Baton Rouge, “Cancer Alley,” 118–119
assumptions, of promotional studies, 164 Bear Stearns & Company, 38, 40
260 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
Bed Bath & Beyond, 149 bonus depreciation, claims of, 179
sales tax, 145 Borders, sales tax, 145
bedroom suburbs, 130 Boston Braves, 158
Belvidere, Illinois, Wal-Mart site loca- Boston, Massachusetts, hospitality jobs,
tion, 153 161
Bendix, 34 BP/Amoco, 102
benefits, 3, 9 branch plants, site location and, 49
few associated with stadium jobs, 160– bridges, state of nation’s, 204
161 Briggs & Stratton, 33
fewer, 181 Bristol Myers Co., 107–108
Bertelsmann AG, 40 Brockway Glass Company, relocation
Bethlehem Steel Corp., 107–108 blocked, 74
big-box power center, 149 Brookings Institution, 163
big-box retailers, 129 Brooklyn Dodgers, move to Los Ange-
tax increment financing, 135 les, 158–159
big business, disinvesting, 182–184 brownfields, 205
big companies. See also corporations smart growth and, 194
economic development control, 182 Bucks, Dan, 114
lower taxes for, 181 budget deficits, structural, 3
tax dodging, 181 Budget Rent-A-Car Corp., 113
tax policy control, 182 budgets, state, corrosion of, 5
birth rates, effect on labor force, 198– Buffalo County, 136
199 Buffalo, New York, GEICO outside, 136
Bishop, Bill, 28–29 Buffett, Warren, 136
Bismarck, North Dakota, Sykes Enter- Burger King, 113
prises, 19 Bush, George W., 165–166
Black & Decker, layoffs, 96 corporate tax cuts of, 178–179
“blighted” areas profit from Texas Rangers and Arling-
enterprise zone programs, 137 ton stadium, 165–166
new TIF rules and, 138 Bush, Jeb, job subsidies in Florida, 34–
tax increment financing, 117, 122, 35
147–148 Business Activity Tax Simplification Act
Wal-Mart, 153 of 2003, 111
“blighted” malls, 130 business climate, 28
Bloomberg, 40 clawbacks and, 190
Bloomberg LP, 43 definition vague, 80
Bloomberg, Michael, 42, 43 experts, 2
Board of Commerce and Industry ideology, 5
(Louisiana), 119 ranking, 81
Boeing Corp., 88. See also 7E7 “Dream- rating, 81
liner” project (Boeing) relationship to education, 127
conflict of interest, 87–88 school boards and, 126
ripple effect claim of, 30–31 what constitutes a good, 69–70
in Seattle, 48 business climatologists, 84
site location of, 56–57 “business climatology,” 79–84
subsidy for, 178 business-friendly signals, site location
Boise, Idaho, Hewlett-Packard, 59 and, 53–54, 54
bond issues, 115 Business Week, 80
Bonneville Power Administration, 48 “but for” deals, claims of, 60
Index 261
“but for” subsidy cash grants, Wal-Mart subsidies, 152
argument in favor of tax abatements, cash-register chasing, 146
123–124 category killers, 140, 145
Wal-Mart and, 153 Caterpillar, 102
buyouts, offered by Raytheon, 12–13 cause and effect
confusion regarding job creation, 9
Cabela’s fictions created about, 56
Initial Public Offering, 65 subsidies and jobs, 5
subsidies and, 64–67 tax cuts and jobs, 5
tourist destination, 64–66 CB Richard Ellis Corporate Advisory
Cagan, Joanna, 159 Services, 85
Cajun Electric Power, 119 CBS, 38, 40
California. See also Los Angeles, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,
California 111, 169
auto plants, 22 certificates of participation, private
big-box power centers, 149 prisons, 31
community benefits agreement, 196 Certified Capital Companies. See CAP-
corporate tax dodging, 170 COs
Fremont CFO magazine, 38–39, 98
General Motors in, 22 chamber of commerce, 186
Toyota in, 22 Chambers, Ernie (senator), 44
infrastructure, 149 change of ownership, 150
limited partnerships, 150 Chase Manhattan Bank, 38
Los Angeles, job piracy, 26 Chen, Don, 133
professional sports teams, 164 Chicago, Illinois, 68
property assessment inequities in, 150 Boeing, 30, 56
property tax caps, 145–146 convention center attendance, 167
Proposition 13, 145–146, 148–150 development subsidies linked to
retail growth, 149 sprawl, 135
sports stadiums, 158 Neighborhood Capital Budget Group
Wal-Mart site location, 152–153 (NCBG), 122
California Budget Project, 170 Oak Park, tax increment financing,
California Tax Reform Association, 150 122
call centers, source of employment, 18 opposition to Wal-Mart subsidies, 153
Camden Yards Soldier Field, 158
Baltimore, 159, 162, 163, 165 tax increment financing, effect on
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, schools, 121–122
41 Children’s Health Insurance Program,
“Cancer Alley,” Louisiana, 118–120 Great American Jobs Scam and, 5
Canton, Mississippi, Nissan in, 23 C.H. Johnson Consulting Inc., 161
CAPCOs, 24–26 Chrysler, 22
Capital Cities/ABC, 39 Chula Vista, California, Wal-Mart site
capital credit, 175 location, 152–153
capital mobility, 198 Cincinnati, Ohio, revenue losses in, 121
capital spending, convention centers, Cintas, in Hazard, Kentucky, 28
166 Circuit City, sales tax, 145
Carnival Corp., nonpayer of income tax, Cisco, 111
170 Citgo, site location and, 61–62
Carter & Burgess, 85 Citicorp, 38
262 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
cities commuting times, increase as sprawl
Leonard Yaseen’s dislike of, 77 result, 130
revenue sharing, 145 competition, 143
Citizens for Tax Justice (CTJ), 171– among governments, 3–4
172, 179–180, 180–181, 189 corrupted definitions of, 3
clawbacks, 98 role in scams, 9
use of, 189–190 need for healthy, 6
Clean Water Act, 205 worship of, 137–139
Cleveland Browns, 159 competitor, bogus, 14–16
Cleveland Indians, 165 CompUSA, 113
Cleveland, Ohio, 79 ConAgra, 44, 113
Gateway Complex, 163 Conde Nast, 39
revenue losses in, 121 Conference of State Manufacturers’
stadium subsidies, 163 Associations (COSMA), 81
Clift Hotel, 150 conflict of interest
Clinton, Bill, 23 Boeing, 87–88
Coalition for Rational and Fair Taxation Fantus Area Research, 75
(CRAFT), 111 site location consultants, 69, 74–75
Cobb County, Georgia, America On- Congress for the New Urbanism, 141–
line, 62 142
Cobb, James C., 73 Congressional Research Service (CRS),
Coffman, Mike, 26 168–169
cold war, Leonard Yaseen on, 77 Connecticut
Colorado economic development tax credits, 174
CAPCOs and, 26 EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138
corporate tax dodging, 170 hidden taxpayer costs in, 143
Denver, Boeing, 30, 56 job blackmail, 38
Greeley, Sykes Enterprises, 18 “job creation,” 34
opposition to Wal-Mart subsidies, job piracy, 26–27
153–154 Single Sales Factor and, 93
school boards in, 125 state income taxes paid by corpora-
Sykes Enterprises, 18 tions, 172
Colorado Supreme Court, 154 “throwback rule” in, 112
combined reporting, 192 Wal-Mart, 143
for audits, 109–110 Connecticut Development Agency, 34
tax return requirement, 114 Connecticut Voices for Children, 172
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitu- conservatives, professional sports stadi-
tion, subsidies and, 196 ums, 162
commissions, site location consultants consultants, reports on hospitality busi-
and, 57, 70. See also site location nesses, 166
consultants consulting companies
Committee for Economic Development, estimating impact of stadiums, 161
200–201 impact of stadiums, 164
Community Action Project (Oklahoma), rosy scenarios of, 161
170–171 Container Corp. vs. California Tax Board,
Community Development Block Grant, 110
funding, 33–34 contracts
Community Redevelopment Agency, 27 job “retention” and, 42
Community Reinvestment Act, 187 New York, 42
Index 263
convention centers, 166–167 Corporation for Enterprise Develop-
national attendance at, 167 ment (CFED), 81–83
convention market, not growing rapidly, corporations, rules of competition and,
166–167 137
cooperation Corrections Corporation of America
among governments, 4 (CCA), 31, 32
lack of between cities and states, 55 Corrigan, Eugene, 107, 108, 109, 110
regional, 144 COSMA. See Conference of State
Coopers & Lybrand, study, 99 Manufacturers’ Associations
corporate income tax breaks, 174 (COSMA); COSMA/Grant
corporate income tax exemptions, 84 Thornton
corporate income tax loopholes, 112–114 COSMA/Grant Thornton, 83, 84
corporate income taxes, 92, 93–94 studies, 81
computer model of “representative COST. See Council on State Taxation
firm,” 173 (COST)
Connecticut, 172 cost-benefit claims, 29–31
corporate assault on, 104–112 Costa Rica, Sykes Enterprises, 21
Council on State Taxation, 110 costs, of tax cut law, 45–46
credits carry forward, 174 Cotton Exchange, 39
dodging, 171–172 Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange, 39
Illinois, 103 Council of State Governments, 106
lack of accountability and, 97–98 Council on State Taxation (COST),
laws governing, 106–107 109, 110
Oregon, 173 legal developments regarding subsi-
reasons for drop in, 173–176 dies, 196–197
reduced, 101 Credit Suisse First Boston, 39, 42
share of federal revenue contributed by, Cuomo, Mario, on IBM layoffs, 17
178
share of state tax revenue, 169 DaimlerChrysler, 196
Single Sales Factor and, 92–114 Daley, Richard M., opposition to Wal-
state almost disappearing, 173 Mart subsidies, 153
subsidies zero out, 173–176 Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, Boeing, 30, 56
deal-specific disclosure needed for, 188 dams, safety of, 205
Wal-Mart, 152 DCCA. See Illinois Department of
Corporate Real Estate, 51 Commerce and Community Affairs
corporate relocations (DCCA)
Ohio, 133–134 dead malls, 151. See also greyfields (dead
sprawl and, 129 malls)
tax increment financing and, 134–135 Dealtek, 85
corporate responsibility, 6 Dean, Howard (Vermont governor), 60
corporate tax cuts, jobless recovery, 178– DeBartolo, Edward, 161
181 declining marginal utility
corporate tax dodging, 169–171 effect of, 94
corporate tax revenues, federal versus Single Sales Factor, 94
state, 169 Deere & Company, 101–102
corporate taxes. See also corporate in- Delaware
come taxes no income tax in, 112–113
rate of, 169 passive investment companies, 112–
share of revenue provided by, 169 113, 114
264 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
tax loopholes, 58 DRI/McGraw-Hill, 100
“throwback rule” in, 112 lobbying records and, 14
Delaware Holding Companies, 111 Raytheon and, 11–12
loophole, 112–114 drinking water systems, aging, 205
revenue loss caused by, 114 Dublin Medical, 150
Delaware Passive Investment Compa- Duchossois Industries, 101–102
nies, 168, 192 Dunkin’ Donuts, hidden taxpayer costs,
Dell, Inc. 143
Nashville, Tennessee, property tax Dutchess County, New York, declared
abatement, 117 an Empire Zone, 17
in North Carolina, 35–37
in Ohio, 37 Early Warning Manual Against Plant
Deloitte & Touche, 69, 84, 85, 87–88 Closings, 182
Deloitte Consulting, 88 Earned Income Tax Credits, 29
deMause, Neil, 159 hidden taxpayer costs, 142
Denver, Colorado Wal-Mart, 154–155
Boeing, 30, 56 Easley, Mike (North Carolina governor),
opposition to Wal-Mart subsidies, Dell negotiation and, 35–36
153 East Fishkill, New York
Depository Trust Co., 39 enterprise zone program and, 17
DePrez, Gene, 69 IBM’s subsidy package in, 17
Des Peres, Missouri, 147–148 East Liberty, Ohio, Honda in, 22
“destination test,” 100 East-West Gateway Council (Missouri),
Detroit, Michigan, 79 146
land consumption, 131 Easton, Maryland, 96
developers Eaton Vance (fund), 100
blocking reform, 146–147 Ebbets Field, 158
subsidies to, 154 economic activity, shift due to profes-
Devon Energy, 180 sional sports teams, 163
Dexter, William, 108 economic development
Diamond-Star auto assembly plant, 21– professional sports not catalyst for, 163
22, 24 sports stadiums and, 164
disclosure tax breaks, 172
deal-specific needed, 187–188 economic development investment,
of hidden taxpayer costs, 188–189 retail as lousy, 140–141
reform needed, 187–189 economic development subsidies, 133,
role in dismantling the scam, 6 152
disinvestment economic development tax credits,
of big business, 182 companies allowed to sell unused,
corporate, 205 174
Great American Jobs Scam and, 6 economic distress, relation to business
kinds of, 182–184 tax cuts not discernable, 174
in public goods, 183 economic inequality, sprawl’s effects on,
Disneyland, 150 139–140
District of Columbia, CAPCOs, 24 economic war among the states
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenretter, Inc., 39 link with competition, 137–139
Donovan, Dennis (site location consul- site location and, 70
tant), 54–55, 69 Edgar, Jim, 186
Dow Chemical, 119 education. See public education
Index 265
education system. See public education Exxon, 119
Edwards, Edwin (Louisiana governor), in Louisiana, 34
120
elasticity, taxes and growth, 57–58 factory jobs, loss of in New York City,
Eltra Corp., 107–108 77–78
emerging companies, site location and, factory relocation, 77–78. See also corpo-
49 rate relocations; site location
Empire Insurance Group, 39 American Federation of Labor, 72
Empire Zone program, New York State, factory shutdowns, 182
17, 136 Fain, Commerce Secretary Jim, 37
Empire Zones, 90 Fall Audit Session, 110
Employment and Investment Growth Fantus, 79, 91
Act. See LB 775 New York City and, 193
Enrich, Peter, 196 site location consulting industry, 84
Enron, 43–44, 45. See also InterNorth, Fantus Area Research, 75–76
Inc. clients, 76
enterprise zone program, typical, 17 Fantus Company, 50, 68
enterprise zone rebates, Louisiana, TIF rules, 136
119 Fantus Corporate Real Estate Solutions,
enterprise zone tax breaks, Wal-Mart, 84
152 Fantus Factory Locating Service, site
enterprise zones (EZs) location, 69
competition and, 137 Fantus, Felix, 33, 68–71, 74, 81
Ohio, 120, 134, 135 “business climate” study, 80–81
property tax abatement restricted to in business relocation and, 70
some states, 117 clients, 78
sprawl and, 129 Fantus process, 69–70
subsidies, 133 farmland
entertainment “destinations,” Cabela’s, sprawl and, 130
64–66 tax increment financing and, 135
Equitable Companies/Equitable Life Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Massa-
Assurance Society, 39 chusetts business tax burden study,
Erie County, 136 12
Ernst & Young, corporate income tax Federated Department Stores Inc., 40
study, 110 FedEx hub, jop subsidies, 35
Ernst & Young International Location Fenway Park, 161
Advisory Services, 85 Fidelity Investments, 39, 99–100
Ernst & Young’s Business Incentives corporate income tax, 105
Practice, 88–89 layoffs, 100
escapees, from private prisons, 32 outsourcing, 100
Eugene Register-Guard, 118 relocation, 99
Eveleth, Minnesota, Sykes Enterprises, Single Sales Factor, 99
20–21 tax exemptions, 100
Evergreen Freedome Foundation, 87 Field of Schemes, 159
excise tax, publicly traded companies “fiscalization of land use,” 143–144
disclosure needed, 189 zoning ordinances and, 144
exclusionary zoning ordinances, racial Fisher, Peter (professor), 58, 173–176
inequality, 144 Flaherty, Charles, and Raytheon, 11
Expansion Management, 54–55, 127 Flat Rock, Michigan, Mazda in, 22
266 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
Fleet Bank, Bank of America merger Frosh, Brian, on Marriott, 15
with, job layoffs and, 17 frustration with government, 181, 182
Florida Fulton, Maurice, 68, 69, 74
CAPCOs and, 26
corporate tax dodging, 170 Galena, Illinois, Wal-Mart site location,
hidden taxpayer costs in, 143 153
job subsidies in, 34–35 Gap, Inc., 113
Marianna, Sykes Enterprises, 21 Gastonia, North Carolina, unions un-
Palatka, Sykes Enterprises, 21 welcome, 74
Palm Beach County, 35 Gates, Bill, no state income tax paid by,
passive investment companies allowed 178
in, 114 Gateway Complex, Cleveland, 163
Putnam County, Sykes Enterprises, 21 GEICO, tax breaks to, 136
regressive impact of sales and property General Dynamics, 188, 189
taxes, 177–178 General Electric, 105, 180, 189
school funding, 126 General Mills, 107–108
seniors in, 198 General Motors, 23, 189
Sykes Enterprises, 21 Genesee County, New York, 90
“throwback rule” in, 112 GEO Group, 31
Wal-Mart’s Medicaid beneficiaries in, Georgetown, Kentucky, Toyota in, 22
143 Georgia
Florida, Richard, 83 Atlanta (See also Atlanta, Georgia)
Florida Senate, on corporate tax loop- traffic delays, 144–145
holes, 170 Cobb County, America Online, 62
Fluor Corporation, 85 convention center attendance, 167
Fluor Global Location Strategies, 85 hidden taxpayer costs in, 143
food stamps, hidden taxpayer costs, 28 passive investment companies allowed
Forbes magazine, 154, 164 in, 114
Ford Motor Company SCHIP, 143
Michigan, 97 Single Sales Factor, 103–104
Single Sales Factor, 97 “throwback rule” in, 112
Forest Conservation Council, 135 Wal-Mart in, 143
Forsyth County, North Carolina, job ghostboxes, 151
subsidies, 36 globalization, issue in manufacturing,
Fort Wayne, Indiana, property tax abate- 96
ment in, 117–118 GM Saturn, 84
Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, 117 Goldberg, Lenny, 150
Fortune, 80 Good Jobs First, 152, 154
Fortune 500 companies, 171–172, 179– Good Jobs New York, 42
180 Goode, Wayne, 146
franchises Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 107–108
used to justify subsidies, 160 Governer’s Opportunity Fund (Vir-
value in major sports leagues, 164 ginia), 152
new stadiums boost, 164–165 Governing magazine, 25
Freedberg, Sydney, 170 Grant Thornton, 81–84, 85–86, 91. See
Fremont, California also Alexander Grant & Company
General Motors in, 22 business climate ratings system, 81
Toyota in, 22 Grant Thornton index, 83
Friends of the Earth, 135 characteristics of, 82–83
Index 267
Great American Jobs Scam, 2, 7 public assistance to low-wage workers,
damage done by, 5 142
disinvestment and, 6 Wal-Mart, 29
Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, Hilton Tower Hotel, 150
161 hired economists. See also rented econo-
Greater Boston Convention and Visitors mists
Bureau, 161 rosy forecasts of, 102
Greeley, Colorado, Sykes Enterprises, 18 Hoffman Estates, TIF program, 136
Green Giant Co., 107–108 Holy Land: A Suburban Memoir, 149
greenfield locations, Wal-Mart siting, 151 Home Depot USA, 113, 140, 147
greyfields (dead malls), 141–142 sales tax, 145
gross domestic product, corporate tax Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, 187
burden as percentage of, 178, 180 Honda
Guardian Life Insurance, 40 Lincoln, Alabama, 23
Guiliani, Rudolph (New York City Marysville, Ohio, 22
Mayor), 38–43 “transplant” siting, 22
Gulf States Utilities, 119 hospitality jobs, 161, 167
Gund Arena, 163 convention centers and, 166
hospitals, smart growth and, 194
Hallidie Building, 150 housing
Hamburg, Pennsylvania affordable, 130, 144
Cabela’s, 66, 67 racial discrimination and, 140
tourism strategy, 67 Housing and Urban Development
Hamilton, Bruce, 163 (HUD)
Hamilton County, Ohio, revenue losses Community Development Block
in, 121 Grant funds, 33–34
Hancock, Jay, 68, 124 job piracy, 26
Harding, Charles, 81 Houston Business Journal, 118
Harris County, Texas, property tax Houston Natural Gas, 43
abatement, 118 Houston, Texas
Hawesville, Kentucky, 175–176 Enron in, 43–44
Hays, Kansas, Sykes Enterprises, 19–20 site location and, 61–62
Hazard, Kentucky Howell, George, Jr., 175
Cintas, 28 HUD. See Housing and Urban Devel-
Sykes Enterprises, 20 opment (HUD)
headquarters human capital, 83
relocation, 78 Hynix, 118
site location and, 49 hypertension, sprawl and, 132
health insurance coverage, 181 Hyundai, Montgomery, Alabama, 23
health, sprawl’s effects on, 129, 131
healthcare, 3 IBEW. See International Brotherhood of
condition of getting subsidy, 190 Electrical Workers (IBEW)
disclosure needed, 187–188 IBM. See International Business Ma-
skills shortage, 200 chines Corp. (IBM)
Hewlett-Packard, site location and, 59 IBM Business Consulting Services-
Hicks, Thomas, 165 Plant Location International, 85
hidden taxpayer costs, 27–29 Idaho
Cintas, 28–29 Boise, Hewlett-Packard, 59
poverty-wage jobs, 190 corporate tax dodging, 170
268 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
economic development tax credits, 174 Idaho, 170–171
enterprize zone perversion, 137 Kentucky, 176
subsidy demand, 59 Pennsylvania, 171
IEDC. See International Economic Utah, 171
Development Council negative, 173–174
Illinois. See also Chicago, Illinois paid by large companies, 172
Chicago, Boeing, 30, 56 publicly traded companies disclosure
Chrysler in, 22 needed, 189
convention center attendance, 167 shifting the burden from corporations,
Fantus Area Research client, 76 168
Ford Motor Company, 97 state
job loss, 101–103 dodging state, 171–173
Kraft Foods, 97 Fortune 500 companies dropped, 172
Mitsubishi in, 22 Wal-Mart, 154–155
opposition to Wal-Mart subsidies, 153 India, outsourcing to, 100
revenue loss, 101–103, 103 Indiana
ripple effect jobs, 24, 30 Allen County, property tax abatement
Single Sales Factor, 93, 94, 97 in, 117
sports stadiums, 158 auto plants, 23
tax increment financing, effect on Fort Wayne, property tax abatement
schools, 121–122 in, 117–118
tax increment financing program job piracy, 26
perverted, 136 Lafayette, Subaru-Isuzu in, 22
Unified Development Budgets, 191 new TIF rules and, 138
Wal-Mart site location, 153 passive investment companies allowed
Wal-Mart subsidies, 152 in, 114
Illinois Chamber of Commerce, 103 Princeton, Toyota in, 23
Illinois Department of Commerce and professional sports teams, 159
Community Affairs (DCCA), 30 Single Sales Factor, 94
Illinois Department of Revenue, 102, South Bend, runaway shops, 34
103 Indianapolis, Indiana, Baltimore Colts
Illinois Manufacturers’ Association, 80– moved to, 159
81 Indians (team), 159
Single Sales Factor, 101 individual success, education as key to,
study commissioned by, 102 127
income, share paid in state and local Industrial Revenue Bonds (IRBs), 71–
taxes, 177 72, 84
income tax audits, 107 opposition to, 72
income tax breaks inequality. See economic inequality;
disclosure needed for, 188 racial inequality
enterprise zones, 133 infrastructure
income taxes. See also corporate income costs to renew, 205
taxes; personal income tax decline as sprawl result, 130
apportionment deals, 104 deferred maintenance, 178
corporate need for investment in, 197–199, 203–
Arizona, 170 204
Arkansas, 170 neglect of, 183–184
Colorado, 170 smart growth and, 194
Florida, 170 tax increment financing and, 134
Index 269
infrastructure assistance, Wal-Mart, 152 job creation, 118
infrastructure deficit, Proposition 13 convention centers and, 166
and, 148 disclosure needed for deals, 187–188
infrastructure “report card,” 203–204 failure of tax cuts, 179
ING Barings, 40 high cost, 163
ING Financial Holdings, 42 public transit coordination and, 139–
Initial Public Offering (IPO), Cabela’s, 140
65 quality of stadium-generated jobs, 160
Institute on Taxation and Economic sports stadiums, 157, 160–162
Policy (ITEP), 171–172, 179–180 high cost of, 162–163
trend toward regressive taxes, 177 sports subsidies and, 160
insurance company, CAPCO and, 24– tax cuts to big corporations ineffective,
25 178
“intangible” property, 112 Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act
Internal Revenue Service, 52 of 2002, 179
International Brotherhood of Electrical job decline, suburban sprawl and, 130
Workers (IBEW), Local 1505, job growth, suburban sprawl and, 130
Massachusetts, 11 job piracy, 26–27
International Business Machines Corp. use federal “carrot” against, 193–194
(IBM), 85, 107–108, 150 job quality standards, subsidy reform,
layoffs, 17–18 190
Mario Cuomo on, 17 job “retention” subsidies, New York City,
International Economic Development 38–41
Council, 89–90 job subsidies, taxpayer costs of, 34–37
International Harvester Co., 107–108 job training funds, Wal-Mart, 152
International Paper Co., 107–108, 119 jobless recovery, tax cuts and, 179
tax reimbursement, 123 jobs
International Telephone & Telegraph eliminated, 162
Corp., 107–108 professional sports team as generator
InterNorth, Inc., 43. See also Enron of, 157–158
inventory tax breaks, enterprise zones, reduction of Massachusetts, Raytheon,
133 12–13
Iowa ripple effect, 29–31
Farm Bureau, 138 Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconcilia-
job piracy, 26 tion Act of 2003, 179
negative income taxes, 175 John Locke Foundation, 36–37, 89
new TIF rules and, 138 Johnson, Ned, 99
passive investment companies allowed Johnson, Vard (senator), 45
in, 114 Joint Commission on Accreditation
Single Sales Factor, 93, 94 of Healthcare Organizations
“throwback rule” in, 112 ( JCAHO), 200
IRBs. See Industrial Revenue Bonds Jones, Brereton, 186
(IRBs) Jordan, Meredith, 105
Irsay, Robert, 159 J.P. Stevens and Co., 113
Jacobs Field, 163 Kahn, Peter, 163
Japan, automotive industry and, 23 Kansas
J.Crew, 111 enterprise zone of, 138
job blackmail, New York City, 38–43 Hays, Sykes Enterprises, 19–20
270 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
Manhattan, Sykes Enterprises, 19 LABT. See Los Angeles Business Team
private prison in, 32 (LABT)
school boards in, 125 Lafayette, Indiana, Subaru-Isuzu in, 22
Sykes Enterprises, 10, 18, 19–20 Lake Forest, Illinois, TIF program, 136
Kansas City Star, 136 Lakewood, California, 149
KEJA. See Kentucky Economic Justice Wal-Mart in, 149–150
Alliance (KEJA) Lakewood Center, California, 149
Kennedy, John F., opponent of IRBs, 72 growth of mall, 149
Kennedy, Sam, 67 land consumption, 131
Kentucky land-use decisions, 148–149
Community Development Block land-use planning, lack of coordination
Grant funds, 33 with, 133
Georgetown, Toyota in, 22 large companies, income tax avoidance,
Hazard, Sykes Enterprises, 20 175
hidden taxpayer costs, 28–29 large corporations
job piracy, 27 new capital investment of, 179–180
negative income taxes, 174 tax system control, 176
passive investment companies allowed Latino households, car ownership and,
in, 114 139
Pikeville, Sykes Enterprises, 20 Lay, Ken, 43–44
Sykes Enterprises, 20 layoffs
tax credits, 175–176 Raytheon’s promises regarding, 13
“throwback rule” in, 112 SSF provision intended to prevent, 13
Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Devel- LB 775, 44–45
opment, 176 cost of, 45–46
Kentucky Economic Justice Alliance lease-revenue bonds, private prisons, 31
(KEJA), 28 Leavenworth County, Kansas, private
Kentucky Rural Economic Develop- prison in, 32
ment Act, 28 LeFrak, Richard ( Jersey City developer),
Keystone Research Center, 171 38
Kidder Peabody, 38 leisure activities, stadium dollars and,
Kinko’s, site location and, 51 161–162
Klamath Falls, Oregon, Sykes Enter- Lexington Herald-Leader, 28
prises, 18 liberals, professional sports stadiums, 162
Kmart, 113 limited partnerships, 150
Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben, 43 Limited, The, 111
Knoxville, Tennessee, 44 Limited, The/Victoria’s Secret/Lane
Kohl’s, 113 Bryant/Express, 113
Korean War, Leonard Yaseen, 77 Lincoln, Alabama, Honda in, 23
Kozol, Jonathan, 116 Linens & Things, 149
KPMG Strategic Relocation and Ex- Lipper, George, 26
pansion Services, 85, 86 living-wage movement, subsidies and,
Kraft Foods, Single Sales Factor lobby, 190
97 Liz Claiborne, 40
Kraft USA, 101–102 lobbying records, Sasso, 14
Kroenke, Stanley E., 154 local governments, competition for tax
base among, 143
LAANE. See Los Angeles Alliance for a local sales tax increment, 145
New Economy (LAANE) Location Consultants International, 85
Index 271
location-efficient incentives, public low-wage jobs, stadiums and, 160–161
transit, 194–195 low-wage manufacturers, 73
Location Management Services, 62–64, low-wage workers
86 effect of sprawl on, 140
Locke, Gary, 88 public assistance to, 142
Long Beach, California, 149 Lowe’s, 149
Town Center, 149 Luxe Rodeo Drive, 150
Long Island, New York, 135 Luxe Summit Hotel, 150
Long John Silver’s, 113
Lord & Taylor, 147–148 Macy’s, 149
Los Angeles Alliance for a New Econ- Main Street merchants
omy (LAANE), 27, 28 losses from abandonment of, 142
community benefits agreement, 196 smart growth and, 194
Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, sprawl Maine
and, 131 Business Equipment Tax Reimburse-
Los Angeles Business Team (LABT), 28 ment (BETR) program, 123
Los Angeles, California, 28 disclosure requirements, 188
Coliseum, 158 Maine Citizen Leadership Fund, cost
hidden taxpayer costs, 27 to the state, 123
job piracy, 26 property taxes, 122–123
sprawl and, 131 Maine Citizen Leadership Fund, 123
Los Angeles County, California, 150 malls, as greyfields, 141–142
Los Angeles Lakers, 164 Manhattan. See New York City
Louisiana Manhattan, Kansas, Sykes Enterprises,
Board of Commerce and Industry, 119 19
“Cancer Alley,” 118–120 manufactured goods, foreign, 199–200
CAPCOs and, 26 manufacturers
convention center attendance, 167 Grant Thornton index, 83
economic development tax credits, 174 Single Sales Factor and, 94, 98
enterprise zone rebates, 119 union busting, 32–33
Exxon in, 34 manufacturing
EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138 globalization and, 96
passive investment companies allowed property tax abatement restricted to in
in, 114 some states, 117
property tax abatements, 119–120 manufacturing jobs, loss, 95
“throwback rule” in, 112 manufacturing lobbyists, Single Sales
Louisiana Coalition for Tax Justice, 119 Factor, 92
Louisiana insurance lobbyists, 24 manufacturing site location, 5
Louisiana Pacific, corporate income Mariana, Florida, Sykes Enterprises, 21
taxes paid, 173 Marin, Luis, 61–62
Louisiana Power & Light (Energy), 119 Marion County, Mississippi, Reliance
low-income energy assistance, hidden Manufacturing and, 71
taxpayer costs, 142 Marriott International
low-income families, sprawl’s effects on, use of bogus competitors, 14–15
139–140 Virginia, 14–16
low-income neighborhoods, tax incre- Maryland
ment financing, 135 Camden Yards, 159, 162
low-interest tax-exempt loans, Wal- Kraft Foods, 97
Mart, 152 professional sports teams, 159, 165
272 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
school funding, 126 McGraw-Hill Inc., 107–108
Single Sales Factor and, 93, 95, 96, 97, McGraw-Hill/Standard & Poor’s, 40
172 McGreevey, James, 172
Smart Growth Act, 195 MCI call center, property tax abatement
sports stadiums, 159, 162 dispute, 118
taxpayer cost, 163 McIntyre, Robert, 180–181
state income taxes paid by corpora- Medford, Oregon, Hewlett-Packard, 59
tions, 172 Medicaid, 6
tax law, 96 disclosure of hidden taxpayer costs,
“throwback rule” in, 112 188–189
Maryland Budget and Tax Policy Insti- Great American Jobs Scam and, 5
tute, 172 hidden taxpayer costs, 28, 142
Maryland County, bogus competitor Wal-Mart, 143
scam, 15 Memorial Stadium, 159
Marysville, Ohio, Honda in, 22 Menomenee Falls, Wisconsin, tax credit
Marzilli, James, on Raytheon, 13 to mutual fund company, 136
mass transit. See public transit Mercedes, in Alabama, 23, 175
Massachusetts Merrill Lynch, 40, 42
Associated Industries of Massachusetts Met Life, 41
(AIM), 11 Mexico, runaway shops, 34
corporate income tax, 105 MFS (fund), 100
disclosure of hidden taxpayer costs, Michigan
188–189 Flat Rock, Mazda in, 22
education funding cut, 101 Ford Motor Company, 97
hidden taxpayer costs in, 143 job piracy, 26
IBEW Local 1505, 11 negative income taxes, 175
impact of new stadium in Boston, 161 school boards in, 125
job piracy, 27 Single Sales Factor and, 97
legislation requiring disclosure of Microsoft, 111
state-sponsored healthcare costs, Midwest
142 factory relocation, 69, 76
mutual funds, 99–100 land consumption, 131
Raytheon, 9–14 Leonard Yaseen’s influence on, 77
jobs reduced by, 12–13 message from site location consultants,
Single Sales Factor and, 10, 11, 92, 93, 84
95–96, 98–101 Miller, Zell (Georgia governor), 104
payroll and, 13 Mills, Wilbur, 72
threat to move jobs from, 10 Milton-Freewater, Oregon, Sykes En-
“throwback rule” in, 112 terprises, 19
Wal-Mart, 143 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 136
Massachusetts Business Roundtable, 99 Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mastek, Fidelity and, 100 Boston Braves moved to, 158
Maus, Bruce, 57 union jobs, 33
site location methods, 51–52 Minneapolis, Minnesota, tax increment
May Department Stores, 113 financing and, 134
Mazda, “transplant” siting, 22 Minnesota, 28
Mazerov, Michael, 111 Anoka, tax increment financing subsi-
McCallum Sweeney Consulting, 85 dizing sprawl in, 134–135
McDonald’s, hidden taxpayer costs, 143 deals approved by elected officials, 193
Index 273
Minnesota (continued) Montgomery County, bogus competitor
Eveleth, Sykes Enterprises, 20–21 scam, 15
job piracy, 26 Montreal Expos, 160
school boards in, 125 Moran, Stahl & Boyer, 85, 87
Single Sales Factor, 94 Morgan, Perri, 36
Sykes Enterprises, 20–21 Morgan Stanley, 39
tax increment financing and, 134 outsourcing, 100
“throwback rule” in, 112 Morial Convention Center, attendance,
TIF districts, 138 167
Minnesota Twins, 160 Motorola, 102
Mintax, 86–87 Multistate Tax Commission (MTC),
Missing the Bus, 139 106–107, 111
Mississippi, 71 corporate tax sheltering costs esti-
auto plants, 23 mated, 114
Canton, Nissan in, 23 lawsuit, 107–109
Columbia, 70–71 multistate audits, 109
IRB scheme, 71–72 Multistate Tax Compact, 106, 107, 109
legislation, 33 Mumbai, outsourcing to, 100
tax increment financing (TIF), 72–73 Murray Feiss Import Corp., 40
Toyota and, 61 mutual fund companies, Single Sales
unions, 33 Factor and, 98, 99–100
Mississippi Industrial Act, 71 Mutual of New York, 39
Missouri Mutual of Omaha, 45
“blight,” 147 “mutually assured sprawl,” 133
“blighted” area declared in West
County Center, 147–148 NAFTA, 24
CAPCOs and, 26 automotive industry, 23
Community Development Block Great American Jobs Scam and, 5
Grant funds, 33 Nalco Chemical, 101–102
Home Depot in, 147 NASDAQ/AMEX, 41, 42
opposition to Wal-Mart subsidies, 153 Nashville, Tennessee, property tax abate-
passive investment companies allowed ment in, 117
in, 114 National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
sales tax increment, TIFed, 146–148 ministration, 201
school boards, 146 National Association of Manufacturers
Single Sales Factor and, 93 (NAM), 85, 201
tax increment financing, 146, 147–148 National Conference of State Legisla-
TIF programs in, 138 tures, 186
Westfield America, 147–148 National Federation of Independent
Missouri Court of Appeals, 148 Business (NFIB), 36
Mitsubishi Motors National Governors Association, 186
auto plant location and, 21–22 National Journal, 80
“transplant” siting, 22 National League of Cities, 186
mixed use, not in suburban sprawl, 130 National Science Foundation, 201
Mobil Oil, 119 National Semiconductor, tax reimburse-
model, for corporate income taxes, 173 ment, 123
Modell, Art, 157, 159 National Sports Law Institute of Mar-
Montgomery, Alabama, Hyundai in, 23 quette University Law School, 157
274 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
National Trust for Historic Preservation, job blackmail, 38–43
140, 151 job piracy, 26–27
Main Street Center, 141 job “retention” subsidies, 38–41
natural spaces, sprawl’s effects on, 129 layoffs in return for “retention” subsi-
NBC, 38, 40 dies, 16–18
Nebraska, 44 Leonard Yaseen and, 68–69, 76–79
Enron in, 44 lower Manhattan, site location and, 61
Omaha, InterNorth, 43–44 New York contracts, soft, 42
Single Sales Factor and, 93 New York Mercantile Exchange, 39
Sykes Enterprises, 20 New York Post, 42
“throwback rule” in, 112 New York State
Nebraska Chamber of Commerce and CAPCOs and, 26
Industry, 46 East Fishkill, IBM’s subsidy package
Nebraskans for Peace, 45 in, 17
Neighborhood Capital Budget Group Empire Zone program, 90, 136
(NCBG), Chicago, 122 EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138
Nevada Genesee County, 90
no income tax in, 112–113 professional sports teams, 164
passive investment company (PIC), Schenectady, 105
112 “throwback rule” in, 112
tax loopholes, 58 New York State Comptroller, 135
New Bedford, 79 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 40
new capital investment, 179–180 job “retention” subsidies, 41–42
New Economy, 91 New York Times, 38, 41, 166
Grant Thornton index, 83 New York Yankees, 164
New Hampshire News America, 39
Fidelity, 99 News America/New York Post, 40
job piracy, 27 Newtek Business Services, 25
New Jersey nexus, 110–111
AT&T, 97 definition, 106
corporate taxes paid, 172 Single Sales Factor, 97
economic development tax credits, 174 tax dodge, 109
job blackmail, 38 Nissan
job piracy, 26–27 Canton, Mississippi, 23
relocation of Fantus Company head- “transplant” siting, 22
quarters to, 78 NL Industries, Inc., 107–108
Single Sales Factor and, 97 No Child Left Behind, 116
New Jersey Policy Perspective, 172–173 Ohio, 120–121
New Mexico, passive investment compa- Noll, Roger, 163
nies allowed in, 114 Norco, Louisiana, 119
New Orleans, Louisiana Nordstrom, 130, 147–148
“Cancer Alley,” 118–119 Norman, Al, 151
convention center attendance, 167 North Carolina, 89
New York Board of Trade, 40 bogus competitors used in, 14–16
New York City, 79 Dell, Inc. in, 35–37
companies staying in Lower Manhat- Forsyth County, 36
tan after September 11, 61 Gastonia, unions unwelcome, 74
convention center attendance, 167 job subsidies, 35
Index 275
North Carolina (continued) job piracy, 26, 27
Roxboro, unions unwelcome, 74 negative income taxes, 174
“throwback rule” in, 112 No Child Left Behind, 120–121
Winston-Salem, 36 private prison in, 32
North Carolina Press Association, 36– professional sports teams, 159, 165
37 property tax abatements, 120–121
North Dakota revenue losses in, 120–121
Bismarck, Sykes Enterprises, 19 school boards in, 125
new TIF rules and, 138 school districts, 134
Northeast schools in, 120–121
factory relocation, 69, 76 stadium subsidies, 163
land consumption, 131 tax increment financing, 120–121
Leonard Yaseen’s influence on, 77 “throwback rule” in, 112
message from site location consultants, Toledo, 120–121
84 West Chester, Dell in, 37
Northeast-Midwest Congressional Youngstown, private prison in, 32
caucus, 80 Oklahoma
Northridge Mall, Brown Deer, Wiscon- Ada, Sykes Enterprises, 20
sin, tax revenue drop of, 142 corporate tax dodging, 170–171
Northwestern States Portland Cement Co. passive investment companies allowed
v. Minnesota, 106 in, 114
“nowhere income,” 107, 111, 192 school boards in, 125
defined, 112 Tulsa, site location and, 61
revenue loss caused by, 114 Old Economy, 90–91
Nucor, job subsidies, 35 Old Navy, 149
nursing crisis, 200 Olivette, Missouri, opposition to Wal-
NYSE. See New York Stock Exchange Mart subsidies, 153
(NYSE) Omaha, Nebraska
Enron, 43–44
obesity, sprawl and, 132 InterNorth, 43–44
Occupational Safety & Health Admin- O’Malley, Walter, 158–159
istration, 119–120 1000 Friends of Wisconsin, Wal-Mart
occupations, skilled labor in short supply tax increment financing, 153
in, 199–200 O’Neill, Paul (former CEO of Alcoa), 47
Offshore growth, Sykes Enterprises, 21 open space, sprawl and, 130
Ohio Orange County, California, 150
auto plants, 22 Oregon
Cincinnati, revenue losses in, 121 AT&T, 97
Cleveland, revenue losses in, 121 income taxes paid by corporations, 173
corporate relocations, 133–134 Klamath Falls, Sykes Enterprises, 18
court ruling about corporate income Medford, Hewlett-Packard, 59
tax credit, 196 Milton-Freewater, Sykes Enterprises,
East Liberty, Honda in, 22 19
enterprize zone perversion, 133–134, new TIF rules and, 138
135, 137 professional sports teams, 164
enterprise zones (EZs), 120 property tax abatement in, 118
Hamilton County, revenue losses in, Single Sales Factor and, 97
121 Springfield, property tax abatement in,
Honda in, 22 118
276 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
state income taxes paid by corpora- personal factors, site location and, 51
tions, 173 personal income tax, state, progressive,
Sykes Enterprises, 18, 19 177
Oregon Center for Public Policy, 173 perverse incentive, for retail zoning,
Organization for Economic Co-opera- 145–146, 148
tion and Development, 180, 201 Peters, Alan, 173–176
Orr, Kay (Nebraska governor), 44 Petroleum Club, 44
Ortwerth, Joe, 147 Philippines, Sykes Enterprises, 21
outsourcing, to India, 100 Pikeville, Kentucky, Sykes Enterprises,
20
Packard, David, 59 Pioneer (fund), 100
PaineWebber, 40, 42 pirating of jobs, between states, 5
Palatka, Florida, Sykes Enterprises, 21 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 90
Palm Beach County, Florida, job subsi- sports teams, 162
dies, 35 Pittsburgh Pirates, 162
Paperworkers Union, 33 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 162
passive investment companies, 58–59, Pittsburgh Steelers, 162
112–114. See also Delaware Hold- point of sale
ing Companies tax, 145
how they work, 112–113 tax increment financing and, 147
Patchak-Layman, Sharon, 122 Policy Matters Ohio, 134, 170
Payless Shoesource, Inc., 113 politicians, 185
“Payment in Lieu of Taxes” (PILOT), Pomp, Richard, 171
school boards can negotiate for, 125 population, land consumption, 131
payroll taxes, Wal-Mart, 154–155 Port Authority of New York and New
Pell grants, need for, 203 Jersey, 79
Pennsylvania Portland General Electric, corporate
Brockway, relocation blocked, 74 income taxes paid, 173
corporate tax dodging, 171 Portland Trail Blazers, 164
Hamburg, Cabela’s, 66, 67 poverty, 28
passive investment companies allowed concentrated, sprawl and, 130
in, 114 enterprise zone programs and, 137
Pittsburgh, 90 hidden taxpayer costs, 27
school boards in, 125 poverty-wage jobs, hidden taxpayer
Single Sales Factor effect in, 96–97 costs, 190
tax incentive financing, subsidizing power centers, 149
retail, 146 players, retail space, 140
“throwback rule” in, 112 power grid, needs of, 205
TIF programs in, 138 power transmission systems, declining
York, 75 investment in, 205
Pennsylvania Department of Economic Price Waterhouse, 40
and Community Development, 66 PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 141–142
Pennsylvania Manufacturers’ Associa- PriceWaterhouseCoopers’ Plant Loca-
tion, 106 tion International, 85
pensions, 3 Prince William County, Virginia, Amer-
people of color, 5 ica Online, 62
effect of sprawl on, 140 Princeton, Indiana, Toyota in, 23
sprawl and, 130, 139–140 “prisoners’ dilemma” of public officials,
perceptions, distortion of public, 53–57 54–57
Index 277
prisons, subsidized by Great American property taxes, 115–116
Jobs Scam, 5 corporate
private prisons, 31–32 Arizona, 170
privatization, of public jobs, 31–32 Idaho, 170
“pro-business attitude,” site location and, Washington, 171
54 disinvestment through, 182–183
Proctor & Gamble Distributing Co., diverted by tax increment financing,
107–108 135
productivity, good infrastructure needed fiscalization of land use, 144
for, 203–204 Louisiana’s history, 120
professional sports stadiums, 157– public education revenue, 116
158 publicly traded companies disclosure
subsidies, who benefits?, 164–166 needed, 189
unanimity of findings regarding eco- regressive, 176, 177
nomic impact of, 164 tax increment financing, 134, 146
professional sports teams Wal-Mart, 154–155
effect on economic activity, 163 Proposition 13
owners benefit from subsidies, 164 California, 145–146, 148–150
relocation threat, 158–160 consequences of, 148
selling, 165 loophole, 150
promotional studies, consulting firms protectionism, automotive industry, 22–
and, 164 23
property reassessment, 150 Providence, Rhode Island, Single Sales
property tax abatements, 72, 73, 84, Factor, 99
115–116, 117–118 Prudential Securities, 39
cost to schools, 120 public education, 126–127
disclosure for, 188 big box retailers cost to, 135
education and, 115–116 characteristics of a good system, 127
effect on public education, 125 effect of corporate tax dodging, 175
harm done to public education, 116, funding cut, 101
119 K-12 cost, 143
Wal-Mart, 152 property tax abatements and, 115–116
property tax breaks Proposition 13 and, 148
enterprise zones, 133 revenue losses affect, Ohio, 120–121
South Carolina, 124 school boards, 125
property tax caps, 145–146 site location and, 115–116
property tax exemptions. See property smart growth and, 194
tax abatements public goods
property tax incentives, 124 big business doesn’t want to reinvest
property tax rates, making up for loss of in, 183
corporate tax base, 131 need for investment in, 197
property tax reimbursements, Maine, Public Law 86-272, 106, 112
122–123 public officials
property tax revenues demeaned by system, 4, 185–186
depressed by Proposition 13, 148 threat fabricated by, 160
reduced, South Carolina, 124 public relations campaign, Raytheon, 11
school boards need full say on, 191– public services, 3. See also schools
192 burden of, 182
sharing, 195 cost of tax increment financing to, 122
278 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
cuts to, 178 Raytheon, 100
disinvestment in, 183 cartoon, 8
money to maintain, 181 corporate income tax, 105
poor in South Carolina, 124 jobs creation scam and, 9–14
poorer, 181 jobs lost in Massachusetts by, 13
quality of, 58, 127 layoff promises and, 13
shifting the burden from corporations, layoffs, 100
168 political-style campaign of, 12
public transit Single Sales Factor and, 92, 95–96,
ballot measures approved for, 131 98–99
disclosure needed, 187–188 threats to pull jobs from Massachu-
fiscalization of land use and, 144 setts, 11–12
inequality and, 139–140 recruitment
job subsidies do not consider, 129, cooperating on, 145
139–140 relocation and, 145
jobs inaccessible by, 130, 135 Reed Elsevier, 41
location-efficient incentives and, 194– reforms
195 disclosure, 187–189
no role in job creation, 139–140 legislation needed for, 186–187
smart growth and, 194 region
spending needed to maintain systems, recruitment and, 145
204 tax systems failing us in, 144
sprawl and, 129 regional perspective, sales tax, 145
subsidies ignore, 140 regressive taxes, 176–177, 181
traffic delays and, 144–145 trend toward, 176–177
publicly traded companies, disclosure of reinvestment, accountability needed for,
taxes for, 189 6
Publix, hidden taxpayer costs, 143 Reliance Manufacturing Company, 71
Puget Sound, Washington, Boeing, 56 rented consultants, 2
Putnam County, Florida, Sykes Enter- rented economists, 10, 102
prises, 21 Renzas, James, 62–64
Putnam (fund), 100 Republicans, war among the states and,
186
Quaker Oats, 101–102 retail jobs
quality of life low-wage, 161
“business climate” study on, 81 poverty-wage jobs, 190
Grant Thornton and, 82 retail projects, tax increment financing
schools, 126 districts, 146
site location and, 53, 54 retail space
smart growth and, 194 excess, 140
quasi-religious theme, sports stadiums, overbuilt, 146
162 retail subsidies, tax incentive financing,
Quick and Reilly/Fleet Securities, 40 146
retirement benefits, 181
racial inequality retroactive incentives, relocation, 86
exclusionary zoning ordinances, 144 Reuters, 40
sprawl’s effects on, 129, 139–140 revenue losses
Radio Shack Corp., 113 to abatements and TIF, 126
Ravens, 159 corporate tax cuts and, 178
Index 279
revenue losses (continued) San Francisco, California, property
due to subsidies, 100–101, 103 assessment inequities in, 150
due to tax shelters, 114 San Francisco 49ers, 161
Ohio, 120–121 Sanders, Heywood, 166–167
Rhode Island Sanderson, Allen, 163
Fidelity, 99 Santa Clara County, California, 150
passive investment companies allowed Santorum, Rick, 162
in, 114 Sasso, John, 11
Single Sales Factor, 99 lobbying records and, 14
“throwback rule” in, 112 Saturn, Spring Hill, Tennessee, 23
“right to work” states, 23 SBC Ameritech, 102
“business climate” and, 81 SBC Communications, 180
site location and, 50–51 Schenectady, New York, General Elec-
union busting, 33 tric, 105
Rinne, Tim, 45 SCHIP, hidden taxpayer costs, 143
ripple effects, 29–31 Schnuck’s, 147
measuring, 140–141 school-age children, 144
terrible in retail, 140–141 school board associations, 126
Rosentraub, Mark, 163 school boards
Roxboro, North Carolina, union unwel- control over property tax revenue
come, 74 needed, 191–192
RR Donnelley, 102 lack of power of, 124–126
Rubin, Julia Sass, 26 Missouri, 146
rural areas, Leonard Yaseen’s preferance tax abatement approval and, 125
for, 77 school districts, enterprise zones and, 134
Rust Belt, 79–80 school finance, 116
Illinois, 121–122
sales tax breaks, 135 Ohio, 120–121
enterprise zones, 133 property tax revenue, 124
tax increment financing and, 135 school-funding formulas, 116
sales tax increment, TIFed, 146 school lunches
sales tax rebates, Wal-Mart, 152 hidden taxpayer costs, 142
sales tax revenue, 148–149 Wal-Mart, 154–155
sharing local, smart growth and, 195 schools
sales taxes disinvestment in, 183
exemptions, deal-specific disclosure infrastructure of, 181
needed for, 188 neglect of, 183
perverse incentive to subsidize retail, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Sykes Enterprises,
148 20
publicly traded companies disclosure Scottsdale, Arizona, opposition to Su-
needed, 189 percenter and Sam’s Club subsidies,
regional perspective, 145 154
regressive, 176, 177 Scripps Research Institute, job subsidies,
retailing and, 145 34–35
tax increment financing of, 146–148 Scudder (fund), 100
Wal-Mart, 154–155 Sears
Sam’s Club, opposition to, 154 ripple effect claims and, 30–31
San Antonio, Texas, Toyota in, 23, 61 TIF program, 136
San Diego, California, 150 Seattle Seahawks, 164
280 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
Seattle, Washington, Boeing in, 48, 56 fees for, 55–56
Section 8 housing assistance, hidden Gene DePrez, 69
taxpayer costs, 29, 142 James Renzas, 62–64
Securities and Exchange Commission, junkets for, 76
64, 189 power of, 90
Security Pacific National Bank, layoffs “prisoners’ dilemma” and, 55
from merge with Bank of America, registration and regulation needed,
16 192–193
Seigleman, Don, 175 Robert Ady, 50–51, 69
Selling of the South, The, 73 on subsidies, 62–64
service sector, Grant Thornton index, 83 subsidy demands and, 54
7E7 “Dreamliner” project (Boeing), 56– site location consulting
57, 87–88, 88 Fantus Factory Locating Service, 69
Shareholders, tax disclosure to, 189 industry today, 84–87
Shell Oil, 119 site location firms, 85. See also site loca-
Sherwin Williams, 113 tion consultants
Siegfried, John, 163–164 Site Selection magazine, 62
Silicon Valley, site location and, 48 skilled labor
Single Sales Factor (SSF), 44, 92–114 corporate acknowledgment of short-
AIM and, 12 age, 200–201
corporate income tax, 104–105 eliminate expenditure that does not
demand for in Massachusetts, 11 create more, 202
how it works, 93–94 federal policy regarding, 202
Illinois, 103 growth rate declining, 198
lack of accountability, 98 need for investment in, 197–199, 199–
Massachusetts, 12, 13 200
provision intended to prevent, 13 need urgent, 192
repeal, 192 neglect of, 183–184, 197–199
states that have enacted, 93 public education and, 126
tax break law, 10 reinvestment needed, 205
tax competition among states, 169 shortages, 183–184, 200–201
theory versus reality, 94–96 site location and, 49–50
we can no longer afford, 205 “slippery slope,” Single Sales Factor, 94,
site location 98
cost factors, 52 Small Business Administration (SBA)
factors that drive, 48–54 504 loan guarantee program, 135
manufacturing, 5 smart growth
subsidies don’t determine, 59–64 ballot measures approved for, 131
Wal-Mart, 152–153 ending the “economic war among the
site location consultants, 2, 23, 47–48, suburbs,” 194–196
84, 89–90, 186 Smart Growth America, 133
Bruce Maus, 51–52, 57 “smokestack-chasing,” 146
on clawbacks, 190 Smyrna, Tennessee, Nissan in, 22
commissions, 57, 70 Snap-on, Inc., 113
commissions should not be allowed, Sonangol, 118
193 Sony, Springfield, Oregon, 118
conflict of interest, 70, 74–75 South
Dennis Donovan, 54–55, 69 cheap labor, 91
entrenched power of, 89–90, 185 factory relocation, 69
Index 281
South (continued) St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 147
population, 131 St. Peters, Missouri, Home Depot
relocation to, 73 closed in, 147
wage suppression in, 74 St. Petersburg Times, 170
South Bend, Indiana, runaway shops, stadium construction, jobs temporary,
34 161
South Carolina Stadium Games, 160
auto plants, 23 stadium subsidies
“but for” subsidy, 124 as bad investment, 163
corporate income tax credits, 124 George W. Bush, 165–166
enterprise zone of, 138 problem with studies justifying, 161–
negative income taxes, 175 162
new TIF rules and, 138 stadiums
passive investment companies allowed building of new, 159
in, 114 franchise values boosted, 164–165
poor public services, 124 indirect job creation, 161
property tax breaks, 124 jobs created by, 160
school boards in, 125 professional sports, 157–158
Spartanburg, BMW in, 23 public money for, 157–158, 161
Sumter, runaway shops, 34 Stadmauer Bailkin Biggins, 86
“throwback rule” in, 112 Standard Brands Inc., 107–108
South Carolina Department of Com- Stanley Works, 113
merce, 124 Staples, 113
South Dakota state auditors, 60
job piracy, 26 state children’s health insurance programs,
school funding, 126 hidden taxpayer costs, 29, 142
southern states, job piracy, 27 disclosure, 188–189
Soviet Union, Leonard Yaseen, 77 state commissioners, 105
Sports, Jobs, and Taxes, 163 State Government Affairs Council, 88
sprawl, 5. See also suburban sprawl state income tax. See also income taxes
causes of, 132, 148 50-state matrix needed for publicly
definition, 128, 129 traded companies, 189
results of, 129, 130 disclosure of aggregate only, 189
smart growth and, 195 state revenue, subsidies that erode, 116
subsidies that pay for, 129 State Street (fund), 100
sprawling retail, deny subsidies to, smart State Tax Notes magazine, 105
growth and, 195–196 Staubach Company, 85
Spring Hill, Tennessee, Saturn, 23 Stonehenge Capital Corp., 25
Springfield, Oregon, property tax abate- Stop and Shop, hidden taxpayer costs,
ment in, 118 143
SSF. See Single Sales Factor (SSF) Subaru-Isuzu, “transplant” siting, 22
St. Charles County, Missouri, tax incre- subplants, 23
ment financing in, 147 subsidies
St. Charles, Missouri, Home Depot in, Cabela’s, 64–67
147 cause-and-effect relationship with
St. Louis, Missouri investment, 60
no “blight,” 147 corporate income taxes and, 173–176
“point of sale” tax, 146 harm done to public education, 116
tax increment financing districts, 146 irrelevant to site location, 59–64
282 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
legal developments regarding, 196– tax breaks
197 enacted in name of jobs, 168
to sports, 160 Unified Development Budgets and,
Toyota, 61 191
for Wal-Mart, 152 tax burden, shift of, 5
suburban sprawl. See also sprawl tax commissioners of states, 105
causes of, 128–129 tax competition among states, 169
defined, 130 tax credits. See also specific states
suburbs, competition for taxes in, 143– ability to carry forward, 176
146 tax cuts
Sumter, South Carolina, runaway shops, jobs and, 5
34 subsidies and, 5
Sun Belt, 79–80 Tax Expenditure Budget, 191
Supercenters tax increment financing deals, Wal-Mart
Denver, 153 site location, 153
Wal-Mart, 151, 153 tax increment financing (TIF), 3, 72–
Swope, Christopher, 25 73, 117–118, 147
Sykes Enterprises “blighted” property, 117
Colorado, 18 “but for” subsidy argument, 123–124,
Costa Rica, 21 153
Florida, 21 competition and, 137
history of subsidies, 18 cost to schools, 120, 121
Kansas, 18, 19–20 disallowing TIFing of sales tax, smart
Kentucky, 20 growth and, 195
Minnesota, 20–21 effect on schools, 115
Nebraska, 20 harm done to public education, 116
North Dakota, 19 no accountability rules, 146
offshore growth, 21 property taxes and, 134
Oklahoma, 20 reimbursement subsidy, 122–123
Oregon, 18, 19 school board associations, 126
Philippines, 21 school boards need full say on, 191–
Symantec, 118 192
Syms, 113 sprawl, 129
Wal-Mart, 152
Taft-Hartley Act, 33 we can no longer afford, 205
Target, 140, 149 tax loopholes, 58, 172
sales tax, 145 close, 192
Tate, Toyoo (Mitsubishi Motors presi- Delaware Passive Investment Compa-
dent), 21–22 nies, 168
tax abatements tax revenue drops, dead malls and, 142
“but for” subsidy argument, 123–124 tax sprawl, 145
cost to schools, 121 tax systems, inefficiency of, 131
school board associations, 126 taxes
school boards need full say on, 191– “business climate” study on, 81
192 corporate rates declining, 168–169
tax base, 3 corporate rates lower, 168
loss of corporate, 131 and growth, 58
sprawl and, 130 Internal Revenue Service, 52
suburbs, 143 Leonard Yaseen’s dislike of, 77
Index 283
taxes (continued) textile industry, relocation of, 72, 99
rank as a factor in site location, 52–53 THF Realty, 154
site location and, 50–53, 52–53 Thompson, James (“Big Jim”), 24
on small businesses, 181 Mitsubishi Motors and, 21–22
state and local, site location and, 52 Thompson, Kip (Dell vice president), 37
on working families, 181 throwback rules, 192
taxpayer costs. See also hidden taxpayer “nowhere income” and, 112
costs TIF. See tax increment financing (TIF)
hidden, 140–143 Tilden Township, Pennsylvania, 66–67
Great American Jobs Scam and, 5 Time Warner Inc., 40
taxpayers, elected officials should ap- Tolchin, Martin, 23
prove deals, 193 Tolchin, Susan, 23
Templet, Dr. Paul, 120 Toledo, Ohio
Temporary Assistance for Needy Fami- Jeep plant in, 196
lies (TANF), 202–203 revenue losses in, 120–121
Tennessee School District, 120–121
auto plants, 23 total spending
bogus competitors and, 14 cities, 2
hidden taxpayer costs of Wal-Mart in, states, 2
143 tourist attraction
IRB scheme, 71–72 Cabela’s, 64–66
passive investment companies allowed strategy, 67
in, 114 toxic emissions, reforms concerning, 187
property tax abatement in, 117 Toxic Right to Know law, 187
Raytheon Corp. in, 10 Toyota
Smyrna, Nissan in, 22 Princeton, Indiana, 23
Spring Hill, Saturn assembly plant, 23 San Antonio, Texas, 23
“throwback rule” in, 112 subsidies for, 61
Toyota and, 61 “transplant” siting, 22
Texaco (Star Enterprise), 119 Toys “R” Us, 113
Texas Trade deficits
auto plants, 23 automotive, 23–24
Dallas-Forth Worth, Boeing, 30, 56 commodity, 23–24
EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138 traffic delays
Harris County, property tax abate- fuel wasted, 204
ment, 118 hours lost to, 144–145
Houston, site location and, 61–62 productivity reduced, 204
negative income taxes, 174 “transplants” (auto-assembly factories),
passive investment companies allowed 22
in, 114 transportation costs, inequality worsened
professional sports teams, 165–166 by, 139
regressive impact of sales and property Tulsa, Oklahoma, site location and, 61
taxes, 178 Tyson Foods, Inc., 113
San Antonio, Toyota in, 23, 61
school boards in, 125 UCLA, 27, 28
Single Sales Factor and, 93 unanimity of findings, economic impact
Wal-Mart subsidies, 152 of stadiums, 164
Texas Rangers, 165–166 unemployment compensation, Grant
Texas Transportation Institute, 144 Thornton’s index, 82
284 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
unemployment, sprawl and, 129 utility tax, publicly traded companies
Unified Development Budgets, 191 disclosure needed, 189
Uniform Division of Income for Tax
Purposes Act (UDITPA), 105, 107 Vance, Alabama, Mercedes-Benz in, 23
union busting, 32–34 Veeck, Bill, 165
Union Carbide Corp., 107–108 Venezuela, site location and, 61
union policies, 74 venture capital, 24
unionization, site location and, 51 Verizon, 180
unions. See also specific unions Vermont
Brockway Glass Company, 74 audits in, 60
“business climate” study on, 81 passive investment companies allowed
convinced of tax break and job security, in, 114
10 Wal-Mart and, 151
Grant Thornton and, 82 Vermont Economic Progress Council
Great American Jobs Scam used to (VEPC), 60
bust, 5 Viacom/CBS, 111
Leonard Yaseen’s dislike of, 77 Viacom Inc., 39
site location and, 50–51 Virginia
unitary tax, 110 counties offered packages by Marriott,
United Auto Workers, 33 15
Japanese “transplant” siting and, 22 new TIF rules and, 138
United Food & Commericial Workers, passive investment companies allowed
146 in, 114
United States Steel Corp., 107–108 played against Maryland, 14–15
University of Chicago economists, 102 Prince William County, America
University of Connecticut Law School, Online, 62
171 “throwback rule” in, 112
urban America, Leonard Yaseen and, Wal-Mart subsidies, 152
76–79 VNU USA Company, 40
Urban Outfitters, 113
urban poverty, causes of, 77 Wackenhut Corrections Corporation, 31
urban revitalization, perversion of subsi- Wadley-Donovan Group, 54, 85
dies targeted for, 133 Wadley-Donovan GrowthTech, 85
U.S. Congressional staff, hidden tax- Wadley-Donovan-Gutshaw, 86
payer costs tallied by, 142 Wadley-Donovan-Gutshaw Consulting,
U.S. Department of Energy, 205 85
U.S. Department of Health and Human wage formulas, tied to markets, 190
Services, 200 wage laws, Leonard Yaseen’s dislike of,
U.S. Department of Labor, 182 77
U.S. Navy, 149 wage suppression, 74, 82, 84
U.S. News & World Report, 33 wages, 3
U.S. Sixth Circuit of Appeals, 196 and benefits, 181
U.S. Steel v. Multistate Tax Commission, decent as condition of getting subsidy,
107–109 190
U.S. Supreme Court, 108, 110 declining, 181
Utah disclosure needed, 187–188
corporate tax dodging, 171 Wal-Mart, 140, 149
EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138 disclosure of hidden taxpayer costs,
utility tax breaks, enterprise zones, 133 188–189
Index 285
Wal-Mart (continued) welfare, Grant Thornton’s index, 82
distribution centers, 152 Wellington (fund), 100
hidden taxpayer costs of, 29, 141, 142, West Chester, Ohio, Dell in, 37
154–155 West County Center, Des Peres, Mis-
healthcare programs, 142–143 souri, 147–148
opposition to subsidies for, 153–154 West Virginia
poor wages of, 155 hidden taxpayer costs of Wal-Mart in,
sales tax and, 145, 154 143
site location, 152–153 passive investment companies allowed
store closures, 151 in, 114
subsidies, 129, 151–155 SCHIP, 143
Supercenters, smart growth declines, Westfield America, tax increment
194 financing and, 147–148
Wal-Mart distribution centers, 152 Weyerhaeuser, 118
Wal-Mart Realty, 151 Kentucky tax credit, 175–176
Waldie, D.J., 149–150 “whipsaw” locations, 54
Wall Street Journal, 60, 74, 75, 79, 94, bogus competitors and, 14
113, 121 method, 69
Wall Street, site location and, 48 White, Hugh, 33, 70–71, 72
Walt Disney/ABC, 111 White & Case, 108
Walton, Ann, 154 white-collar jobs, loss of in New York
Walton, Sam, 154 City, 78
“war among the states,” 79–84 “white flight,” 5
business climatology and, 79–84 White, Hugh, 33, 70–71, 72
Washington Wilde, Oscar, 83
Boeing, 56–57, 87–88 Willamette Industries, Kentucky tax
corporate tax dodging, 171 credit, 175–176
hidden taxpayer costs of Wal-Mart in, William S. Lee Act, 35
143 Williams, Anthony, 160
professional sports teams, 164 Wilshire Group, The, 25
regressive impact of sales and property windfalls, subsidies as, 57, 58
taxes, 178 Winston-Salem, North Carolina, job
Seattle, Boeing in, 48 subsidies, 36
Washington, DC Wisconsin
environmental impact of SBA loans, CAPCOs and, 26
135 EZ tax breaks outside zones, 138
private prisons and, 32 hidden taxpayer costs in, 143
SBA loan guarantees, 135 Housing and Urban Development
site location and, 48 program, 34
stadium in, 160 passive investment companies allowed
Washington Redskins, 164 in, 114
wastewater systems, bad shape of, 205 professional sports teams, 158
waterway locks, aging, 205 Single Sales Factor, 94
Weiner, Jay, 160 tax credit to mutual fund company, 136
Weld, William, 10 tax revenue drop from greyfields, 142
Raytheon and (See International Wal-Mart, 143
Brotherhood of Electrical Work- Woodstock Institute, 135
ers (IBEW)) workers’ compensation, Grant Thorn-
Single Sales Factor, 99 ton’s index, 82–83
286 THE GREAT AMERICAN JOBS SCAM
Workforce Alliance, 202 Xerox Corp., 107–108
workforce development
defined, 202 Yaseen, Leonard, 68–69, 75
education for productive, 127 business relocation and, 70
forefront of jobs policy, 201–203 relocation of Fantus Company, 78
neglect of, 183 urban America and, 76–79
Workforce Investment Act, 202 Yellow Freight System, 113
working families York, Pennsylvania, Fantus Area
higher taxes, stagnant or declining Research, 75
wages, 181 Youngstown, Ohio, private prison in,
taxes paid by, 176 32
World Trade Center, Bank of America, Yuma, Arizona, 90
“job retention” subsidies and, 16
World War II, Leonard Yaseen, 77 Ziff-Davis Publishing, 40
World Wide Web, 84 Zimbalist, Andrew, 163, 164
worldwide combined reporting, 110 zoning, exclusionary, 130
Index 287