“Apply with LinkedIn” M:Japanese Government
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英文经济站 http://www.la-piazza-villefranche.com
“Apply with LinkedIn” M:Japanese Government Websites ight Be Pretty Huge
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“Apply with LinkedIn” M:Japanese Government Websites ight Be Pretty Huge
,When a person thinks of Buddha or Buddhism we typically think of India,
Indonesian or Thailand... but the Buddhist Art found in Japanese Buddha
Statues is very impressive. In fact, the statues of Lord Buddha in Japan are
such impressive icons, as stand alone art and edifices, they attract devotees
and regular tourist a like.1. Who can resist the tallest Buddha in the world?
I would think it would be found Thailand... but no: a bit off the beaten path
is the giant Ushiku Buddha statue, located in the Ibaraki prefecture,
Ushiku-Japan. This 394 foot tall Buddha is something not to be missed.2. Great
Japanese Buddha statues such as: The Daibutsu of Kamakura have some
interesting back story to them. Sitting at 44 feet tall, this *Daibutsu is
literally a "great Buddha". [The Japanese word "Diabutsu" means "great
Buddha," but let me tell you why the Buddha at Kamakura is truly great beyond
name alone.] This bronze edifice, cast in 1252 BC, was once sheltered by
several wooden temples; but during the 14th and 15th centuries typhoon ravaged
the temple grounds, utterly destroyed the wooden temples, leaving only this
bronze masterpiece as a beacon.3. The Great Eastern Temple (Todaiji Temple)
built in 752 AD in Nora, Japan is the worlds largest wooden building. [Even
though its footprint today is only 2/3 of its original constructed size...
Wow!] It also houses Japan's largest bronze Buddha statue. History tells us
that the Todaiji temple became so powerful and influential that in 784 the
Japanese government was moved from Nora to Nagaoka to lower Todaiji's
persuasion into government affairs.4. The 49 foot tall Daibutsu of Nara, in
the Nara Prefecture is housed in Todai Temple. This Daibutsu was commissioned
by Emperor Shŕmu to symbolize the unification of the state and Buddhism.
This movement is referred to as: "Chingo Kokka Bukkyŕ" or Buddhism for the
protection and preservation of the nation. This created a nationwide spread
of provincial temples being built during the reaming portion of the "Shŕmu
Era" 724 to 749.It is my opinion that Buddhism in Japan is something not to
be dismissed and their Japanese Buddha Statues are not to be over looked when
planning your pilgrimages.,,History Tsuyama Castle was a typical hilltop
castle Originally conceived of purely as fortresses their primary purpose
being military defense Japanese castles were originally placed in strategic
locations along trade routes roads and rivers Though castles continued to
be built with these considerations in mind for centuries fortresses were also
built to serve as centers of governance By the Sengoku period they had come
to serve as the homes of daimyo feudal lords and served to impress and
intimidate rivals not only with their defenses but with their size and elegant
interiors architecture and decorations Oda Nobunaga was one of the first to
build one of these palace like castles at Azuchi Castle in 1576 this was Japan
s first castle to have a tower keep tenshukaku and it inspired both Toyotomi
Hideyoshi s Osaka Castle and Tokugawa Ieyasu s Edo Castle Azuchi served as
the governing center of Oda s territories and as his lavish home but it was
also very keenly and strategically placed A short distance away from the
capital of Kyoto which had long been a target of violence Azuchi s carefully
chosen location allowed it a great degree of control over the transportation
and communication routes of Oda s enemies Prior to the Sengoku period roughly
the 16th century most castles were called yamashiro or mountain castles Though
most later castles were built atop mountains or hills these were built from
the mountains Trees and other foliage were cleared and the stone and dirt
of the mountain itself was carved into rough fortifications Ditches were dug
to present obstacles to attackers as well as to allow boulders to be rolled
down at attackers Moats were created by diverting mountain streams Buildings
were made primarily of wattle and daub using thatched roofs or occasionally
wooden shingles Small ports in the walls or planks could be used to deploy
bows or fire guns from The main weakness of this style was its general
instability Thatch caught fire even more easily than wood and weather and
soil erosion prevented structures from being particularly large or heavy
Eventually stone bases began to be used encasing the hilltop in a layer of
fine pebbles and then a layer of larger rocks over that with no mortar This
support allowed larger heavier and more permanent buildings Early
fortifications The reconstructed western gate of Ki castle The first
fortifications in Japan were hardly what one generally associates with the
term castles Made primarily of earthworks and wood the earliest
fortifications made far greater use of natural defenses and topography than
anything man made These kgoishi and chiyashi were never intended to be long
term defensive positions let alone residences the native peoples of the
archipelago built fortifications when they were needed and abandoned the
sites afterwards The Yamato people began to build cities in earnest in the
7th century complete with expansive palace complexes surrounded on four sides
with walls and impressive gates Earthworks and wooden fortresses were also
built throughout the countryside to defend the territory from the native
Emishi Ainu and other groups unlike their primitive predecessors these were
relatively permanent structures built in peacetime These were largely built
as extensions of natural features and often consisted of little more than
earthworks and wooden barricades The Nara period c 710 794 fortress at Dazaifu
from which all of Kysh would be governed and defended for centuries afterwards
was originally constructed in this manner and remnants can still be seen today
A bulwark was constructed around the fortress to serve as a moat to aid in
the defense of the structure in accordance with military strategies and
philosophies of the time it would only be filled with water at times of
conflict This was called a mizuki or water fort The character for castle or
fortress up until sometime in the 9th century or later was read pronounced
ki as in this example mizuki Though fairly basic in construction and
appearance these wooden and earthwork structures were designed to impress
just as much as to function effectively against attack Chinese and Korean
architecture influenced the design of Japanese buildings including
fortifications in this period The remains or ruins of some of these fortresses
decidedly different from what would come later can still be seen in certain
parts of Kysh and Thoku today Medieval period The Heian period 7941185 saw
a shift from the need to defend the entire state from invaders to that of
lords defending individual mansions or territories from one another Though
battles were still continually fought in the north east portion of Honsh the
Thoku region against native peoples the rise of the samurai warrior class
towards the end of the period and various disputes between noble families
jostling for power and influence in the Imperial Court brought about further
upgrades The primary defensive concern in the archipelago was no longer native
tribes or foreign invaders but rather internal conflicts within Japan between
rival samurai clans or other increasingly large and powerful factions and
as a result defensive strategies and attitudes were forced to change and adapt
As factions emerged and loyalties shifted clans and factions which had been
helpers in the service of the Imperial Court became enemies and defensive
networks were broken or altered through the shifting of alliances The Genpei
War 11801185 between the Minamoto and Taira clans and the Nanboku ch Wars
13361392 between the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts are the primary
conflicts that define these developments during what is sometimes called
Japan s medieval period Fortifications were still made almost entirely out
of wood and were based largely on earlier modes and on Chinese and Korean
examples But they began to become larger to incorporate more buildings to
accommodate larger armies and to be conceived as more long lasting structures
This mode of fortification developed gradually from earlier modes and used
throughout the wars of the Heian period 7701185 and deployed to help defend
the shores of Kysh from the Mongol invasions of the 13th century reached its
climax in the 1330s during the Nanboku ch period Chihaya castle and Akasaka
castle permanent castle complexes containing a number of buildings but no
tall keep towers and surrounded by wooden walls were built by Kusunoki
Masashige to be as militarily effective as possible within the technology
and designs of the time The Ashikaga shogunate established in the 1330s had
a tenuous grip on the archipelago and maintained relative peace for over a
century Castle design and organization continued to develop under the
Ashikaga shogunate and throughout the Sengoku period Castle complexes became
fairly elaborate containing a number of structures some of which were quite
complex internally as they now served as residences command centers and a
number of other purposes Sengoku The nin War which broke out in 1467 however
marked the beginning of a period of nearly 150 years of widespread warfare
called the Sengoku period between daimy feudal lords across the entire
archipelago For the duration of the nin War 14671477 and into the Sengoku
period the entire city of Kyoto became a battlefield and suffered extensive
damage Noble family mansions across the city became increasingly fortified
over this ten year period and attempts were made to isolate the city as a
whole from the marauding armies of samurai which would dominate the landscape
for over a century As regional officials and others became the daimy and the
country descended into war they began to quickly add to their power bases
securing their primary residences and constructing additional fortifications
in tactically advantageous or important locations Originally conceived as
purely defensive martial structures or as retirement bunkers where a lord
could safely ride out periods of violence in his lands over the course of
the Sengoku period many of these mountain castles developed into permanent
residences with elaborate exteriors and lavish interiors The beginnings of
the shapes and styles now considered to be stereotypical classic Japanese
castle design emerged at this time and castle towns jkamachi lit town below
castle also appeared grew and developed Despite these developments though
for most of the Sengoku period castles remained essentially larger more
complex versions of the simple wooden fortifications of centuries earlier
It was not until the last thirty years of the period of war that drastic changes
would occur to bring about the emergence of the type of castle typified by
Himeji castle the Imperial Palace and other castles surviving today This
period of war culminated in the Azuchi Momoyama period which saw some of the
largest battles in the pre modern world and saw great advances in military
technology strategy and tactics Azuchi Momoyama period Nagoya Castle Unlike
in Europe where the advent of cannon spelled the end of the age of castles
Japanese castle building was spurred ironically by the introduction of
firearms Though firearms first appeared in Japan in 1543 and castle design
almost immediately saw developments in reaction Azuchi castle built in the
1570s was the first example of a largely new type of castle on a larger grander
scale than those which came before boasting a large stone base musha gaeshi
a complex arrangement of concentric baileys maru and a tall central tower
In addition the castle was located on a plain rather than on a densely forested
mountain and relied more heavily on architecture and manmade defenses than
on its natural environment for protection These features along with the
general appearance and organization of the Japanese castle which had matured
by this point have come to define the stereotypical Japanese castle Along
with Hideyoshi s Fushimi Momoyama castle Azuchi lends its name to the brief
Azuchi Momoyama period roughly 15681600 in which these types of castles used
for military defense flourished Osaka Castle was destroyed by cannon This
reproduction towers above the surroundings The introduction of the arquebus
brought dramatic shifts in battle tactics and military attitudes in Japan
Though these shifts were complex and numerous one of the concepts key to
changes in castle design at this time was that of battle at range Though
archery duels had traditionally preceded samurai battles since the Heian
period or earlier exchanges of fire with arquebuses had a far more dramatic
effect on the outcome of the battle hand to hand fighting while still extremely
common was diminished by the coordinated use of firearms Oda Nobunaga one
of the most expert commanders in the coordinated tactical use of the new weapon
built his Azuchi castle which has since come to be seen as the paradigm of
the new phase of castle design with these considerations in mind The stone
foundation resisted damage from arquebus balls better than wood or earthworks
and the overall larger scale of the complex added to the difficulty of
destroying it Tall towers and the castle s location on a plain provided greater
visibility from which the garrison could employ their guns and the complex
set of courtyards and baileys provided additional opportunities for defenders
to retake portions of the castle that had fallen Cannon were rare in Japan
due to the expense of obtaining them from foreigners and the difficulty in
casting such weapons themselves as the foundries used to make bronze temple
bells were simply unsuited to the production of iron or steel cannon The few
cannon that were used were smaller and weaker than those used in European
sieges and many of them were in fact taken from European ships and remounted
to serve on land where the advent of cannon and other artillery brought an
end to stone castles in Europe wooden ones would remain in Japan for several
centuries longer A few castles boasted wall guns but these are presumed to
have been little more than glorified arquebuses lacking the power of a true
cannon When siege weapons were used in Japan they were most often trebuchets
or catapults in the Chinese style and they were used as anti personnel weapons
There is no record that the goal of destroying walls ever entered into the
strategy of a Japanese siege In fact it was often seen to be more honorable
and more tactically advantageous on the part of the defender for him to lead
his forces into battle outside the castle When battles were not resolved in
this way out in the open sieges were almost always undertaken purely by denying
supplies to the castle an effort which could last years but involved little
more than surrounding the castle with a force of sufficient size until a
surrender could be elicited The crucial development that spurred the
emergence of a new type of defensive architecture was thus not cannon but
the advent of firearms Arquebus firing squads and cavalry charges could
overcome wooden stockades with relative ease and so stone castles came into
use Azuchi was destroyed within years of its completion but it nevertheless
ushered in a new period of castle building among the many castles built in
the ensuing years was Hideyoshi s Simon castle completed in 1583 This
incorporated all the new features and construction philosophies of Azuchi
and was larger more prominently located and longer lasting It was the last
bastion of resistance against the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate
see Siege of Osaka and remained prominent if not politically or militarily
significant as the city of Osaka grew up around it developing into one of
Japan s primary commercial centers Though stone was sometimes used to shore
up defenses or foundations for a few centuries prior Azuchi s distinctive
style of stone base was the first of its kind and was seen in every castle
constructed afterwards The Japanese used cannon very infrequently and thus
despite the relatively fragile wooden buildings which compri,,Market
failures signify corruption and inefficiency in the private sector. Such
misconduct and misallocation of economic resources is usually thought to be
the domain of the public sector, but actually it goes on eveywhere in the
economy.Wealth destruction by privately-owned firms is typical of economies
with absent, lenient, or lax regulation and often exceeds anything the public
administration does. Corruption, driven by avarice and fear, is common among
entrepreneurs as much as among civil servants. It is a myth to believe
otherwise. Wherever there is money, human psychology is in operation and with
it economic malaise. Hence the need for governmental micromamangement of the
private sector at all times. Self-regulation is a costly and self-deceiving
urban legend.Another engine of state involvement is provided by the thrift
paradox. When the economy goes sour, rational individuals and households save
more and spend less. The aggregate outcome of their newfound thrift is
recessionary: decreasing consumption translates into declining corporate
profitability and rising unemployment. These effects are especially
pronounced when financial transmission mechanisms (banks and other financial
institutions) are gummed up: frozen in fear and distrust, they do not lend
money, even though deposits (and their own capital base) are ever growing.It
is true that, by diversifying risk away, via the use of derivatives and other
financial instruments, asset markets no longer affect the real economy as
they used to. They have become, in a sense, "gated communities", separated
from Main Street by "risk barriers". But, these developments do not pertain
to retail banks and when markets are illiquid and counterparty risk rampant,
options and swaps are pretty useless.The only way to effectively cancel out
the this demonetization of the national economy (this "bleeding") is through
enhanced government spending. Where fearful citizens save, their government
should spend on infrastructure, health, education, and information
technology. The state's negative savings should offset multiplying private
savings. In extremis, the state should nationalize the financial sector for
a limited period of times (as Israel has done in 1983 and Sweden, a decade
later).It is a maxim of current economic orthodoxy that governments compete
with the private sector on a limited pool of savings. It is considered equally
self-evident that the private sector is better, more competent, and more
efficient at allocating scarce economic resources and thus at preventing
waste. It is therefore thought economically sound to reduce the size of
government - i.e., minimize its tax intake and its public borrowing - in order
to free resources for the private sector to allocate productively and
efficiently.Yet, both dogmas are far from being universally applicable.The
assumption underlying the first conjecture is that government obligations
and corporate lending are perfect substitutes. In other words, once deprived
of treasury notes, bills, and bonds - a rational investor is expected to divert
her savings to buying stocks or corporate bonds.It is further anticipated
that financial intermediaries - pension funds, banks, mutual funds - will
tread similarly. If unable to invest the savings of their depositors in scarce
risk-free - i.e., government - securities - they will likely alter their
investment preferences and buy equity and debt issued by firms.Yet, this is
expressly untrue. Bond buyers and stock investors are two distinct crowds.
Their risk aversion is different. Their investment preferences are disparate.
Some of them - e.g., pension funds - are constrained by law as to the
composition of their investment portfolios. Once government debt has turned
scarce or expensive, bond investors tend to resort to cash. That cash - not
equity or corporate debt - is the veritable substitute for risk-free
securities is a basic tenet of modern investment portfolio theory.Moreover,
the "perfect substitute" hypothesis assumes the existence of efficient
markets and frictionless transmission mechanisms. But this is a conveniently
idealized picture which has little to do with grubby reality. Switching from
one kind of investment to another incurs - often prohibitive - transaction
costs. In many countries, financial intermediaries are dysfunctional or
corrupt or both. They are unable to efficiently convert savings to investments
- or are wary of doing so.Furthermore, very few capital and financial markets
are closed, self-contained, or self-sufficient units. Governments can and
do borrow from foreigners. Most rich world countries - with the exception
of Japan - tap "foreign people's money" for their public borrowing needs.
When the US government borrows more, it crowds out the private sector in Japan
- not in the USA.It is universally agreed that governments have at least two
critical economic roles. The first is to provide a "level playing field" for
all economic players. It is supposed to foster competition, enforce the rule
of law and, in particular, property rights, encourage free trade, avoid
distorting fiscal incentives and disincentives, and so on. Its second role
is to cope with market failures and the provision of public goods. It is
expected to step in when markets fail to deliver goods and services, when
asset bubbles inflate, or when economic resources are blatantly
misallocated.Yet, there is a third role. In our post-Keynesian world, it is
a heresy. It flies in the face of the "Washington Consensus" propagated by
the Bretton-Woods institutions and by development banks the world over. It
is the government's obligation to foster growth.In most countries of the world
- definitely in Africa, the Middle East, the bulk of Latin America, central
and eastern Europe, and central and east Asia - savings do not translate to
investments, either in the form of corporate debt or in the form of corporate
equity.In most countries of the world, institutions do not function, the rule
of law and properly rights are not upheld, the banking system is dysfunctional
and clogged by bad debts. Rusty monetary transmission mechanisms render
monetary policy impotent.In most countries of the world, there is no
entrepreneurial and thriving private sector and the economy is at the mercy
of external shocks and fickle business cycles. Only the state can counter
these economically detrimental vicissitudes. Often, the sole engine of growth
and the exclusive automatic stabilizer is public spending. Not all types of
public expenditures have the desired effect. Witness Japan's pork barrel
spending on "infrastructure projects". But development-related and
consumption-enhancing spending is usually beneficial.To say, in most
countries of the world, that "public borrowing is crowding out the private
sector" is wrong. It assumes the existence of a formal private sector which
can tap the credit and capital markets through functioning financial
intermediaries, notably banks and stock exchanges.Yet, this mental picture
is a figment of economic imagination. The bulk of the private sector in these
countries is informal. In many of them, there are no credit or capital markets
to speak of. The government doesn't borrow from savers through the marketplace
- but internationally, often from multilaterals.Outlandish default rates
result in vertiginously high real interest rates. Inter-corporate lending,
barter, and cash transactions substitute for bank credit, corporate bonds,
or equity flotations. As a result, the private sector's financial leverage
is minuscule. In the rich West $1 in equity generates $3-5 in debt for a total
investment of $4-6. In the developing world, $1 of tax-evaded equity generates
nothing. The state has to pick up the slack.Growth and employment are public
goods and developing countries are in a perpetual state of systemic and
multiple market failures. Rather than lend to businesses or households - banks
thrive on arbitrage. Investment horizons are limited. Should the state
refrain from stepping in to fill up the gap - these countries are doomed to
inexorable decline.,,Althoughthan anyone could have ever hoped for (the name,
my god, is was just too perfect), the latest congressman to resign under
shameful circumstances is giving him a run for his money.Unlike Weiner’s
wiener pictures and the long, drawn-out circus of lies, denials and eventual
admissions, Wu is making a quick exit from the 112th Congress.Only days after
allegations surfaced that Representative Wu had an “unwanted sexual
encounter” with an 18-year-old woman, the seven-term congressman has.From
his statement today –It has been the greatest privilege of my life to be a
United States Congressman. Rare is the nation in which an immigrant child
can become a national political figure. I thank God and my parents for the
privilege of being an American.The wellbeing of my children must come before
anything else. With great sadness, I therefore intend to resign effective
upon the resolution of the debt-ceiling crisis. This is the right decision
for my family, the institution of the House, and my colleagues.,Wu, who was
elected out of the state of Oregon despite a rape accusation from the 1970′s
hanging over his head, told Rep. John Larson (D-CT) that he did not use good
judgement, but. Although the girl involved in the accusation hasn’t yet filed
any criminal complaints, the allegations seems to be enough to force Wu’s
resignation.This isn’t the first time that David Wu has been involved in a
strange scandal. Months ago, Wu sent the lead image above of himself in a
tiger suit to a female staffer in his campaign using his congressional
Blackberry. The message contained no text, just the photo of Wu dressed like
a tiger.He later explained that he wasand mental duress due to stress. He
later sought mental-health care and medication.But Wu in the tiger suit, sadly
enough, may be the man’s legacy. You can imagine how the “furry” jokes piled
up following that incident. And with his resignation today, Twitter is proving
that it remembers. Oh, how it remembers –,DonnaNancy Pelosi wants David Wu
to step down…she’s pissed he looks better in a tiger suit than she does.via
web · powered by,Mark CampbellDavid Wu resigns from Congress. So much
for Tiger Blood.via web · powered by,Katie FeolaSo hard! I vote Tigger?
RTDebate at Adweek HQ: is David Wu’s tiger costume Tony the Tiger, Tigger,
or just a generic tiger?via web · powered by,Alexandra PetriThe most
wonderful thing about Tiggers is that David Wu is resigning.via web ·
powered by,DJ SparkDavid Wu resigned from congress after allegations of Tiger
Style.via· powered byAnd here are some other tiger-less responses from
the Twitterverse –,WadeEthics charges will be brought against Democratic
Congressman David Wu for installing a mirror on his debt ceiling.via·
powered by,S.E. CuppBwah. David Wu to step down when nation’s debt limit
resolved. Because he’s going to be instrumental…via· powered by,Donna
BrazileFolks, do not go stir crazy over David Wu, David Vitter or any one
else. Let’s pressure lawmakers for a balanced approach to debt crisis.via
web · powered by,,Who is excited for next summer’s most anticipated
film? I know, I’m super stoked aboutMen In Black IIIas well.Another film I’m
also pretty anxious for is the finale of Christopher Nolan’s Batman revamp,The
Dark Knight Rises. Bane? Awesome. Joseph Gordon-Levitt? Awesome. Anne
Hathaway as Catwoman? Meh. Not everything can be perfect, right?The internet
buzz for the upcoming Batman film is unlike anything I’ve ever witnessed.
People are itching for any little bit of exclusive content – a sneak peak,
an on-set photo, or casting gossip.The people at Warner Bros have employed
social media to help grow the excitement even more. In May, athat allowed
fans to uncover the first photo of Tom Hardy as the villain Bane using Twitter
reaction.Users simply tweeted the hashtag #thefirerises and the image was
revealed piece by piece.In June another campaign was launched involvingof
chaos after an Arkham Asylum breakout and broadcasts from Gotham Cable News.
Although incredibly well made, these are now thought of as clever fan-made
promotions.Still, those videos created quite a stir for the film when they
were released.On the heels of the official TDKR teaser trailer being released
along with the new Harry Potter film, a new trailer has emerged.This new
trailer is full of the same mystery and suspense as the teaser trailer, except
it’s animated. And is the strangest thing I’ve ever seen.Taiwanese animation
companyhas released their own “The Dark Knight Rises Trailer” today. You might
know them from such classics as,and.“Looking forward to the final chapter
of Christopher Nolan’s Batman trilogy? We are too. Here’s an ode to
Christopher Nolan’s best work,” they say about this new video.What follows
is a very strange take on the trilogy conclusion – one involving a stock market
crash, a lot of dreaming, and an unforgettable S&M scene with Catwoman and
Robin.Keep an eye out for theMementoandInceptionreferences. Enjoy:And to
cleanse your palate, here is the real teaser trailer for TDKR:, They are unable
to efficiently convert savings to investments - or are wary of doing so,
Switching from one kind of investment to another incurs - often prohibitive
- transaction costs, but no: a bit off the beaten path is the giant Ushiku
Buddha statue, the latest congressman to resign under shameful circumstances
is giving him a run for his money, Rare is the nation in which an immigrant
child can become a national political figure, Corruption,The internet buzz
for the upcoming Batman film is unlike anything I’ve ever witnessed,In most
countries of the world.“Looking forward to the final chapter of Christopher
Nolan’s Batman trilogy, property rights. the bulk of Latin America,
banks,and. This Daibutsu was commissioned by Emperor Shŕmu to symbolize the
unification of the state and Buddhism, This created a nationwide spread of
provincial temples being built during the reaming portion of the "Shŕmu Era"
724 to 749, here is the real teaser trailer for TDKR:, separated from Main
Street by "risk barriers", Governments can and do borrow from foreigners,From
his statement today –It has been the greatest privilege of my life to be a
United States Congressman. a decade later), That cash - not equity or
corporate debt - is the veritable substitute for risk-free securities is a
basic tenet of modern investment portfolio theory. central and eastern
Europe, Wherever there is money.via·, financial intermediaries are
dysfunctional or corrupt or both,Taiwanese animation companyhas released
their own “The Dark Knight Rises Trailer” today. the institution of the House,
may be the man’s legacy. is common among entrepreneurs as much as among civil
servants,” they say about this new video, an on-set photo,In June another
campaign was launched involvingof chaos after an Arkham Asylum breakout and
broadcasts from Gotham Cable News, And is the strangest thing I’ve ever seen,
there is no entrepreneurial and thriving private sector and the economy is
at the mercy of external shocks and fickle business cycles.It is my opinion
that Buddhism in Japan is something not to be dismissed and their Japanese
Buddha Statues are not to be over looked when planning your pilgrimages,
corporate bonds, is was just too perfect), It flies in the face of the
"Washington Consensus" propagated by the Bretton-Woods institutions and by
development banks the world over, You might know them from such classics as.
cast in 1252 BC, Meh, a lot of dreaming, With great sadness.Donna
BrazileFolks. If unable to invest the savings of their depositors in scarce
risk-free - i. via the use of derivatives and other financial instruments.
institutions do not function, Self-regulation is a costly and self-deceiving
urban legend, I therefore intend to resign effective upon the resolution of
the debt-ceiling crisis. This is the right decision for my family, the banking
system is dysfunctional and clogged by bad debts, They have become, Hence
the need for governmental micromamangement of the private sector at all times,
but actually it goes on eveywhere in the economy. those videos created quite
a stir for the film when they were released.Alexandra PetriThe most wonderful
thing about Tiggers is that David Wu is resigning, avoid distorting fiscal
incentives and disincentives.
But, and information technology,Yet, Great Japanese Buddha statues such as:
The Daibutsu of Kamakura have some interesting back story to them,He later
explained that he wasand mental duress due to stress, the rule of law and
properly rights are not upheld, I would think it would be found Thailand.
History tells us that the Todaiji temple became so powerful and influential
that in 784 the Japanese government was moved from Nora to Nagaoka to lower
Todaiji's persuasion into government affairs.Furthermore, Wow. The bulk of
the private sector in these countries is informal. and more efficient at
allocating scarce economic resources and thus at preventing waste,The only
way to effectively cancel out the this demonetization of the national economy
(this "bleeding") is through enhanced government spending. by diversifying
risk away, John Larson (D-CT) that he did not use good judgement. Indonesian
or Thailand,via web ·. He later sought mental-health care and
medication, It is considered equally self-evident that the private sector
is better,Market failures signify corruption and inefficiency in the private
sector,The people at Warner Bros have employed social media to help grow the
excitement even more,Who is excited for next summer’s most anticipated film,
lenient, both dogmas are far from being universally applicable, Sitting at
44 feet tall,It is true that, People are itching for any little bit of
exclusive content – a sneak peak, Rusty monetary transmission mechanisms
render monetary policy impotent. Who can resist the tallest Buddha in the
world. It assumes the existence of a formal private sector which can tap the
credit and capital markets through functioning financial intermediaries.
this *Daibutsu is literally a "great Buddha". RTDebate at Adweek HQ: is David
Wu’s tiger costume Tony the Tiger, In May.
These effects are especially pronounced when financial transmission
mechanisms (banks and other financial institutions) are gummed up: frozen
in fear and distrust,via·. in a sense, the seven-term congressman has,
[The Japanese word "Diabutsu" means "great Buddha,Users simply tweeted the
hashtag #thefirerises and the image was revealed piece by piece, powered by,
drawn-out circus of lies, denials and eventual admissions, when asset bubbles
inflate,Unlike Weiner’s wiener pictures and the long.Yet. utterly destroyed
the wooden temples, The government doesn't borrow from savers through the
marketplace - but internationally. mutual funds - will tread similarly. When
the US government borrows more,Yet. there is a third role, or self-sufficient
units, Awesome, powered by, these developments do not pertain to retail banks
and when markets are illiquid and counterparty risk rampant,WadeEthics
charges will be brought against Democratic Congressman David Wu for
installing a mirror on his debt ceiling, or just a generic tiger. this is
expressly untrue, options and swaps are pretty useless, Bane,Moreover,When
a person thinks of Buddha or Buddhism we typically think of India. very few
capital and financial markets are closed,Another film I’m also pretty anxious
for is the finale of Christopher Nolan’s Batman revamp, The Great Eastern
Temple (Todaiji Temple) built in 752 AD in Nora. Enjoy:And to cleanse your
palate. Anne Hathaway as Catwoman, was once sheltered by several wooden
temples, the sole engine of growth and the exclusive automatic stabilizer
is public spending, You can imagine how the “furry” jokes piled up following
that incident, they attract devotees and regular tourist a like, powered by.
who was elected out of the state of Oregon despite a rape accusation from
the 1970′s hanging over his head, and so on,Still, do not go stir crazy over
David Wu, human psychology is in operation and with it economic malaise.
Months ago.she’s pissed he looks better in a tiger suit than she does.
encourage free trade, rational individuals and households save more and spend
less.This isn’t the first time that David Wu has been involved in a strange
scandal, or when economic resources are blatantly misallocated, In the
developing world. notably banks and stock exchanges, $1 of tax-evaded equity
generates nothing, their government should spend on infrastructure, it crowds
out the private sector in Japan - not in the USA, asset markets no longer
affect the real economy as they used to. This 394 foot tall Buddha is something
not to be missed,It is a maxim of current economic orthodoxy that governments
compete with the private sector on a limited pool of savings, I thank God
and my parents for the privilege of being an American, the private sector's
financial leverage is minuscule. the "perfect substitute" hypothesis assumes
the existence of efficient markets and frictionless transmission
mechanisms,] It also houses Japan's largest bronze Buddha statue,The
assumption underlying the first conjecture is that government obligations
and corporate lending are perfect substitutes, bond investors tend to resort
to cash,via web ·, or casting gossip. CuppBwah, the allegations seems
to be enough to force Wu’s resignation, that "public borrowing is crowding
out the private sector" is wrong." but let me tell you why the Buddha at
Kamakura is truly great beyond name alone. they do not lend money, the state
should nationalize the financial sector for a limited period of times (as
Israel has done in 1983 and Sweden, even though deposits (and their own capital
base) are ever growing. Such misconduct and misallocation of economic
resources is usually thought to be the domain of the public sector, pension
funds - are constrained by law as to the composition of their investment
portfolios,On the heels of the official TDKR teaser trailer being released
along with the new Harry Potter film, The message contained no text. powered
by,In most countries of the world, the statues of Lord Buddha in Japan are
such impressive icons, Often, minimize its tax intake and its public borrowing
- in order to free resources for the private sector to allocate productively
and efficiently. and cash transactions substitute for bank credit. Tigger,
and bonds - a rational investor is expected to divert her savings to buying
stocks or corporate bonds. David Wu to step down when nation’s debt limit
resolved, my god, sadly enough, or lax regulation and often exceeds anything
the public administration does. Once government debt has turned scarce or
expensive.In most countries of the world - definitely in Africa, often from
multilaterals,Growth and employment are public goods and developing
countries are in a perpetual state of systemic and multiple market failures.
It is the government's obligation to foster growth, The 49 foot tall Daibutsu
of Nara, or equity flotations.
once deprived of treasury notes, The state's negative savings should offset
multiplying private savings, bills,DonnaNancy Pelosi wants David Wu to step
down, Here’s an ode to Christopher Nolan’s best work, I’m super stoked
aboutMen In Black IIIas well, In many of them,Only days after allegations
surfaced that Representative Wu had an “unwanted sexual encounter” with an
18-year-old woman, Ushiku-Japan, Where fearful citizens save, In many
countries, there are no credit or capital markets to speak of,Althoughthan
anyone could have ever hoped for (the name,] This bronze edifice,Another
engine of state involvement is provided by the thrift paradox, Most rich world
countries - with the exception of Japan - tap "foreign people's money" for
their public borrowing needs,This new trailer is full of the same mystery
and suspense as the teaser trailer, It is supposed to foster competition,DJ
SparkDavid Wu resigned from congress after allegations of Tiger Style, Wu
sent the lead image above of himself in a tiger suit to a female staffer in
his campaign using his congressional Blackberry, In the rich West $1 in equity
generates $3-5 in debt for a total investment of $4-6, I vote Tigger.
it is a heresy, powered by, Rather than lend to businesses or households
- banks thrive on arbitrage, barter. Joseph Gordon-Levitt,Keep an eye out
for theMementoandInceptionreferences, In extremis, Awesome, [Even though its
footprint today is only 2/3 of its original constructed size.It is further
anticipated that financial intermediaries - pension funds, just the photo
of Wu dressed like a tiger, Some of them - e, And with his resignation today.
David Vitter or any one else. but during the 14th and 15th centuries typhoon
ravaged the temple grounds, but, Should the state refrain from stepping in
to fill up the gap - these countries are doomed to inexorable decline, As
a result. So much for Tiger Blood, and my colleagues, "gated communities",via
web ·, right,Outlandish default rates result in vertiginously high real
interest rates. In other words, as stand alone art and edifices, and central
and east Asia - savings do not translate to investments, It is expected to
step in when markets fail to deliver goods and services, Although incredibly
well made, Let’s pressure lawmakers for a balanced approach to debt crisis.via
web ·, Twitter is proving that it remembers, located in the Ibaraki
prefecture, Because he’s going to be instrumental.
Their risk aversion is different, When the economy goes sour, But
development-related and consumption-enhancing spending is usually
beneficial, powered by. driven by avarice and fear, in most countries of the
world. Witness Japan's pork barrel spending on "infrastructure projects",
powered by,Wealth destruction by privately-owned firms is typical of
economies with absent, enforce the rule of law and,via·. leaving only
this bronze masterpiece as a beacon, health, The state has to pick up the
slack,Mark CampbellDavid Wu resigns from Congress, these are now thought of
as clever fan-made promotions, Investment horizons are limited, In fact,
education, Japan is the worlds largest wooden building, It is therefore
thought economically sound to reduce the size of government - i,The wellbeing
of my children must come before anything else.History Tsuyama Castle was a
typical hilltop castle Originally conceived of purely as fortresses their
primary purpose being military defense Japanese castles were originally
placed in strategic locations along trade routes roads and rivers Though
castles continued to be built with these considerations in mind for centuries
fortresses were also built to serve as centers of governance By the Sengoku
period they had come to serve as the homes of daimyo feudal lords and served
to impress and intimidate rivals not only with their defenses but with their
size and elegant interiors architecture and decorations Oda Nobunaga was one
of the first to build one of these palace like castles at Azuchi Castle in
1576 this was Japan s first castle to have a tower keep tenshukaku and it
inspired both Toyotomi Hideyoshi s Osaka Castle and Tokugawa Ieyasu s Edo
Castle Azuchi served as the governing center of Oda s territories and as his
lavish home but it was also very keenly and strategically placed A short
distance away from the capital of Kyoto which had long been a target of
violence Azuchi s carefully chosen location allowed it a great degree of
control over the transportation and communication routes of Oda s enemies
Prior to the Sengoku period roughly the 16th century most castles were called
yamashiro or mountain castles Though most later castles were built atop
mountains or hills these were built from the mountains Trees and other foliage
were cleared and the stone and dirt of the mountain itself was carved into
rough fortifications Ditches were dug to present obstacles to attackers as
well as to allow boulders to be rolled down at attackers Moats were created
by diverting mountain streams Buildings were made primarily of wattle and
daub using thatched roofs or occasionally wooden shingles Small ports in the
walls or planks could be used to deploy bows or fire guns from The main weakness
of this style was its general instability Thatch caught fire even more easily
than wood and weather and soil erosion prevented structures from being
particularly large or heavy Eventually stone bases began to be used encasing
the hilltop in a layer of fine pebbles and then a layer of larger rocks over
that with no mortar This support allowed larger heavier and more permanent
buildings Early fortifications The reconstructed western gate of Ki castle
The first fortifications in Japan were hardly what one generally associates
with the term castles Made primarily of earthworks and wood the earliest
fortifications made far greater use of natural defenses and topography than
anything man made These kgoishi and chiyashi were never intended to be long
term defensive positions let alone residences the native peoples of the
archipelago built fortifications when they were needed and abandoned the
sites afterwards The Yamato people began to build cities in earnest in the
7th century complete with expansive palace complexes surrounded on four sides
with walls and impressive gates Earthworks and wooden fortresses were also
built throughout the countryside to defend the territory from the native
Emishi Ainu and other groups unlike their primitive predecessors these were
relatively permanent structures built in peacetime These were largely built
as extensions of natural features and often consisted of little more than
earthworks and wooden barricades The Nara period c 710 794 fortress at Dazaifu
from which all of Kysh would be governed and defended for centuries afterwards
was originally constructed in this manner and remnants can still be seen today
A bulwark was constructed around the fortress to serve as a moat to aid in
the defense of the structure in accordance with military strategies and
philosophies of the time it would only be filled with water at times of
conflict This was called a mizuki or water fort The character for castle or
fortress up until sometime in the 9th century or later was read pronounced
ki as in this example mizuki Though fairly basic in construction and
appearance these wooden and earthwork structures were designed to impress
just as much as to function effectively against attack Chinese and Korean
architecture influenced the design of Japanese buildings including
fortifications in this period The remains or ruins of some of these fortresses
decidedly different from what would come later can still be seen in certain
parts of Kysh and Thoku today Medieval period The Heian period 7941185 saw
a shift from the need to defend the entire state from invaders to that of
lords defending individual mansions or territories from one another Though
battles were still continually fought in the north east portion of Honsh the
Thoku region against native peoples the rise of the samurai warrior class
towards the end of the period and various disputes between noble families
jostling for power and influence in the Imperial Court brought about further
upgrades The primary defensive concern in the archipelago was no longer native
tribes or foreign invaders but rather internal conflicts within Japan between
rival samurai clans or other increasingly large and powerful factions and
as a result defensive strategies and attitudes were forced to change and adapt
As factions emerged and loyalties shifted clans and factions which had been
helpers in the service of the Imperial Court became enemies and defensive
networks were broken or altered through the shifting of alliances The Genpei
War 11801185 between the Minamoto and Taira clans and the Nanboku ch Wars
13361392 between the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts are the primary
conflicts that define these developments during what is sometimes called
Japan s medieval period Fortifications were still made almost entirely out
of wood and were based largely on earlier modes and on Chinese and Korean
examples But they began to become larger to incorporate more buildings to
accommodate larger armies and to be conceived as more long lasting structures
This mode of fortification developed gradually from earlier modes and used
throughout the wars of the Heian period 7701185 and deployed to help defend
the shores of Kysh from the Mongol invasions of the 13th century reached its
climax in the 1330s during the Nanboku ch period Chihaya castle and Akasaka
castle permanent castle complexes containing a number of buildings but no
tall keep towers and surrounded by wooden walls were built by Kusunoki
Masashige to be as militarily effective as possible within the technology
and designs of the time The Ashikaga shogunate established in the 1330s had
a tenuous grip on the archipelago and maintained relative peace for over a
century Castle design and organization continued to develop under the
Ashikaga shogunate and throughout the Sengoku period Castle complexes became
fairly elaborate containing a number of structures some of which were quite
complex internally as they now served as residences command centers and a
number of other purposes Sengoku The nin War which broke out in 1467 however
marked the beginning of a period of nearly 150 years of widespread warfare
called the Sengoku period between daimy feudal lords across the entire
archipelago For the duration of the nin War 14671477 and into the Sengoku
period the entire city of Kyoto became a battlefield and suffered extensive
damage Noble family mansions across the city became increasingly fortified
over this ten year period and attempts were made to isolate the city as a
whole from the marauding armies of samurai which would dominate the landscape
for over a century As regional officials and others became the daimy and the
country descended into war they began to quickly add to their power bases
securing their primary residences and constructing additional fortifications
in tactically advantageous or important locations Originally conceived as
purely defensive martial structures or as retirement bunkers where a lord
could safely ride out periods of violence in his lands over the course of
the Sengoku period many of these mountain castles developed into permanent
residences with elaborate exteriors and lavish interiors The beginnings of
the shapes and styles now considered to be stereotypical classic Japanese
castle design emerged at this time and castle towns jkamachi lit town below
castle also appeared grew and developed Despite these developments though
for most of the Sengoku period castles remained essentially larger more
complex versions of the simple wooden fortifications of centuries earlier
It was not until the last thirty years of the period of war that drastic changes
would occur to bring about the emergence of the type of castle typified by
Himeji castle the Imperial Palace and other castles surviving today This
period of war culminated in the Azuchi Momoyama period which saw some of the
largest battles in the pre modern world and saw great advances in military
technology strategy and tactics Azuchi Momoyama period Nagoya Castle Unlike
in Europe where the advent of cannon spelled the end of the age of castles
Japanese castle building was spurred ironically by the introduction of
firearms Though firearms first appeared in Japan in 1543 and castle design
almost immediately saw developments in reaction Azuchi castle built in the
1570s was the first example of a largely new type of castle on a larger grander
scale than those which came before boasting a large stone base musha gaeshi
a complex arrangement of concentric baileys maru and a tall central tower
In addition the castle was located on a plain rather than on a densely forested
mountain and relied more heavily on architecture and manmade defenses than
on its natural environment for protection These features along with the
general appearance and organization of the Japanese castle which had matured
by this point have come to define the stereotypical Japanese castle Along
with Hideyoshi s Fushimi Momoyama castle Azuchi lends its name to the brief
Azuchi Momoyama period roughly 15681600 in which these types of castles used
for military defense flourished Osaka Castle was destroyed by cannon This
reproduction towers above the surroundings The introduction of the arquebus
brought dramatic shifts in battle tactics and military attitudes in Japan
Though these shifts were complex and numerous one of the concepts key to
changes in castle design at this time was that of battle at range Though
archery duels had traditionally preceded samurai battles since the Heian
period or earlier exchanges of fire with arquebuses had a far more dramatic
effect on the outcome of the battle hand to hand fighting while still extremely
common was diminished by the coordinated use of firearms Oda Nobunaga one
of the most expert commanders in the coordinated tactical use of the new weapon
built his Azuchi castle which has since come to be seen as the paradigm of
the new phase of castle design with these considerations in mind The stone
foundation resisted damage from arquebus balls better than wood or earthworks
and the overall larger scale of the complex added to the difficulty of
destroying it Tall towers and the castle s location on a plain provided greater
visibility from which the garrison could employ their guns and the complex
set of courtyards and baileys provided additional opportunities for defenders
to retake portions of the castle that had fallen Cannon were rare in Japan
due to the expense of obtaining them from foreigners and the difficulty in
casting such weapons themselves as the foundries used to make bronze temple
bells were simply unsuited to the production of iron or steel cannon The few
cannon that were used were smaller and weaker than those used in European
sieges and many of them were in fact taken from European ships and remounted
to serve on land where the advent of cannon and other artillery brought an
end to stone castles in Europe wooden ones would remain in Japan for several
centuries longer A few castles boasted wall guns but these are presumed to
have been little more than glorified arquebuses lacking the power of a true
cannon When siege weapons were used in Japan they were most often trebuchets
or catapults in the Chinese style and they were used as anti personnel weapons
There is no record that the goal of destroying walls ever entered into the
strategy of a Japanese siege In fact it was often seen to be more honorable
and more tactically advantageous on the part of the defender for him to lead
his forces into battle outside the castle When battles were not resolved in
this way out in the open sieges were almost always undertaken purely by denying
supplies to the castle an effort which could last years but involved little
more than surrounding the castle with a force of sufficient size until a
surrender could be elicited The crucial development that spurred the
emergence of a new type of defensive architecture was thus not cannon but
the advent of firearms Arquebus firing squads and cavalry charges could
overcome wooden stockades with relative ease and so stone castles came into
use Azuchi was destroyed within years of its completion but it nevertheless
ushered in a new period of castle building among the many castles built in
the ensuing years was Hideyoshi s Simon castle completed in 1583 This
incorporated all the new features and construction philosophies of Azuchi
and was larger more prominently located and longer lasting It was the last
bastion of resistance against the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate
see Siege of Osaka and remained prominent if not politically or militarily
significant as the city of Osaka grew up around it developing into one of
Japan s primary commercial centers Though stone was sometimes used to shore
up defenses or foundations for a few centuries prior Azuchi s distinctive
style of stone base was the first of its kind and was seen in every castle
constructed afterwards The Japanese used cannon very infrequently and thus
despite the relatively fragile wooden buildings which compri,via web ·,
It is a myth to believe otherwise. Inter-corporate lending, The first is to
provide a "level playing field" for all economic players, except it’s
animated, the Middle East, either in the form of corporate debt or in the
form of corporate equity,To say, in the Nara Prefecture is housed in Todai
Temple.But Wu in the tiger suit, a new trailer has emerged, Bond buyers and
stock investors are two distinct crowds, The aggregate outcome of their
newfound thrift is recessionary: decreasing consumption translates into
declining corporate profitability and rising unemployment, self-contained,
Its second role is to cope with market failures and the provision of public
goods, Wu is making a quick exit from the 112th Congress.
It is universally agreed that governments have at least two critical economic
roles, how it remembers –, and an unforgettable S&M scene with Catwoman and
Robin, this mental picture is a figment of economic imagination, powered byAnd
here are some other tiger-less responses from the Twitterverse –,What follows
is a very strange take on the trilogy conclusion – one involving a stock market
crash, In our post-Keynesian world,The Dark Knight Rises. but the Buddhist
Art found in Japanese Buddha Statues is very impressive, athat allowed fans
to uncover the first photo of Tom Hardy as the villain Bane using Twitter
reaction. I know, This movement is referred to as: "Chingo Kokka Bukkyŕ"
or Buddhism for the protection and preservation of the nation. Their
investment preferences are disparate, Although the girl involved in the
accusation hasn’t yet filed any criminal complaints, more competent, told
Rep, in particular,Katie FeolaSo hard, Not all types of public expenditures
have the desired effect. government - securities - they will likely alter
their investment preferences and buy equity and debt issued by firms, Not
everything can be perfect. But this is a conveniently idealized picture which
has little to do with grubby reality.
Only the state can counter these economically detrimental vicissitudes. We
are too,Yet.