Warm Up - GRAB A BOOK
• Turn to page 975. Read the passage by Bernal Diaz, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain. • Answer the 3 Analyzing Primary Resources questions at the bottom of the page. • THERE IS A SPACE ON THE SECTION 2 QUIZ WORKSHEET FOR YOUR RESPONSES
The Spanish/Portuguese Colonization of the Americas
Chapter 16 Sections 1&2 Pages 386-393 EQ: How do the Spanish & Portuguese set up and control their vast new empires?
In the Beginning
• The players: Portugal and Spain • 1492: Columbus sails the ocean blue…for Spain…4 voyages. • A subsequent wave of exploration from Spain and Portugal to the New World begins…And within 30 years, flotillas (Spanish fleets) sail on a quest to colonize and conquer the New World…begins in Caribbean and spreads from there • What was the Spanish motivation???
• GGGG !!! Gold, God and Glory…and GREED
Why was it so easy to conquer and colonize the New World?
• 1. Superior military technology
– Spanish had horses (an animal which “scared” natives), guns, cannons, armor to protect from Native spears and arrows
• 2. Crumbling empires in the New World
– Each civilization (except the Maya which had vanished) was divided internally and the Spanish took sides
• 3. Disease
– As you know, European diseases killed many natives
• 4. Religious beliefs (Very Superstitious…writings on the wall)
– Many Aztecs and Incas believed it was the end of the world when the Spanish arrived
The Governing of Spanish Latin America
• The Spanish divided their territory up into 5 colonies (viceroyalties)
– Viceroyalties of New Spain, New Granada, Peru, La Plata and Cuba/Hispaniola
• These colonies were ruled by viceroys (who came only from Spain) and laws were written for the colonies by the king’s advisors, the Council of the Indies • The role of the church was quite important. The Catholic Church established a goal to Christianize all the “heathens” of the empire.
Geography of a Spanish Town
• Every Spanish settlement had to be built this way • Why? • Each settlement was built around 4 main elements
– – – – 1. A Catholic Church 2. A market place 3. A military garrison 4. A government office (town hall)
Economy of Spanish Latin America
• Economic development: Spain closely managed their economic trade. The colonies could only send goods back to Spain and laws forbad trade with other countries (early on, this changed later). • The plantation economy was established and the conquistadors became wealthy estate owners > they were granted encomiendas, the right to demand tribute or labor from native on their land • Still, with so many natives dead from disease the Spanish had to find a way to put labor on their plantations > slave trade from Africa
Social Aspects of Spanish Settlement
• A distinct social structure emerges • 1. Peninsulares – Native Spanish who hold highest positions in the colonies • 2. Creoles – Spanish born in the colonies who owned the land (plantations) and mines (limited by the Peninsulares) • 3. Mixed groups - Mestizos (mix between Spanish and native) and Mulatto (mix between Spanish or native and African) • 4. Any full blooded native or African was in the lowest class (mistreated slaves and natives) • THIS SOCIAL SYSTEM explains the roots of discontent that will lead to revolutions in the late 18th/early 19th centuries and issues that exist today
The Portuguese and Brazil
• Portugal and Spain had an immediate dispute over New World territory > The pope settled this in 1493 by drawing a line down the middle of the Atlantic • Then, in the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 another line was drawn a few hundred miles west • This line gave Portugal control of a large portion of eastern South America, present day Brazil
The Portuguese and Brazil
• The Portuguese system was different…
– There was no instant wealth from gold or conquering of civilizations – Early settlements were coastal, but later shifted inland into plantation agriculture supported by slaves (SUGAR) – There was a slow push into the Amazon interior as many eager settlers attacked small native groups and claimed land to create cattle ranches – The Portuguese traded with EVERYBODY…not like the Spanish
Activities…whatever not finished is homework…
• Intro LA Revolutions Poster Project • Guided Worksheet & Quiz: Chapter 16 Section 2 (Pages 386-393)…becomes homework if you do not finish today! DON’T FORGET THE WARM UP…Pg 975.