OEI-Database
Contents
3. Employment
3.1 Employment growth, %
3.2 Employment in agriculture, %
3.3 Employment in industry, %
3.4 Employment private sector share, %
3.5 Employment rate, %
3.6 Participation rate, %
3.7 Unemployment rate, %
3.8 Long-term unemployment rate
3.9 Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in % (national sources)
3. Employment
3.1 Employment growth (end-year), percentage change
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15 : 0.6 1.0 1.7 1.8
Belgium 1.4 0.3 0.7 1.8 1.4
Denmark 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.8
0.2
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) -0.3 -0.1 1.2 1.4
Ireland 4.4 3.6 5.6 8.5 6.5
Greece 0.9 -0.4 -0.5 2.9 0.3
Spain 1.9 1.7 3.6 4.5 4.6
France 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.5 2.0
Italy -0.2 0.6 0.3 1.0 1.1
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 2.6 2.6 3.1 4.5 5.0
Netherlands 2.3 2.2 3.1 2.6 2.6
Austria -0.5 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5
Portugal -0.2 1.7 2.6 2.8 1.4
Finland 1.8 1.4 3.4 1.8 2.5
Sweden 1.6 -0.8 -1.3 1.7 2.1
United Kingdom 1.2 0.9 1.8 1.0 1.4
Cyprus : 0.5 0.6 1.6 1.9
Malta : : : : :
Czech Republic 0.7 0.2 -1.3 -1.5 -2.4
Hungary -1.9 -0.8 0.0 1.4 3.1
Poland 0.3 1.2 0.9 1.2 -3.9
Slovakia 1.7 3.6 -0.9 -0.3 -3.0
Slovenia 3.6 -0.5 3.1 -0.9 -2.0
Estonia -6.2 -2.2 4.0 -1.7 -4.5
Latvia -3.5 -9.6 4.3 -0.4 -1.7
Lithuania -1.9 -0.7 -3.1 -5.2 -2.2
Bulgaria 0.1 -3.9 -7.4 -3.9 -2.7
Romania -5.2 -1.2 17.8 -1.9 -0.6
Albania -2.0 -1.9 -0.8 -2.0 -1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. 11.2 4.7
Croatia -3.3 -1.4 3.4 -3.1 -4.2
Montenegro -2.3 -0.8 19.4 -0.7 -0.7
Serbia -1.4 -0.6 5.9 -0.1 -8.7
TFYR Macedonia -9.9 -13.8 -4.7 5.4 1.0
Belarus -6.2 -1.0 0.1 1.2 0.6
Moldova -0.5 -0.8 -0.8 -0.2 -9.0
Russian Federation -3.0 -0.7 -2.0 -1.5 -1.4
Ukraine 3.0 -2.1 -2.7 -3.4 -2.5
Armenia -0.8 -2.7 -4.4 -2.5 -2.9
Azerbaijan -0.5 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.1
Georgia -1.1 0.6 28.3 -22.0 -6.2
Kazakhstan -7.8 -12.3 -17.1 .. -0.4
Kyrgyzstan -0.2 0.6 2.3 0.9 3.5
Tajikistan -0.1 -6.6 3.5 0.3 -3.3
Turkmenistan 5.0 1.8 2.0 1.3 0.7
Uzbekistan 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0
Source: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Transition Report: Economic statistics and forecasts, Select
http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/econo/stats/index.htm, state: 7 May 2009.
Eurostat (EU15): Employment (domestic concept)
Note:
For most countries, data reflect official employment records from the labour registries. In many countries, small enterprises are not r
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2.2 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.5
2.0 1.4 -0.1 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.2
0.5 0.9 0.0 -1.1 -0.6 1.0 2.1
1.9 0.4 -0.6 -0.9 0.4 -0.1 0.6
4.5 3.1 1.6 1.9 3.4 4.9 4.3
0.5 0.1 2.3 1.2 2.4 0.8 3.3
5.1 3.2 2.4 3.1 3.5 4.1 3.9
2.7 1.8 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.0
1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 0.4 0.6 2.0
5.6 5.5 3.2 1.8 2.2 2.9 3.6
2.2 2.1 0.5 -0.5 -0.9 0.5 1.7
0.9 0.7 -0.1 -0.1 1.4 1.5 1.4
2.1 1.8 0.6 -0.6 -0.1 -0.3 0.5
2.1 1.3 0.9 0.1 0.4 1.4 1.8
2.5 2.1 0.0 -0.6 -0.7 0.3 1.7
1.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9
1.7 2.2 2.1 3.8 3.8 3.6 1.8
: 1.8 0.6 1.0 -0.7 1.5 1.3
-0.9 0.1 1.1 -0.6 -0.4 1.7 1.3
1.2 0.3 0.1 1.3 -0.6 0.0 0.7
-1.6 -2.9 -2.3 0.0 2.5 2.4 3.6
-1.4 1.0 0.2 1.8 0.3 2.1 3.8
0.1 0.6 -1.7 2.2 2.3 1.7 0.5
-1.2 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.2 2.0 6.4
-2.7 2.2 2.7 2.0 0.7 1.6 4.4
-4.0 -3.3 4.0 2.3 -0.1 2.6 1.7
-3.9 2.9 2.9 4.5 3.1 2.4 5.9
-0.1 -0.6 -14.8 -0.8 0.4 0.0 0.2
0.3 -13.9 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.3
-2.9 -3.4 -2.0 -1.0 0.2 2.1 4.3
.. -6.0 3.8 0.1 0.5 2.5 2.8
-3.4 -19.3 -0.3 -3.3 29.9 2.0 3.7
-2.6 0.2 -1.7 -1.3 0.5 0.9 -2.3
0.8 9.0 -6.3 -2.8 -4.1 4.3 4.6
-0.1 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.5 0.8 1.2
1.4 -1.0 0.4 -9.9 -3.4 -0.6 -4.7
3.1 -0.3 2.4 1.3 0.0 2.2 0.8
-5.1 -1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.9 0.2
-1.6 -1.0 -12.5 0.5 -4.6 2.6 -0.3
-0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.7 1.1 3.2
15.0 -2.1 -6.8 9.6 -6.3 -0.8 0.2
1.6 8.0 0.2 4.1 2.8 1.1 2.0
0.2 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.1 4.3 0.9
0.5 4.8 1.5 1.5 10.8 1.1 1.2
3.0 2.0 2.5 2.2 .. .. ..
1.1 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.4 2.9 0.9
tion Report: Economic statistics and forecasts, Selected economic indicators. National Statistical Offices.
gistries. In many countries, small enterprises are not recorded by official data. A number of countries have moved towards ILO-consistent labour force sur
2007 2008 2009
1.6 0.7 -1.8
1.6 1.7 -0.4
2.9 1.9 -3.4
1.7 1.4 0.0
3.7 -1.1 -8.2
1.7 0.2 -0.7
3.0 -0.4 -6.6
1.4 0.6 -1.2
1.3 0.3 -1.7
4.5 4.7 0.9
2.5 1.4 -1.1
1.8 1.8 -0.9
0.0 0.5 -2.6
2.2 1.6 -2.8
2.5 0.9 -2.0
0.7 0.7 -1.6
3.2 2.8 -0.7
3.2 2.6 -0.5
1,9 c) 1,6 c) ..
-0.1 -1.2 ..
4.2 3.0 ..
2.4 3.2 ..
2.7 .. ..
1.4 0.2 ..
2.7 0.1 ..
2.3 -0.9 ..
3.1 1.6 ..
0.9 1.1 ..
3.3 0.9 ..
4.5 4.0 ..
0.1 1.3 ..
5.5 3.8 ..
-1.5 0.5 ..
3.5 3,2 c) ..
1.7 2.6 ..
-0.8 0.3 ..
2.4 -1.7 ..
0.8 0.3 ..
0.1 .. ..
1.0 0.2 ..
-2.5 5.7 ..
3.1 2.9 ..
2.7 .. ..
0.0 .. ..
.. .. ..
1.2 2,8 c) ..
have moved towards ILO-consistent labour force surveys in recording changes in labour force, employment and unemployment. Where available these d
1.8 0.3 2.1 3.8
0.7 0.5 0.1 0.3
1.3 0.0 2.2 0.8
oyment and unemployment. Where available these data are presented.
2.4 3.2
3.3 0.9
2.4 -1.7
3. Employment
3.2 Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15
Belgium 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.4
Denmark 4.4 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.2
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991)
3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8
Ireland 11.6 10.6 10.2 9.1 8.5
Greece 20.4 20.3 19.8 17.9 17.4
Spain 9 8.4 8 7.7 7.2
France 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2
Italy 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.4
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 3.8 2.7 2.4 2.9 1.9
Netherlands 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.3 3
Austria 7.4 7.2 6.7 6.5 6.1
Portugal 11.5 12.2 13.3 13.8 12.6
Finland 8 7.4 6.9 6.4 6.2
Sweden 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5
United Kingdom 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5
Cyprus 10.7 .. .. .. 4.5
Malta .. .. .. .. ..
Czech Republic 6.6 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2
Hungary 8 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.1
Poland 22.6 22.1 20.5 19.2 18.1
Slovakia 9.2 8.9 9.2 8.3 7.4
Slovenia 10.4 10.1 12 12 10.8
Estonia 10.2 9.7 9.2 8.9 8.1
Latvia .. 17.3 21.5 19.1 16.6
Lithuania .. .. 20.7 19.2 19.3
Bulgaria 23.9 24.4 25.3 26.2 25.8
Romania 40.3 38 39 40 41.8
Albania 68.4 70.3 69.6 70.8 72.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia .. 19.9 17.8 16.7 16.6
Montenegro .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia .. .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia .. .. .. .. ..
Belarus .. .. .. .. ..
Moldova .. 42.8 41.6 45.7 48.9
Russian Federation 15.7 15.3 12.2 11.7 15
Ukraine 22.5 21.9 22.1 22.6 22.7
Armenia .. .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan 30.8 31.8 29 42.3 42.3
Georgia .. .. .. 48.5 52.2
Kazakhstan .. .. .. .. 26.7
Kyrgyzstan 47.2 47.1 48.3 49 52.4
Tajikistan 59.1 59.3 46.2 .. ..
Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan 41.2 40.9 40.4 39.4 38.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2010, International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Ma
Definition:
Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips,
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1.9 1.4 1.8 1.7 2.2 2 1.9
3.7 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.1 3
2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2
7.8 7 7 6.5 6.3 5.9 5.6
17.4 16.1 15.5 15.3 12.6 12.4 12
6.7 6.6 6 5.7 5.5 5.3 4.8
4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.7
5.2 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.3
2.4 1.5 2 2.7 2 1.8 1.8
3 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.1
5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5 5.5 5.5
12.5 13.1 12.5 12.8 12.1 11.8 11.7
6 5.7 5.3 5 4.9 4.8 4.6
2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2 2
1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
5.2 4.8 5.2 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.3
1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6
5.1 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.3 4 3.8
6.5 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.3 5 4.9
18.8 19.1 19.3 18.4 18 17.4 15.8
6.7 6.1 6.2 5.8 5.1 4.7 4.4
9.5 9.8 9.7 8.4 9.6 8.8 9.6
7.2 6.9 7 6.2 5.9 5.3 5
14.5 15.1 15.4 13.8 13.2 12.1 11.1
18.7 17.3 17.8 17.9 15.8 14 12.4
13.1 9.7 10.7 11.1 10.6 8.9 8.1
42.8 42.3 36.4 35.7 31.6 32.1 30.5
71.8 72.2 57.7 58.1 58.5 58.5 58
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
14.5 15.5 15.2 16.8 16.4 17.3 14.2
.. .. .. 9 .. 8.6 ..
.. .. .. .. 24 23.3 20.5
.. .. 23.9 22 16.8 19.5 20.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
50.9 51 49.6 43 40.5 40.6 33.6
14.5 12 11.3 10.9 10.2 10.2 10
23.4 20.9 20.6 20.4 19.7 19.4 17.6
.. 5.4 45.3 46 46.9 46.2 46.2
41 40 40.2 40 39.5 39.3 39.1
52.1 52.8 53.8 54.9 54 54.3 55.3
.. 35.5 35.5 35.3 33.5 .. ..
53.1 52.9 49.1 43.2 38.9 38.5 36.3
.. .. .. .. 55.5 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
zation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database; Nov. 2010.
ion in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation catego
2007 2008 2009
1.8 1.8 ..
2.9 2.7 ..
2.2 2.2 ..
5.4 5.6 ..
11.5 8.5 ..
4.5 4.3 ..
3.4 3 ..
4 3.8 ..
1.8 1.8 ..
3 2.7 ..
5.7 5.6 ..
11.6 11.5 ..
4.5 4.5 ..
2.2 .. ..
1.4 1.4 ..
4.4 4.3 ..
1.6 1.7 ..
3.6 3.3 ..
4.7 4.5 ..
14.7 .. ..
4.2 4 ..
10.2 .. ..
4.7 3.7 ..
9.9 7.7 ..
10.4 7.7 ..
7.5 .. ..
29.5 28.7 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
12.8 .. ..
.. .. ..
20.8 25.1 ..
18.2 .. ..
.. .. ..
32.8 .. ..
9 .. ..
16.7 .. ..
.. .. ..
38.7 .. ..
53.4 .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
n 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.
3. Employment
3.3 Employment in industry (% of total employment)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15
Belgium 28.3 27.6 27.5 27.2 25.8
Denmark 27 26.4 26 26.4 26.8
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991)36 35.3 34.7 34.4 33.8
Ireland 28.1 27.7 28.9 29.3 28.3
Greece 23.2 22.9 22.5 23.2 23
Spain 30.2 29.5 29.9 30.5 30.7
France 26.9 26.5 26.5 26.3 26.3
Italy 33.7 33.3 32.6 32.7 32.4
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 25.1 22.8 23.2 21.4 21.7
Netherlands 22.6 21.8 21.5 21.7 21.2
Austria 32 31 30.1 30.2 30.4
Portugal 32.2 31.3 31 35.1 34.3
Finland 26.8 26.8 27.1 27.3 27.4
Sweden 25.9 26.1 26 25.7 25.1
United Kingdom 27.3 27.3 26.7 26.5 25.9
Cyprus 25.3 .. .. .. 23.7
Malta .. .. .. .. ..
Czech Republic 41.8 41.5 41.1 41 40.1
Hungary 32.6 32.6 33.1 34.2 34
Poland 32 31.7 31.9 32.1 31.3
Slovakia 38.9 39.5 39.3 39.4 38.5
Slovenia 43.1 42.1 40.6 39.5 37.8
Estonia 34.2 33.7 33.2 33.1 32.1
Latvia .. 27.2 25.8 26.5 25.8
Lithuania .. .. 28.5 28.7 27.3
Bulgaria 33.5 32.6 32 30.6 28.9
Romania 31 31.5 30.5 29.4 27.6
Albania 10.2 9.6 9.3 8.8 8.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia .. 29.1 29.5 29.8 30.6
Montenegro .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia .. .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia .. .. .. .. ..
Belarus .. .. .. .. ..
Moldova .. 15.1 14.8 14.6 13.7
Russian Federation 34 32.5 30 29.1 28.2
Ukraine 28 26.4 24.6 23.8 22.6
Armenia .. .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan 17.8 15.1 14 11.1 11.2
Georgia .. .. .. 10.2 9.4
Kazakhstan .. .. .. .. 20
Kyrgyzstan 16.7 14.6 13.5 13.1 11.6
Tajikistan 15.5 15.6 17.4 .. ..
Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan 19.1 19.2 19.1 19.2 19.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2010, International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market d
Definition:
Employment in industry, % of total employment. Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remun
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
25.8 25.5 25.8 24.9 24.9 24.7 24.7
25.1 25.2 23.4 23.1 23.6 23.7 23.3
33.5 32.8 32.4 31.4 31.3 29.7 29.6
28.5 29 27.6 27.7 27.6 27.9 27.5
22.6 23 22.8 22.5 22.5 22.4 22.1
30.8 31.5 31.2 30.9 30.4 29.7 29.5
26.3 26 25.4 24.1 24.2 23.7 23.8
31.8 31.7 31.6 31.8 30.8 30.8 30.1
20.7 21.3 20 19.1 18.7 17.2 16.6
20.2 20.4 19 19.2 19.1 19.6 19.3
30.3 29.7 29.4 29.3 27.7 27.5 28.2
34.4 33.4 33.4 32.8 31.2 30.6 30.6
27.2 26.9 26.7 26 25.4 25.6 25.4
24.5 23.8 23.1 22.7 22.6 22 22
25.3 24.8 24.1 23.2 22.2 22.2 22
23.3 23.7 23.2 22.9 24 24.1 22.6
32.3 30.3 30.9 29.2 29 29.5 28
39.5 40 39.6 39.4 39.2 39.5 40
33.7 34.2 34.1 33.3 32.8 32.4 32.3
30.8 30.5 28.6 28.6 28.8 29.2 30
37.3 37.6 38.4 38.3 39 38.8 38.8
37.4 38.1 38.6 36.9 35.9 37.2 35
33.3 33 31.3 32.5 34.9 34 33.5
26.3 26.3 25.6 27 27.3 25.8 27.5
26.8 27.1 27.5 28.1 28.2 29.1 29.7
32.7 32.7 32.6 32.1 32.9 34.2 34.5
26.2 26.2 29.5 29.8 31.2 30.3 30.6
6.6 6.5 13.7 13.4 13.6 13.5 13.5
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
28.8 30 29.7 29.7 29.8 28.6 29.3
.. .. .. 22.3 .. 19.2 ..
.. .. .. .. 26.9 27.6 29.3
.. .. 33.3 33.9 32.8 32.3 32.6
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.9 13.9 14.4 16 16.2 16 18.2
28.4 29.4 29.5 30.4 29.7 29.8 29.3
20.8 26.3 25.2 24.6 24.6 24.2 24.2
.. 23.1 17 16.5 16 15.9 15.6
10.9 10.8 11.5 11.5 11.9 12.1 12.7
9.8 9.3 8.2 8.3 8.8 9.3 9
.. 16.3 16.3 17 17.4 .. ..
10.5 10.3 12 15 17.6 17.6 19.4
.. .. .. .. 17.9 .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ur Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market database. Nov. 2010
ork for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisi
2007 2008 a) 2009
24.4 24.7 ..
23.2 22.6 ..
29.8 29.7 ..
27.5 25.7 ..
22.5 16.4 ..
29.3 27.8 ..
23.2 23.1 ..
30.2 29.7 ..
16.9 14.9 ..
19.1 18.2 ..
27.3 26 ..
30.5 29.3 ..
25.5 25.4 ..
21.6 .. ..
22.3 21.4 ..
22.5 22.3 ..
25.9 25.1 ..
40.2 40.5 ..
32.6 32.1 ..
30.7 .. ..
39.4 39.5 ..
34.2 .. ..
35.2 35.5 ..
28.4 28.6 ..
30.7 30.2 ..
35.5 .. ..
31.4 31.4 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
30.6 .. ..
.. .. ..
29.5 26.2 ..
31.3 .. ..
.. .. ..
18.7 .. ..
29.2 .. ..
23.9 .. ..
.. .. ..
12.8 .. ..
10.4 .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
ce rates, or pay in kind. Industry corresponds to divisions 2-5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarr
s C-F (ISIC revision 3) and includes mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and w
onstruction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water).
3. Employment
3.4 Employment private sector share, %
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15
Belgium
Denmark
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991)
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché)
Netherlands
Austria
Portugal
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Malta
Czech Republic 57.2 58.9 59.7 60.6 65.0
Hungary 77.7 78.7 79.2 79.5 80.0
Poland 61.4 61.6 62.0 62.3 63.7
Slovakia 59.6 63.1 64.6 68.9 70.0
Slovenia 48.0 .. .. .. 65.0
Estonia 60.5 62.6 67.5 68.6 68.4
Latvia 60.0 63.0 66.0 68.0 70.0
Lithuania .. .. .. 68.1 66.7
Bulgaria 41.0 47.0 55.0 41.4 45.9
Romania 51.0 52.0 58.0 62.0 72.0
Albania 75.8 78.6 79.6 80.4 81.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia 48.0 53.0 54.0 54.0 58.0
Montenegro .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia .. .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia .. 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0
Belarus 6.8 9.3 12.0 16.4 18.6
Moldova .. .. .. .. ..
Russian Federation .. .. .. .. ..
Ukraine .. .. .. 25.8 20.5
Armenia 48.8 59.9 61.7 70.0 73.0
Azerbaijan 42.8 48.5 53.6 57.9 63.7
Georgia .. 65.0 70.0 73.0 75.1
Kazakhstan .. .. .. 73.0 77.1
Kyrgyzstan 68.5 72.5 74.2 76.3 77.7
Tajikistan 33.8 36.7 34.6 34.1 37.9
Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. ..
Source: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Transition Report: Economic statistics and forecasts, Struct
http://www.ebrd.com/country/sector/econo/stats/index.htm, state: September 2008.
Definition:
Employment in private sector, % of total employment.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
65.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 ..
80.4 79.6 79.3 79.1 79.1 79.3 ..
66.8 68.4 67.2 68.5 70.3 70.5 71.0
75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0
70.0 70.0 70.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 70.0
70.7 70.8 73.3 73.7 74.5 75.5 74.8
72.0 73.0 75.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0
66.1 67.1 71.0 72.6 71.7 73.6 69.0
54.9 58.9 63.0 65.0 69.0 71.0 70.5
45.0 49.1 52.5 56.5 58.0 64.9 66.3
82.1 79.5 79.8 80.4 81.1 81.2 81.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
58.0 60.0 62.0 65.0 66.0 68.0 68.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 55.0 55.0 60.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
25.8 30.5 35.6 37.7 .. .. ..
74.0 75.0 74.0 76.0 .. .. ..
65.5 66.6 68.0 68.5 68.4 68.1 68.0
75.7 78.7 76.8 77.3 77.9 77.7 79.0
78.8 74.9 75.0 75.4 75.3 75.5 77.0
78.2 79.1 79.7 80.2 80.9 81.2 ..
44.3 41.6 44.7 45.8 51.2 52.4 51.9
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
tion Report: Economic statistics and forecasts, Structural and institutional change indicators.
2007 2008 2009
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
72.2 .. ..
75.0 75.0 ..
71.0 .. ..
75.9 74.4 ..
76.0 .. ..
69.8 67.4 ..
72.9 74.0 ..
68.0 .. ..
82.7 80.0 ..
.. .. ..
70.0 70.0 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
60.0 60.0 ..
.. 48.4 ..
65.0 70.0 ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
67.5 67.0 ..
79.0 80.0 ..
..
78.0 76.0 ..
.. .. ..
52.1 .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
3. Employment
3.5 Employment rate (15+), %
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15
Belgium 43.7 43.6 43.9 44.0 45.4
Denmark 58.1 58.3 59.5 59.5 60.0
51.1
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) 50.9 50.6 51.3 51.5
Ireland 45.8 46.7 47.9 50.8 53.2
Greece 44.9 45.2 45.2 45.3 45.1
Spain 37.7 38.3 39.2 40.4 42.3
France 45.7 45.8 45.5 45.9 46.1
Italy 39.8 39.7 39.8 40.0 40.4
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 46.8 47.1 47.7 47.7 48.7
Netherlands 53.0 53.9 55.4 56.7 57.8
Austria 54.1 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.6
Portugal 53.4 53.7 54.7 55.9 56.2
Finland 49.2 49.6 50.3 51.3 52.7
Sweden 55.1 54.3 53.6 54.4 55.3
United Kingdom 53.8 54.2 54.9 55.3 55.8
Cyprus 58.4 58.1 58.3 57.2 56.3
Malta 42.8 43.7 43.7 43.7 44.0
Czech Republic 57.2 57.1 56.4 55.5 54.2
Hungary 42.9 42.5 42.3 42.8 44.2
Poland 49.6 49.6 49.8 49.7 47.8
Slovakia 50.8 52.1 51.4 50.9 48.9
Slovenia 53.4 52.6 53.2 54.0 53.0
Estonia 55.1 53.9 53.4 53.4 52.0
Latvia 53.7 45.8 48.9 48.7 48.3
Lithuania 50.8 51.1 51.3 52.2 52.2
Bulgaria 44.2 44.4 43.4 43.0 41.0
Romania 61.1 59.7 60.3 59.1 58.5
Albania 47.7 48.3 46.7 48.2 47.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina 40.7 46.6 44.0 43.7 41.9
Croatia 48.5 48.4 48.1 47.2 45.6
Montenegro a) 49.2 49.8 49.5 49.6 49.7
Serbia a) 49.2 49.8 49.5 49.6 49.7
TFYR Macedonia 35.9 34.6 34.1 34.6 35.3
Belarus 54.1 53.9 53.8 52.9 51.8
Moldova 55.2 54.7 54.2 53.0 50.8
Russian Federation 54.7 53.9 52.4 51.2 50.8
Ukraine 56.9 56.6 56.8 56.2 48.5
Armenia 35.8 37.7 37.0 37.7 36.9
Azerbaijan 54.8 55.6 56.2 56.5 56.8
Georgia 55.7 56.8 57.1 55.8 56.4
Kazakhstan 60.8 59.5 59.7 59.8 59.8
Kyrgyzstan 57.7 58.6 58.7 58.3 59.0
Tajikistan 45.4 42.8 42.9 43.8 44.3
Turkmenistan 56.9 56.2 55.3 57.6 59.0
Uzbekistan 51.7 52.4 53.0 53.5 53.9
Footnotes:
a) Serbia and Montenegro.
b) National Statistical Offices.
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition, Table 2a (employment-to-
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/kilm/index.htm, state: September 2007. (KILM 6th edition scheduled for la
Definition:
Employment rates represent employed persons as a percentage of same age total population. The employment rate is calculated b
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
46.7 45.6 45.5 45.1 45.8 46.2 45.8
60.0 60.0 60.6 59.3 59.8 59.5 60.5
51.7 51.6 50.8 49.9 49.7 49.6 50.4
55.0 55.5 55.6 55.6 56.1 57.4 58.3
45.3 45.0 45.7 46.4 46.8 47.0 47.7
43.9 44.9 45.3 46.3 47.4 49.2 50.2
47.0 47.7 47.7 48.6 48.2 47.9 47.8
41.0 41.6 42.0 42.3 42.9 42.7 43.1
50.0 49.9 50.6 49.6 49.7 50.7 50.5
58.4 58.6 58.6 58.0 57.4 57.2 58.1
53.7 53.7 54.0 54.0 53.0 53.3 54.2
57.0 57.5 57.2 56.4 55.9 55.6 55.8
53.3 53.8 53.8 53.2 52.8 53.4 54.2
57.0 57.6 57.4 57.0 56.2 56.6 57.2
56.3 56.3 56.3 56.6 56.6 56.6 56.6
56.5 58.1 57.2 57.7 57.2 56.5 56.9
44.5 44.8 45.1 43.8 44.3 44.2 44.9
53.6 53.6 53.9 53.2 52.5 52.8 53.1
44.9 44.8 44.8 45.4 45.2 45.0 45.2
46.1 44.7 43.0 42.9 43.1 43.8 45.3
47.7 47.8 47.8 48.6 48.0 48.5 49.7
52.7 53.2 53.3 51.3 53.8 53.7 54.5
50.9 50.8 51.6 52.1 51.1 53.0 53.5
46.9 47.5 49.9 49.9 51.2 52.1 55.0
48.7 47.9 48.7 49.6 49.2 50.2 51.0
38.4 40.1 40.7 41.6 42.9 43.8 46.1
58.3 57.6 52.3 51.9 49.5 49.2 50.0
47.2 46.7 46.4 46.2 45.9 45.8 45.8
41.3 41.0 41.0 40.7 40.6 40.5 40.2
44.0 43.5 43.9 44.3 44.5 44.7 45.1
50.5 50.3 49.8 49.1 47.2 45.9 45.8
50.5 50.3 49.8 49.1 47.2 45.9 45.8
35.4 36.8 35.7 33.4 32.0 32.6 32.0
52.0 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.5 52.3 52.4
51.0 50.2 49.0 46.8 45.0 45.4 45.5
53.4 54.2 54.9 54.8 55.0 55.7 55.5
48.9 49.9 50.7 50.8 51.1 52.5 52.6
37.4 38.1 38.6 38.8 38.2 38.6 38.4
57.3 57.4 57.4 57.7 59.1 58.6 59.0
56.4 58.3 55.5 57.3 55.4 54.5 54.6
60.4 62.2 63.0 63.0 62.6 62.4 62.3
58.2 58.0 55.8 57.1 57.5 57.7 57.8
45.4 47.4 48.0 49.4 50.1 50.5 51.2
59.4 59.5 59.1 59.1 58.7 58.4 58.2
54.2 54.5 54.7 55.0 55.5 56.1 56.5
Market (KILM) 5th Edition, Table 2a (employment-to-population ratio - ILO estimates); National Statistical Offices.
e: September 2007. (KILM 6th edition scheduled for launch in September 2009). Aug, 2010
otal population. The employment rate is calculated by dividing the number of persons aged 15+ in employment by the total population of the same age gr
2007 2008 2009
46.2 46.5
60.3 60.3
50.9 51.7
58.4 57.8
48.2 48.4
50.0 48.6
48.1 47.9
43.8 43.6
51.5 51.2
58.9 59.3
54.1 54.5
55.5 55.7
54.6 54.7
57.6 57.6
56.4 56.3
57.4 57.5
45.1 45.2
54.0 54.3 ..
45.1 44.8 ..
47.2 48.2 ..
51.8 52.6 ..
54.0 54.1 ..
54.7 54.5 ..
55.2 55.0 ..
51.3 50.2 ..
45.6 46.3 ..
48.4 48.1 ..
46.3 46.2 ..
41.5 41.5 ..
45.5 45.9 ..
47.5 47.4 ..
47.5 47.4 ..
33.9 34.2 ..
52.1 52.3 ..
44.6 44.7 ..
57.3 56.7 ..
53.2 53.5 ..
39.0 38.1 ..
60.5 60.0 ..
55.0 54.3 ..
63.6 63.5 ..
58.2 58.3 ..
54.6 55.4 ..
58.5 58.3 ..
57.5 57.5 ..
mployment by the total population of the same age group.
3. Employment
3.6 Participation rate (15+), %
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15
Belgium 50.3 50.3 50.4 50.6 51.8
Denmark 65.3 65.4 65.8 65.5 66.2
58.3
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.5
Ireland 53.6 54.5 54.9 56.6 58.1
Greece 51.0 51.7 51.6 52.5 53.0
Spain 49.9 50.2 50.6 50.9 51.5
France 54.8 55.2 54.9 55.0 55.2
Italy 46.9 47.0 47.0 47.3 47.6
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 50.2 50.7 50.9 51.1 51.9
Netherlands 58.4 59.0 60.3 61.0 61.8
Austria 59.0 58.5 58.1 58.4 58.5
Portugal 58.6 58.8 59.4 60.6 60.6
Finland 59.9 59.3 60.1 60.2 62.9
Sweden 64.1 63.7 63.3 62.6 63.2
United Kingdom 60.8 60.8 61.0 61.0 61.3
Cyprus 59.3 59.9 59.8 59.5 59.5
Malta 47.6 48.5 48.4 48.3 49.1
Czech Republic 61.5 61.1 60.6 60.5 60.5
Hungary 49.4 48.3 47.4 47.9 48.8
Poland 58.5 57.9 56.9 56.4 55.6
Slovakia 59.9 60.2 59.7 59.3 59.4
Slovenia 59.0 57.7 58.4 59.4 58.2
Estonia 61.6 61.6 61.5 60.3 59.0
Latvia 61.1 59.2 59.0 58.8 57.5
Lithuania 63.0 62.2 61.4 60.9 61.1
Bulgaria 55.4 54.8 54.2 53.6 53.0
Romania 65.9 65.8 66.1 65.2 65.2
Albania 61.8 61.9 61.4 61.5 61.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina 59.2 63.0 63.2 63.0 62.7
Croatia 55.4 55.0 54.6 54.2 53.9
Montenegro a) 54.8 54.7 54.6 54.4 54.3
Serbia a) 54.8 54.7 54.6 54.4 54.3
TFYR Macedonia 55.0 54.6 54.0 53.5 53.3
Belarus 62.4 61.5 60.6 59.7 58.8
Moldova 64.0 63.2 62.3 61.4 60.4
Russian Federation 62.0 61.1 60.7 60.4 60.0
Ukraine 60.5 60.0 59.4 58.8 58.3
Armenia 63.6 63.8 63.8 64.0 64.0
Azerbaijan 61.6 61.7 62.3 63.2 63.7
Georgia 63.7 64.7 65.5 65.7 65.9
Kazakhstan 69.5 69.5 69.7 69.8 70.0
Kyrgyzstan 65.7 65.6 65.5 65.3 65.1
Tajikistan 57.2 52.8 53.0 54.1 54.8
Turkmenistan 61.8 60.9 59.2 60.1 62.0
Uzbekistan 56.8 56.9 57.6 58.1 58.6
Footnotes:
a) Serbia and Montenegro
b) National Statistical Offices.
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) 5th Edition, Table 1 (Labour force part
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/kilm/index.htm, state: September 2007. (KILM 6th edition scheduled for la
Definition:
Participation rates represent active persons (labour force: comprises employed and unemployed persons) as a percentage of same
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
52.1 50.7 51.0 51.2 51.9 53.3 53.1
65.8 66.0 66.2 65.6 66.1 65.9 66.3
58.2 58.1 57.9 58.0 57.6 58.9 59.2
59.1 59.3 59.7 59.9 60.4 62.2 63.1
53.0 52.1 52.5 52.9 53.7 53.6 54.0
52.6 51.9 53.2 54.4 55.3 56.4 57.3
55.2 54.9 55.2 55.9 56.0 56.1 56.1
47.6 47.8 48.3 48.7 49.4 48.9 49.0
53.2 52.9 53.9 53.5 54.5 55.3 55.6
62.8 63.5 64.1 64.1 64.3 64.4 64.7
58.3 57.8 58.8 58.7 57.6 59.0 59.7
60.8 61.5 62.0 62.0 61.7 62.1 62.4
63.2 63.3 63.3 62.8 62.0 60.6 61.1
62.4 63.6 63.5 63.6 63.5 64.4 64.4
61.4 61.0 61.3 61.4 61.4 61.7 62.1
59.4 60.8 60.7 61.7 61.9 61.4 61.6
50.0 50.7 50.5 50.2 49.2 49.5 49.6
60.0 59.6 59.5 59.2 58.9 59.3 59.2
49.0 48.8 48.8 49.6 49.4 50.1 50.5
56.2 56.5 55.4 54.9 54.4 55.0 54.1
59.7 60.5 59.8 60.3 60.2 59.6 59.1
57.5 57.6 58.1 56.5 59.0 59.2 59.3
58.5 58.3 56.9 58.6 58.6 58.5 60.4
56.0 56.5 58.1 57.2 57.6 57.6 59.3
60.1 58.8 58.2 60.4 57.6 56.5 55.9
52.4 51.6 51.2 50.3 51.2 50.5 52.6
64.6 63.2 57.6 55.9 55.6 54.0 55.0
61.3 61.1 60.9 60.6 60.4 60.2 59.9
62.4 62.2 61.9 61.7 61.5 61.4 61.3
53.6 53.0 52.3 52.5 53.7 53.5 52.9
54.3 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2
54.3 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2 54.2
53.0 53.7 53.3 53.6 51.5 52.9 54.0
58.8 58.9 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4
59.4 58.2 57.0 54.2 51.5 48.9 48.9
60.4 60.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 61.2 61.9
57.7 57.1 57.2 57.0 57.1 57.8 57.8
64.1 64.3 64.7 64.9 65.0 65.2 65.3
63.9 64.0 64.0 63.9 63.8 63.6 63.5
63.6 66.0 63.9 65.2 63.9 63.7 63.6
70.1 70.2 70.2 69.8 69.1 69.4 69.8
64.9 64.6 64.3 63.8 63.4 64.6 65.5
56.5 58.4 59.9 61.4 62.8 63.6 64.3
63.7 65.0 65.8 66.4 66.8 66.9 67.0
59.1 59.6 60.1 60.5 61.3 62.1 62.7
Market (KILM) 5th Edition, Table 1 (Labour force participation rate), National Statistical Offices.
e: September 2007. (KILM 6th edition scheduled for launch in September 2009). Aug, 2010
d and unemployed persons) as a percentage of same age total population.
2007 2008 2009
53.7 53.7 53.5
65.9 66.1 65.4
59.6 59.8 59.8
63.6 63.2 63.6
53.9 54.0 53.7
57.8 58.6 58.6
56.2 56.3 56.1
48.7 49.1 49.1
55.2 55.0 55.5
65.6 66.2 66.1
60.6 60.7 60.4
62.6 62.6 62.5
61.3 61.5 60.9
64.9 65.1 64.8
62.0 62.2 62.2
62.1 62.1 62.3
50.3 50.5 49.4
58.8 58.5 57.9
50.4 50.0 50.1
54.0 54.6 53.7
58.9 59.3 59.5
59.7 59.4 58.9
60.6 61.5 61.2
60.6 62.2 61.5
56.3 56.7 55.7
54.1 55.6 54.5
54.8 54.6 52.4
59.7 59.4 59.5
61.2 61.1 61.2
53.2 53.1 53.0
54.6 53.5 54.2
54.6 53.5 54.2
54.5 54.3 54.0
59.6 59.8 60.2
49.0 49.1 49.6
62.8 62.8 62.8
57.8 58.0 58.1
65.4 65.6 66.3
63.4 63.4 63.0
63.6 63.7 63.7
70.3 70.8 70.6
66.6 67.6 66.6
65.1 65.8 67.0
67.0 67.0 68.0
63.5 64.2 64.6
3. Employment
3.7 Unemployment rate, %
1995 1996 1997 1998
EU 15
Belgium 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.3
Denmark 6.7 6.3 5.2 4.9
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) 8 8.7 9.4 9.1
Ireland 12.3 11.7 9.9 7.5
Greece 9.2 9.6 9.8 10.8
Spain 18.4 17.8 16.7 15
France 11 11.5 11.5 11
Italy 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.3
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7
Netherlands 6.6 6 4.9 3.8
Austria 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.5
Portugal 7.2 7.2 6.7 5
Finland 15.4 14.6 12.7 11.4
Sweden 8.8 9.6 9.9 8.2
United Kingdom 8.5 7.9 6.8 6.1
Cyprus 3.7 4.5 4.9 4.9
Malta 5.6 6.7 7.4 7.5
Czech Republic 4.1 3.9 4.8 6.4
Hungary 5.6 9.6 9 8.4
Poland 13.3 12.4 10.9 10.2
Slovakia 13.1 11.3 11.8 12.6
Slovenia .. 6.9 6.9 7.4
Estonia .. .. 9.6 9.2
Latvia .. .. .. 14.3
Lithuania .. .. .. 13.2
Bulgaria 16.5 14.1 14.4 14.1
Romania .. .. 5.3 5.4
Albania 13.1 12.4 14.9 17.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. ..
Croatia .. 10 9.9 11.4
Montenegro
Serbia .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia
Belarus 2.9 4 2.8 2.3
Moldova .. .. .. ..
Russian Federation 9.5 10 11.2 13.2
Ukraine .. .. .. ..
Armenia 8.1 9.7 11 8.9
Azerbaijan
Georgia .. .. 7.6 14.5
Kazakhstan .. .. .. ..
Kyrgyzstan .. .. .. ..
Tajikistan 1.8 2.4 2.8 3.2
Turkmenistan .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
Source: UNECE Statistical Division Database, compiled from national and international (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources
http://w3.unece.org/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=40_MEUnRateY_r&ti=Unemployment+Rate+by+Country+and+Year&path
Definition:
The unemployment rate is the share (in percent) of the unemployed in the labour force
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
8.5 6.9 6.6 7.5 8.2 8.4 8.5
5.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 5.4 5.5 4.8
8.2 7.5 7.6 8.4 9.3 9.8 10.7
5.6 4.2 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4
12 11.2 10.7 10.3 9.7 10.5 9.9
12.5 11.1 10.3 11.1 11.1 10.6 9.2
10.4 9 8.3 8.6 9 9.3 9.3
10.9 10.1 9.1 8.6 8.4 8 7.7
2.4 2.2 1.9 2.6 3.8 5 4.6
3.2 2.8 2.2 2.8 3.7 4.6 4.7
3.9 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.3 4.9 5.2
4.5 4 4.1 5.1 6.4 6.7 7.7
10.2 9.8 9.1 9.1 9 8.8 8.4
6.7 5.6 5.8 6 6.6 7.4 7.6
5.9 5.4 5 5.1 5 4.7 4.8
5.2 4.9 3.8 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.3
7.8 6.7 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.2
8.6 8.7 8 7.3 7.8 8.3 7.9
6.9 6.4 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 7.2
13.4 16.1 18.3 20 19.7 19 17.8
16.4 18.8 19.3 18.7 17.6 18.2 16.3
7.3 6.7 6.2 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.5
11.3 13.6 12.6 10.3 10 9.7 7.9
14 13.7 12.9 12.2 10.5 10.4 8.9
13.7 16.4 16.5 13.5 12.5 11.4 8.3
15.7 16.4 19.5 18.2 13.7 12.1 10.1
7.1 7.3 6.8 8.6 7 8.1 7.2
18.4 16.8 16.4 15.8 15 14.4 14.1
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
13.6 16.1 15.8 14.8 14.2 13.7 12.7
27.7 30.3
.. 12.1 12.2 13.3 14.6 18.5 20.8
32.4 32.2 30.5 31.9 36.7 37.2 37.3
2.1 2.1 2.3 3 3.1 1.9 1.5
.. 8.5 7.3 6.8 7.9 8.1 7.3
12.6 10.6 9 7.9 8.3 7.8 7.3
11.6 11.6 10.9 9.6 9.1 8.6 7.2
11.5 10.9 9.8 10.5 10.2 9.4 7.6
10.7 8.4 7.6
13.8 10.3 11.1 12.6 11.5 12.6 13.8
.. 12.8 10.4 9.3 8.8 8.4 8.1
.. .. .. 12.5 9.9 8.5 8.1
3 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.3 2 2.1
.. 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 .. 3.7
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3
national (EUROSTAT, OECD, CIS) official sources
Unemployment+Rate+by+Country+and+Year&path=../DATABASE/Stat/20-ME/3-MELF/&lang=1, Aug. 2010
2006 2007 2008 2009
8.3 7.5 7 7.9
3.9 3.8 3.3 6
9.8 8.4 7.3 7.5
4.5 4.6 6.3 11.9
8.9 8.3 7.7 9.5
8.5 8.3 11.3 18
9.2 8.4 7.8 9.5
6.8 6.1 6.7 7.8
4.6 4.2 4.9 5.4
3.9 3.2 2.8 3.4
4.8 4.4 3.8 4.8
7.8 8.1 7.7 9.6
7.7 6.9 6.4 8.2
7 6.1 6.2 8.3
5.4 5.3 5.6 7.6
4.6 4 3.6 5.3
7.1 6.4 5.9 6.9
7.2 5.3 4.4 6.7
7.5 7.4 7.8 10
13.9 9.6 7.1 8.2
13.4 11.1 9.5 12
6 4.9 4.4 5.9
5.9 4.7 5.5 13.8
6.8 6 7.5 17.1
5.6 4.3 5.8 13.7
9 6.9 5.6 6.8
7.3 6.4 5.8 6.9
13.8 13.5 13 ..
31.1 29 23.4 24.1
11.2 9.6 8.4 9.1
29.6 19.4 16.8 19.1
20.9 18.1 13.6 16.1
36.0 34.9 33.8 32.2
1.2 1 0.8 0.9
7.4 5.1 4 6.4
7.2 6.1 6.3 8.4
6.8 6.4 6.4 8.8
7.2 6.4 6.3 6.9
6.8 6.5 6.1 6
13.6 13.3 16.5 16.9
7.8 7.3 6.6 6.6
8.3 8.2 8.2 8.4
2.3 2.5 2.1 2.1
.. 3.6 .. ..
0.3 0.2 .. ..
3. Employment
3.8 Long-term unemployment rate, %
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003
EU 15
Belgium 62.4 56.3 51.7 49.6 46.3
Denmark 28.1 20 22.2 19.7 19.9
48.7
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) 51.5 50.4 47.9 50
Ireland 61.4 38.2 33.5 29.4 35.5
Greece 51.2 56.6 52.7 52.7 56.3
Spain 54.7 42.4 36.5 33.8 33.6
France 40.3 39.7 36.8 32.7 37.6
Italy 54.3 61.3 63.4 59.2 58.2
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 23.2 22.4 28.4 27.4 24.7
Netherlands 46.8 26.5 26.5 26.7 29.2
Austria 27.5 28.4 26.1 16.4 23
Portugal 50.9 43.9 39.2 35.5 32.8
Finland 32.2 24.6 23.6 21.2 21.4
Sweden 20.6 30.7 19.8 20.1 16.2
United Kingdom 43.5 27.9 27.5 22.9 22.7
Cyprus .. 25.7 21.4 20.1 23.9
Malta .. 56 43.3 38.2 34.3
Czech Republic a) 1.1 50 52.8 50.5 48.9
Hungary 54.8 47.8 44.8 44.7 40.5
Poland 40 44.7 50.1 54.4 55.1
Slovakia 53.2 54.7 58.3 65.3 66.2
Slovenia 53.2 62.7 63.3 54.7 56.6
Estonia 31.7 47.1 46.2 51.6 42.2
Latvia 58.4 57.2 59.1 42.3 45.1
Lithuania .. 50.4 56 56.6 44.1
Bulgaria 65.8 58.7 63.1 65.5 66.9
Romania 47 49.2 48.6 56.5 61.5
Albania 72.7 89.6 91.8 93.1 92.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia .. 53.6 55.3 63.4 59.3
Montenegro .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia .. .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia g) .. 83.3 86.9 84.5 85.1
Belarus 15.7 12.6 11.9 12 16.9
Moldova .. .. .. .. ..
Russian Federation i) 29.7 46.2 39.2 39.2 37.6
Ukraine .. .. .. .. ..
Armenia .. 73.5 78.1 79.3 81
Azerbaijan .. .. .. .. ..
Georgia .. .. .. 71.3 67.6
Kazakhstan .. .. 53.8 45.1 39.4
Kyrgyzstan .. .. .. 51.4 50.9
Tajikistan .. .. .. 21.6 31.5
Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. ..
Source: UNECE Statistical Division Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat) official sources
http://w3.unece.org/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=40_MEUnRateY_r&ti=Unemployment+Rate+by+Country+and+Year&path
Definition:
The long-term unemployed are the persons who have been unemployed for 12 months or more. The long-term unemployment rate
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
49.6 51.7 51.2 50.4 47.6 ..
22.6 23.4 20.8 16.2 13.6 ..
51.8 53 56.4 56.6 52.6 ..
34.3 33.4 32.3 30 27.1 ..
54.8 52.2 54.3 50 47.5
32.6 24.5 21.7 20.4 17.9 ..
39 41.1 42 40.2 37.6 ..
49.7 49.9 49.6 47.4 45.7 44.4
21 26.4 29.5 28.7 32.4 23.1
32.5 40.2 43 39.4 34.8 ..
27.8 25.3 27.4 26.8 24.3 ..
43.2 48.2 50.2 47.1 47.4 ..
21.1 25.8 25.2 22.9 18.4 ..
17.8 15.8 15.2 13.8 12.6 13.3
21.3 21.1 22.3 23.8 24.1 ..
28 23.5 19.3 18.6 13.6 ..
49.5 46.4 40.6 41.9 42.4 44
51 53 54.2 52.2 49.2 ..
45 45 45.1 46.8 46.5 ..
53.7 57.7 56.1 51.3 33.5 ..
63.9 71.9 76.3 74.2 69.6 ..
53.1 47.3 49.3 45.7 42.2 ..
52.4 53.4 48.2 49.5 30.9 ..
44.6 46 36.5 26.4 25.7 ..
53.3 52.5 44.3 32 21 23.2
57.4 59.8 55.7 58.8 51.7 ..
59 56.3 57.8 50 41.3 ..
92.3 .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
53.6 58.4 60.1 61.5 63 ..
.. 85.4 82.6 .. .. ..
.. 79.1 80.6 80.8 71.1 ..
85.4 86.7 86.3 .. .. ..
17.3 11.7 10.5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
39 38.5 41.7 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
82.2 80.4 73.1 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
66.8 .. .. .. .. ..
39.2 .. .. .. .. ..
46.6 42.7 .. .. .. ..
25 .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
ernational (Eurostat) official sources
i=Unemployment+Rate+by+Country+and+Year&path=../DATABASE/Stat/20-ME/3-MELF/&lang=1, state: August 2010.
months or more. The long-term unemployment rate is the share of the long-term unemployed in the total unemployed population. Data come from the La
total unemployed population. Data come from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) unless otherwise specified.
3. Employment
3.9 Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in % (national sources)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
EU 15 17 16 16 16 15
Belgium 12 10 10 9 11
Denmark 15 15 13 12 14
Germany (including ex-GDR from 1991) 21 21 21 22 19
Ireland 20 21 19 20 22
Greece 17 15 13 12 13
Spain 13 14 14 16 14
France 13 13 12 12 12
Italy 8 8 7 7 8
Luxembourg (Grand-Duché) 19 19 19 18 17
Netherlands 23 23 22 21 21
Austria 22 20 22 21 21
Portugal 5 6 7 6 5
Finland : 17 18 19 19
Sweden 15 17 17 18 17
United Kingdom 26 24 21 24 22
Cyprus 29 28 27 26 27
Malta : : : : :
Czech Republic .. 21 21 25 22
Hungary 22 23 24 23 21
Poland .. .. .. .. 15
Slovakia .. .. .. .. 23
Slovenia 14 15 14 11 14
Estonia 27 27 28 26 26
Latvia .. .. .. 20 20
Lithuania 27 22 23 22 16
Bulgaria .. .. .. .. ..
Romania 21 24 24 20 17
Albania .. .. .. .. ..
Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. ..
Croatia .. .. .. .. ..
Montenegro .. .. .. .. ..
Serbia .. .. .. .. ..
TFYR Macedonia .. .. .. .. ..
Belarus .. .. .. .. ..
Moldova .. .. .. .. ..
Russian Federation .. .. .. .. ..
Ukraine .. .. .. .. ..
Armenia .. .. .. .. ..
Azerbaijan .. .. .. .. ..
Georgia .. .. .. .. ..
Kazakhstan .. .. .. .. ..
Kyrgyzstan .. .. .. .. ..
Tajikistan .. .. .. .. ..
Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. ..
Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. ..
Source: Eurostat, Statistics Database; European Community Household Panel (ECHP); EU Survey on Income and Living Condition
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database, state: August, 2010
Definition:
The gender pay gap is given as the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid e
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
16 16 16 16 15 15 :
13 12 : : 6 7 7
15 15 18 18 17 18 17
21 21 22 23 23 22 22
19 17 : 14 11 9 9
15 18 17 11 10 9 10
15 17 21 18 15 13 13
13 14 13 12 12 12 11
6 6 : : 7 9:
15 16 17 15 14 14 14
21 19 19 18 19 18 :
20 20 : 17 18 18 20
8 10 8 9 5 9 8
17 17 20 20 20 20 20
18 18 17 16 17 16 16
21 21 23 22 22 16 21
26 26 25 25 25 25 24
11 9 6 4 4 4 3
22 20 19 19 19 19 18
21 20 16 12 14 11 11
.. 12 11 11 10 10 12
22 23 27 23 24 24 22
12 11 9 7 8 8 8
25 24 24 24 24 25 ..
20 16 16 16 14 16 16
16 16 16 17 16 15 16
.. 22 21 18 16 15 14
17 18 17 18 14 13 10
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 11 11 11 ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
P); EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC); National Statistical Offices.
s of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees. The gender pay gap
2007 2008 2009
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
rnings of male paid employees. The gender pay gap is based on several data sources, including the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), the
European Community Household Panel (ECHP), the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and national sources.
EU-SILC) and national sources.