Further Defining
Globalization
plus Mapping Globalization
Egeo312
Based on: A Globalizing World?
(Understanding Social Change) by
David Held (Paperback - Nov 4, 2004)
Defining Globalization 1
Globalization
• Hundreds of books and thousands of
definitions have been written about
globalization. This information from one
by David Held enables to compare and
exapand the ideas in your reading by
Manfred Steger.
Defining Globalization 2
Part One
Underlying Concepts
Defining Globalization 3
Key Underlying Concepts
Not a consensus on the term Globalization
but consensus on its distinctive features
• Stretched Social Relationships
• Intensification of Flows
• Increasing Interpenetration
• Global Infrastructure
Defining Globalization 4
Stretched Social Relationships
• Existence of cultural, economic, and
political networks/connections across the
world
• Increasingly stretched and extended
• Instant and routine trans-global
interactions become increasingly common
• Decision in one place increasingly effects
other locations
Defining Globalization 5
Stretched Social Relationships
Apple Introduces Innovative
Cellphone
By JOHN MARKOFF
NY TIMES: Published: January 10, 2007
SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 9 — With
characteristic showmanship, Steven P.
Jobs introduced Apple’s long-awaited
entry into the cellphone world Tuesday,
pronouncing it an achievement on a par
with the Macintosh and the iPod.
Defining Globalization 6
Stretched Social Relationships
Consequences – it may be easier to
maintain contact around the world
then across a nearby border
• How easy is it to contact Shanghai from
Redmond, WA?
• What about from Shanghai to DuYang
in Sichuan Province?
Defining Globalization 7
Intensification of Flows
• Increased density of interaction across the
globe
• Result – impacts of events felt more
strongly then ever before
Defining Globalization 8
Intensification of Flows
Bush fails test of statesmanship
Bush is spending well over $200 million each day
on losing the war in Iraq. So far, he has offered
just $35 million for the millions of people
affected by the Asian earthquake / tsunami.
We now have one of the biggest natural disasters
in human history and it involves the world's
largest muslim nation (Indonesia).
The scale of this disaster dwarfs September 11.
Thursday, 30 December 2004 in US politics
Defining Globalization 9
Intensification of Flows
• Consequences – China’s CAFE standards
have effected Detroit’s fuel efficiency
plans more than what occurs in
Washington DC
Defining Globalization 10
Increasing Interpenetration
• Extent to which apparently distant
cultures and societies come face to face at
local level creating increased diversity
– Or also homogenization
Defining Globalization 11
Increasing
Interpenetration
Keith Ellison First Muslim
Congressman
By James Joyner
, Keith Ellison will become the first Muslim
Member of Congress.
Defining Globalization 12
Hindi High Musical
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWkiEJhteo
Defining Globalization 13
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCWkiEJhteo
Increasing Interpenetration
• Consequences – Major cities of developed
nations are becoming beacons for 3rd
world migrants
• Major cities develop their own unique
trans-national cultures
– Whole neighborhoods of Tokyo have only
Iranians in them
• Societies may feel their culture, religion,
lanuage, economy… is under seige
Defining Globalization 14
Global Infrastructure
• Infrastructure the underlying formal and
informal institutional arrangements that
are required for globalization networks to
operate
• Old WWII set
– UN
– World Bank & IMF
– WTO (originally GATT)
Defining Globalization 15
Newer Infastructure
• Nation State Based
– Free Trade Zones
– Resource groups – OPEC
• Business Based
– Stock Exchanges with international reach
– International Credit Markets
Defining Globalization 16
Global Infrastructure
Defining Globalization 17
Question
• Currently what is the world’s largest Free
Trade Agreement (FTA)
– A. EU
– B. NAFTA
– C. Other
– D. Don’t Know
– E. What’s a FTA?
Defining Globalization 18
Global Infrastructure
The China-ASEAN free-trade agreement
Ajar for business
Jan 7th 2010 | TOKYO
From The Economist print edition
More breadth than depth
A DECADE after it was first mooted, the world’s largest free-trade area by
population came broadly into effect on January 1st. The agreement between
China and the ten-country Association of South-East Asian Nations
(ASEAN) covers nearly 1.9 billion people. In terms of economic value, this is
the third-largest regional agreement, after only the EU and NAFTA, the
North American Free-Trade Agreement. ASEAN has similar agreements with
Australia and New Zealand. The dream of an Asia-wide free-trade area with
ASEAN at the core is, in some quarters, alive and well.
http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15211682&source=hptextfeature
Defining Globalization 19
Global Infrastructure
• Consequences – international
organizations are supplanting national
institutions
• Potential consequences – emergence of a
few world cities that will become nodes of
global power
– New age of the City State???
Defining Globalization 20
PART 2
Three Schools of Globalization
Defining Globalization 21
Three Definitions of Globalization
Based on these Key Concepts three major
schools of thought on Globalization
• Globalists (‘fer sure)
– Positive Globalists
– Pessimistic Globalists
• Internationalists (skeptics)
• Transformationalists (just more of the same)
Defining Globalization 22
Globalist
• Globalization real & tangible & inevitable
• Sift in Geography of social relations
• Social processes now predominately
global phenomena
• Impacts felt everywhere
• National boundaries Less important
Defining Globalization 23
Globalists
• Results
– National politics, cultures, and economies
subsumed into global networks
– Local differences, autonomy, and sovereignty
decrease
– More homogeneous global economy and
culture emerging
– New global structures emerging creating
global rules
Defining Globalization 24
Globalization
• Parting shot
– inevitable trajectory of development
– Resistance is doomed
"Resistance is futile" is one of two catchphrases used
by the Borg in the Star Trek franchise, spoken with the
sort of ominous finality the Borg are well-known for.
They leave no room for options, and they know that
they have overwhelming force on their side. They are
powerful, adaptable, and relentless, and they will win
in the end, no matter how long it ultimately takes or
how many temporary setbacks they encounter. They
will never give up, they will adapt to defeat any
weapon or tactic used against them, and they will
eventually overwhelm and conquer.
http://everything2.com/e2node/Resistance%2520is%25
20futile
Defining Globalization 25
1. Positive Globalists
• Focus on Welcomed Benefits
– Stretched social relations can
• Improve Quality of Life (QOL)
• Raise living standards
• Bring people together
• Recognize dangers
– Environmental stress/pollution could increase
– Stress solutions
• Joint responsibility to reduce unsustainable consumption
• New Technologies will lessen detrimental impacts
Defining Globalization 26
2. Pessimistic Globalists
• World less diverse more homogeneous
• Result dominance of a few cultures/economies
– North over the south
– Can impose their vision, resist others
• “The American Lifestyle is not up for negotiation”
– George Bush the elder at the Rio Conference
• Creates definite winners and losers
– Focus on plight of women, unskilled workers,
aboriginal groups
Defining Globalization 27
Inter-nationalists
• Skeptical
– Find little evidence of fundamental change in
social relations
– Globalization is a myth or exaggerated
– Not a NEW PHENOMENON,
– no systemic change
• Emphasize continuity between past trends
and present and Regional over Global
– What goes around, comes around
Defining Globalization 28
Inter-nationalists
• Degree may have shifted but not the basic
situation
– True that flows have increases
– Historical pattern of who is a winners or loser
can sift
– But Phenomenon of global uneven
relationships has remained
– Powerful states still can act in their own
interests
Defining Globalization 29
Inter-nationalists
• Emphasize
local/regional
– Most economic and
social activity is
regional not global
– Significant role for
nation-states
Trade Flows for 28 OECD
states, note few very strong remains
relationships many weak
ones
Defining Globalization 30
Inter-nationalists
• Emphasize
historical
perspective
– Trade is a prehistoric
invention
– Cultures are always
changing from outside
influences
– 19th century saw “free
trade” era ruled by elite
countries
Defining Globalization 31
Inter-nationalist
• Result
– Dismiss as globalist rhetoric and ideological
crusade by big business calling for
dismantling welfare state
• Limits on local wages, work rules, & taxes
• Limits on local environmental regulations
– Instead this school is concerned with
• women
• unskilled labor
• environment
Defining Globalization 32
Inter-nationalists
• Parting shot
– Continuation and progression of earlier
regional trade links
– More powerful still can act in their own
interests regardless
– Most economic and social activity is regional
not global
Defining Globalization 33
Transformationalists
• Agree with Inter-nationalists that
Globalists Exaggerate their case
• Nation-States still powerful
– Militarily, politically, economically
• However, agree globalization is a
significant shift – but question
inevitability of the impacts
• Thus sort of middle position between other two
Defining Globalization 34
Transformationalists
• Consequences of globalization are:
– complex, diverse, and unpredictable
– Uneven in their impact
– Hence take more cautious skeptical approach
• Autonomy of nation-states is more
constrained than in past
– Major corporations have agendas other than
national ones
– There is a need to compete & not be left
behind
Defining Globalization 35
Transformationalists
• Precise form of globalization unknown
and unknowable
– Not inevitable
– May be reversible at least in part
Defining Globalization 36
Transformationalists
• Parting shot
– New forms of Governance will emerge
• Based on new progressive structures of democratic
accountability
– Emphasize interaction between global
tendencies and local initiatives
• World not on inevitable course
• Structures are intensifying and changing
• Local initiative can still impact on outcome
Defining Globalization 37
Key areas for comparison
• Between these three school know where
each falls in following areas
– Inevitability
– Resistance or human influence of outcome
– Role of Nation-states
– Role for other agencies or local groups
– Myth or reality of Globalization
– Regional vs Global activity
– Positive versus negative outcomes
Click for table of comparisons
Defining Globalization 38
Mapping Globalization
Inspired by on A Globalizing
World? (Understanding Social
Change) by David Held (Paperback - Nov 4, 2004)
Defining Globalization 39
Globalization and Maps
Explore Meaning of Globalization through
maps
How has and is our world depicted through
maps
• Maps as complex abstractions of reality
• Maps as data storage devices
• Maps as cultural artifacts
Defining Globalization 40
Maps as abstractions
• Highly
selective
• Models of
reality
• Remove
unimportant
and
extraneous
Defining Globalization 41
Maps as abstractions
• What does
this map
emphasize?
• What is
missing?
Defining Globalization 42
Maps as data storage devices
• What data is
here?
Defining Globalization 43
Maps as data storage devices
• What is this saying about the current
pattern of Globalization?
Defining Globalization 44
Maps as cultural artifacts
Defining Globalization 45
Maps as cultural artifacts
• Mercator Projections
Who’s in the middle
What are the relative sizes? Defining Globalization 46
Mercator vs Peters Projection
How are these
different and
why?
Defining Globalization 47
What does this tell us?
Defining Globalization 48
What about this? Any ideas?
Defining Globalization 49