S.A. MEDI CAL
630 SEPTD I BER 10, 1938. ] RI CKETTSIO SES OF SOUTH AFRI CA. [ JOU RN At..
I
H cnn css cy, R . S . F. : ( 1934) East. A j r. u .«. s., 9, I Id em : ( 1936) Parasito lo gy , 28 , 172 .
42 . , I d em : ( J937) Neio En gland f OUr/I. of M ed. ::: 16, 466 .
K OII, IJCl/lw r. .
IF . : ( 1936) N ed, T . ' J Ge nccsk .. 2, 193. i Piric , f. H. H .: ( 1922) u,«. l o u rn . S . A jri ca , J97 .
Lai gret , f .. et D urand, R. : ( J936) A rch . l ns t . Past . I R hodes , W . F . : ( 1934) S Afr. Med . f ., 8, 797·
T I/ nis , 25, 82. I R ons e. . M . : ( 1935) A 1/1/ . Lust . Pas t.; 54, 34 1.
Lai grc t , l : D urand , 1'.. et Bc/fort , f . : ( 1936) C. R . Scro g gi c, F . H. : (193 1) f. M ed . A ss. S . Alr .; o. «.
A cad. Sc. , 202, 519 . 26th .
l.aigrc t , f .. D urand , R .. Bclj ort, f ., et L ejau cheur, I S parro'l'. H . : ( 1933) Arch . I lIs I. Past. T unis . 22.
f . : ( 1937) A rch . IlIs I. Pas t . T unis : 26. 453 . I. 21.
L e pinc, P .: ( 1932) C. R . So c. B io/. , I l l . 40. 93 1, and I Idem : ( 1935) A rch . l ns t . Past. T unis , 24 , 56.
II O , 21. 1693 . Id em. 'el R ouss cl, H. : ( 1936) A r ch. I nst . Past .
L e-pin e, P . : (1933) A 1111 . l nst . Past .. 51. 290 · I
' 7"11I1IS • 25. 58 .
L epinc , P ., et B iijin gc r, F . : ( 1934 ) B ull , So c. ! S pe ncer , R. R. , an d Par ke r. R . R . : ( 1920) V.S .
Path ol . Es otiquc . 27. 4. 25)8. 1 P ubl ic H ealt h R ep orts. 4 1 . 35 .
L epin c, P. , et Bilfi ng er, F. : (I 934a) Hull . Soc . Sp elleel'. R. R .. and Ma x cy, K. F . : ( 1930) V .S .
Pat liol. Ex a tiquc . 27, I . 2. P ublic H cal t h R eports . 45, 440 .
1
Leunlnoaite, R . : ( 1936) l ourn , Path. Bact . ; 4 2 , 23· ! ·O Il Cel . M . : ( 1936) Soc . Pa tliol . E xoti qu c. ~9 . 542. .
L eunln oait e, R .. a nd S auo or, S . R . : ( J936) Brit . f . W eil, E .. u lid F clix, A .: ( 192 I) Zts ch rjt , f. lm m ]..
E x p. Path o/., 17, 1. 23, 208 , 309. 448 . 3 1 , 457 ·
M ataro No gayo , Ta kc o Ta111i)'a. T o b us hiro Mita - rV olf/ . f . W ., ell K ouuicnaor, W. : (1935) Ti jdsehr.
III l/m and K iy osh i S at o : ( 1930) I apan f. Ex p. r -. Gc nccsk . " . N cd. I nd ii , 805.
Med .. 8 , 309 . . I
Z ia. S . : ( 1934) A m er. I ourn , Pat hol.. 10 . 21I.
M as cv; K . F . : ( 1936) f . I nj. D is .. 58 . 288 . , Zi nss cr, H. : (1937) A'm er. J OU nt . H y g .. 25. 430 .
M it e/iell , J . .4.: (19 17) Mc d. I ourn , S . A fr ica , 189· l d em . and B atc h elde r, A. : ( 1930) l o ur n. Ex p. AI ed ..
M o os er, H . : (1932 ) A rch. IlIsI. Past. T un is , 21, I . 5 J, 847 .
M o os er, H. : ( 1934) l o urn . Exp. u,«, 59 , 137 · Id em , an d Casta ncda , M . R. : ( 193 J) I bid.. 53. 333·
Jf l/rray, W . A.: (19 20) S . A fr . Mcd . R ecord , N o, '. Id em, a nd Mo cch iauell a. A.: ( 1936) Ib id .. 64 . 673.
13 tJr. . .
N icollc , Cli. : ( 1932) A rch . l ns t . Past . 7 I/ 1/1S , 21. 3 2 .
l d cm : ( 1932a ) P ress e M ed .. 1627. ~ lt10untain %trl'trht'r.
Id em : ( 1933) B ull , S oc. Patli ol. E xot iqur. 2 (J. 3 1! J.
Idem: (I933a) Arch. IlIs I. Past . T ~llI is . 2 1. 349· H\' C . A. P.-\RK R oss, M .D. , D .P.H ..
l d e m : ( 1935) R e vu e d 'L nn n un ol o g i e , I. 9· Dep uty t hirj H ealth Officer. Unio n of S ou tl: A jrica ,
Idem : ( 1935a ) A rch. l nst . Pasl. T unis , 24 . 8 .
.V icoll e, Ch .. et Ci ro ud , P . : (1935 ) A rch . l nst . I'a s t . T he a ppara t us descr ibe d was des igned J)y m e and
Tun is , 24 , 47 · ha s be en in use a t the X at al Xat ioua l P a rk for t hree
Ni coll c. Ch .. cl L aig ret , f. : ( 1936) I bid . , 25. 40 . I vea l's .
Nic ollc , Cli., et Spar ro,,' , H . : ( 1935) l bid. , 24. b5· . During this time seven m ajo r accide nt ". including
Palacios , R . , Cliarcz . F ., Aucndano , 0 .. and Agllilo , fo u r co mpound frac t ures of t he leg ::nd m ultiple
f . : (19 3:;) IlIsI . Bact cri ol . Chil e.. 5. 9· inj uries . to jret h e r wit h minor mi shaps . ha ve b een
Park er , R . R .: ( 1935) l ourn. ln]. Dis .. 57. 78 . hand led on it m a inl y wit hou t profess ion : I dir ections .
Park er, R . R .. u nd U(171is, G . E. : ( 1933 ) U.S . P ubl i« M ost of t hese acc ide nts occ ur red at a heig ht o f 5,000
H ealt h R epor ts . 48. 19 · . ., feet nbo vc t he H o st el a nd a t a n a ve rage dist ance of
l 'crglu:», (; . : ( 1930 ) !I 1111. S o c. Hclge d c .lI ed . I ro t .. twelve to fourteen mil es t he ref r om . Part o f t h e
16 , 89. 2 2 7 · re t urn jo urney has alwa ys been ma de hy a rough
Pi jpcr. .4 . : (1 934) S . A I I'· M ed .. ! .. .IS. S51. t rack. hu t even when th e latter could h e used
Id em : ( 1936) Arch . IlIsI. !")as t. .' I/ II IS . 25· 388 . I bea re rs. usi ng th e st retcher on it s car r iag e , prefer
Idem . and Dau , H. : ( 1930) f . 7 ro p. Med . Hy g .. 93· to leav e it :' nd a ke sho rt-c u ts down the steep es t hill -
I
Id em : ( 1930a ) Brit. f . E xp . Path ol .. ]1. 28 7. side s. This i ~ pract icable so lon g as he te r rain is
l dcm : ( 193 1) Ibid .. 12. 123. not too steep to st and on witho ut supper a nd is
Idem : ( 1932) Ibid .. 13,33· . . prefe rred by th e patien ts . as th e rou g hn ess of th e
Idem : ( 193 w ) f . M ed . A ss. S. .·l / n ca . Il l/g . 2211d . country m akes little diffe rence to t hem .
Idem : ( 1933) Ne d. Tijds ch. " . c.e lleesk .. 77 . 2030 .
l d cm : ( 1933a) S . Afr. M cd . I .. Nov. 11th: D ES CR IPTI O :-;- .
Idem : (1934) Z trlb/. f . Bakt ., A bt . I. O rig . 133· 7·
Ide m : ( ]93S-' l ourn, of H y g .. 35. II 6 . . T h e con triva nce co ns is ts of a st retcher a nd a
Ide m, and Trou] . f . M acD . : ( 193 1) Lancet .\ m '. cnrria s;v. T he fo r me r is a m odificat io n o f that used
on th~ R and ~I ines. The latter is m odelled o n th e
28th .
Pillkert oll. H. : ( 193 ] ) f ounl. Exp . M rd .. 54 · 187 bush machilla used in Cent ral Africa . a nd T had
alread\' int r c duced a modificatio n o f it for \ :lr r ying
and 307 . . .
Idem . alld Ha ss . G . .\1. : ( 1932) Iflld .. 56 . 13 1 and di sa bl ed lepers o\'\~ r th e -tel'p mount ai n r ;lC k ~ oi
I S !.
i
Zuluh nd .
S ..\.
TY DS KRIF VI R]
GEYr.ESKUNDE ,
~\ ~ IO{ " X TAI X ST RETC H E H. l S El' l D IBF:
n 10 1938. 631
- - -- - - - - - -- - -
ST R ETC H E R .
belo w top o f rail. The m idd le support ba rs a re I in .
( ~ t' e 2 p ho tog ra phs an d 3 sca le diag rams. ) st eel ,rubll1g . t he fo ur side ba rs a re ~ in. ditto ; th ese
Co ns tru ctio n: i: in . Ph ilipp ine maho g any laid on ~ r~ riv eted to a sm all plat e in which the wheel a x le
IS inse rted int o ho les . no t slo ts. as is th e pra ctice on
~I.le cross and sc re wed to runners of as h, 2t in . x tin . bicycl e front for ks .
I hese art' sh od with co pper. T he leat her s t raps a re
,[ ! .in. . wid e. Th ei r po s ition is m ost im po rt an t a nd o pcration :
IS ind ica ted on D ia g ra m I . The shoulde r-st ra ps
a rt' pa dded a nd thread ed th rou gh th e hea d rail. A H o l~1 ca rrier horizo ntally a nd place st retche r on
t?P with r~m n e r s between guide s. Lock cla mps and
tIghten with sma ll sp anner ca r r ied a ll st retc her if
trip is a long one.
,Y ot c .- \ V hen carryini; stret cher by hand six per-
so ns a rc ad visa ble . \ Vhe n using carrier o n steep
plac es it is bes t to have six on th e st re tc her and
a no t he r six a ll o n ' ta il rop e (t wo a rc uun ece sa r v ).
I An extra sa fety-lin e round pati ent a nd under his
a rm s g-j\'es a feeling" o f co nfidence o n \'ery st ee p
place s .
On roug h grou nd t he stret ch er does not gd
bumped a t all as ca r rie rs fo llo w th e co nto u r of the
groun d a uto m at ica lly . a nd th e wheel only to uches
t he high spo ts . O n smoot he r g-ro und th e wh eel
tak es .t he wh ole weight , a nd in pla ces bearer s ca n
run. hut , as sta ted , si x ca r riers a re esse nt ia l. A
fast walk ing o r climb ing pa ce can be maint ained
~=~~~~~~~===~~::!!5:!!:::::::~~~~~~==:!~ I without t he u neudurahl e fatig-lJ(' incid ent al to
stretc he r-ca r ry ing by hand, -
long pe rineal st ra p pas sed throug h t he same ra il is
re com m en ded all th e i\[ines . but we hav e no t used Ex cept o n slo pes to o stee p to 1Il 0\"l~ on with out '
o urs . a nd ha ve no t shown it o n eit he r diagram or using han ds. it is a lwa vs pref c ra hle to use t he ca r r ier
.photograph. com ple te .
Ope ratioll : Rem o ve stretche r fro m fra me.
T u g et ex te nsio n in leg fr actures use the body-
we ight by raising foot e nd of st retche r and tying
fo ot o r ankle t o foot rail. Apply splints if desired,
tie leg s together, wr ap in eiderdow n. affix leg a nd
shoulde r st ra ps a nd pu ll tigh tly (pa ti ents always pre -
fer thi ). T hen pad up wit h blankets and fix body
strap, tying a r m s in if desired .
Apply p erinea l st rap if des ired . Our pat ien ts have
usually object ed to it.
For h ea d injuries. high ha nd les (e .g . , 9 in . a bo ve
•
deck ) would be a n ad vantace a nd would allo w of
s t retcher rolling rig ht o v~r ' with out da ma g l' to
face . O u r handles a r e low er, as sho wn , a nd a re
made of lig ht co pper tubing screwed to ru nne rs .
It is advi sable to attach to st r etc he r a set o f in-
s tr uc tio ns fo r dealing with pinal injury . (W e us e
e
t he et g ot out for th e R and Mines , Co py enc lo sed . )
N o te: When properly fixed it ma kes no difference
to injuri es wh ether patient is turned upside down
o r face downwards. a nd in coming down stee p
place persons wit h leg inju ry usually prefer to he P at ie nt s. well padded up wit h eiderd o wns . in-
hrought down head first. varia bly s ta le th a t they a re m ore co m fo rtable o n th e
m o ve on t he stre tc he r a nd ca r ria ue tha n t hev were
T HE C A R R IAGE : while waiting transport. a nd no ~m o r p h i a has been
u ed fo r th e last six fr a ctures. t hree o f which were
S pecijication , This requires little desc ript io n as co m po und .
de ta ils a re s ho wn o n di ag ram .
Ge ne ra l construct ion i of ash . The wheel is a Durban .
standa rd moto r bicycle one a nd it s ce ntre is 20 in . zot h J un e , 1938 .