Chapter 8: Learning 1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the 2. Jimmy was frightened by a
Watch & Learn
dog’s salivation to the bell is the: barking dog. For the next few
months, he was afraid of all dogs.
Reinforce Think! • A) unconditioned stimulus. This is an example of:
Me
• B) unconditioned response. • A) stimulus generalization.
Animals • C) conditioned stimulus. • B) stimulus discrimination.
Learn
Those Kids!
• D) conditioned response. • C) unconditioned response.
• D) unconditioned stimulus.
3. After repeatedly presenting the 4. Once extinction has occurred, 5. Which of the following would be an
the CR may return if enough time example of Classical Conditioning
CS without the UCS, the CR will
has passed. This is an example of: being applied to practical problems?
gradually disappear. This is called:
• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail.
• A) extinguished reaction. • A) spontaneous remission. • B) using methadone for heroin addicts.
• B) extinction. • B) stimulus generalization. • C) applying electric shock to
• C) spontaneous recovery. depressed patients.
• C) stimulus discrimination.
• D) conditioned recurrence. • D) giving alcoholics a drug to make
• D) stimulus neutralization.
them sick if they drink.
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is 7. In ____, a response is 8. Even when punishment changes
reinforced with monetary winnings strengthened in order to avoid behavior, it has several drawbacks,
on a _____ schedule. something unpleasant. including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
• A) punishment.
• A) fixed-interval correct response.
• B) negative reinforcement.
• B) variable-interval • B) punishment may result in fear of
• C) partial reinforcement. the one punishing.
• C) fixed-ratio
• D) positive reinforcement. • C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) variable-ratio
• D) all of the above.
1
9. Resistance to extinction is most 10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat 11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
out of your hand, you would place some backward because he noticed his
strongly encouraged by _____
bird seed closer and closer to you until it
reinforcement. older brother does so. This illustrates
finally had to come to your hand. This is
called:
the importance of:
• A) intermittent
• B) delayed • A) intermittent reinforcement. • A) respondent behavior.
• C) continuous • B) shaping. • B) immediate reinforcement.
• D) negative • C) partial reinforcement. • C) shaping.
• D) continuous reinforcement. • D) modeling.
12. Albert Bandura contends that 13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll 14. Research on children viewing
most human behavior: experiment, he demonstrated: violence on TV is related to their own
aggressive behavior in that:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
aggressive behavior. • A) there is only a “modest”
• B) children will imitate aggressive correlation.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and
behavior just by observing it. • B) there is no real correlation
error.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will between the two.
• C) is reinforced through positive
not imitate aggressive behavior.
conditioning. • C) its effects are only temporary.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
• D) is planned out and not accidental. • D) there is a positive and
behavior is reinforced with candy.
statistically significant correlation.
15. Based on what researchers have 16. After a week at college, Kim has 17. The fact that learning can occur
found about the effect of modeling on formed a mental representation of the without reinforcement is most clearly
behavior, layout of the campus and no longer demonstrated by studies of:
• A) we can decrease violence in our society if gets lost. She has developed a:
we decrease the amount of violence on TV.
• A) shaping.
• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we • A) visual memory. • B) latent learning.
increase the amount of pro-social behavior on • B) perceptual delineation. • C) spontaneous recovery.
TV.
• C) cognitive map. • D) computer-assisted instruction.
• C) all of the above.
• D) retinal disparity.
• D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change
the way people behave.
2
18. The desire to engage in an 19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for 20. According to Thorndike’s Law of
activity for the sake of its own food than to train it to stand on its hind Effect, when responses are followed
enjoyment involves: legs for food. This best illustrates the by something unpleasant:
importance of ______ in learning.
• A) spontaneous reinforcers. • A) the response is strengthened.
• B) spontaneous recovery. • A) primary reinforcement • B) the unpleasant stimulus is
• C) intrinsic motivation. • B) generalization avoided.
• D) latent learning. • C) negative reinforcers • C) the response is weakened.
• D) biological predispositions • D) the CR is extinguished.
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding 22. By pushing vending machine buttons, 23. For purposes of effective child-
cars may also begin to fear speeding children often learn that this action is rearing, most psychologists favor the
trucks and motorcycles. This best associated with the delivery of a candy
bar. This best illustrates the process
use of _____ over _____.
illustrates:
underlying: • A) shaping; modeling
• A) generalization. • B) reinforcement; punishment
• A) latent learning.
• B) secondary reinforcement. • B) intermittent reinforcement. • C) spontaneous recovery;
• C) shaping. extinction
• C) spontaneous recovery.
• D) latent learning. • D) negative reinforcement;
• D) operant conditioning.
positive reinforcement
24: A child’s fear at the sight of a 25. In explaining juvenile Answers
hypodermic needle is a(n): delinquency, B.F. Skinner would
1. D 9. A 17. B 25. C
most likely have emphasized:
• A) conditioned response. 2. A 10. B 18. C
• B) unconditioned stimulus. • A) inherited predispositions. 3. B 11. D 19. D
• B) unconscious conflicts. 4. C 12. A 20. C
• C) conditioned stimulus. 5. D 13. B 21. A
• D) unconditioned response. • C) faulty child-rearing practices.
6. D 14. D 22. D
• D) a lack of moral values in 7. B 15. C 23. B
contemporary society.
8. D 16. C 24. A
3