Treatment New Zealand mudsnails didymo chytrid fungus z/q mussels whirling disease Possible?
bleach not effective 8 2% (800 ppm) for 1 min2 20% for 30 sec or 7% for 10 min2 rinse with 0.5%7,6 1% for 10 min7 No
vinegar unknown not recommended6 no data 24 hour soak6 no data No
formula 409 - antibacterial 1 6 2 no data 6 No
full strength, 10 min exposure likely effective effective unknown concentration 50% mixture for 10 min
formula
sparquat 256 3.1% or higher, 10 min1 1.2% for 1 min7 effective unknown concentration2 no data7 3% 10-15 min7 No
Quat 128 4.6% for 10 min7 2% for 1 min7 0.15% for 30 seconds7 no data 4.4% 10-15 min7 No
benzethonium chloride 5,8 unknown unknown unknown 6 No
1,940 mg/l for 5 min effective but uknown concentration
or exposure time
hot water 120-130° F for 5 min6 (time starts 60° C for 1 min7 60° C for 5 min; 47 C° for 30 min; 37° 60° C for 3 min 7,6 90° C for 10 min7; >75°C for 5 min16 Yes
when all gear is at temperature); 50 C for 4 hours3
18
C° for 15 seconds
cold 0° C minimum 4 hours6 (time starts 0° C minimum 4 hours6 unknown 0° C minimum 4 hours6 minus 20° C 4 hours6, minus 20° Maybe
when gear is thoroughly frozen) 105min16; article suggests that
freezing may not completely
inactivate cells17
drying 48 hours at low humidity (completely 48 hours sunlight best4,7 be dry 3 hrs, in sunlight best7 dry 3-5 days, sunlight best7 24 hrs, sunlight best7 Maybe
dry at least 24 hours)5
dry heat spray with soap/detergent/formula unknown unknown unknown unknown No
409 and dry at low humidity and >
84° F for 24 hours, or 104° F for 2
hours6
salt not efective6 5% solution for 1 min4,6 2 min @ 10% or 5 min @ 5% 12 not effective6 unknown6 No
potassium chloride 100% mortality at 24,500 mg/L for 4 unknown unknown 200 ppm reported to kill adults and unknown Yes
hours 10 veligers, not sure of exposure time6
ECOTOX website lists LC50 values for
1 and 2 day exposures 13
dish detergent not effective6 5% Palmolive or Sunlight for 1 min, unknown unknown unknown No
longer for absorbant material (felt)6
copper sulfate 252 mg/l for 5 min5,8 unknown unknown LC50 (4000-5000 ug/L) exp 48 h. 14 unknown No
Potassium permanganate 50%Survival at 200 ppm for 5 min 8; unknown 10 minutes in 1-2% solution12 LC50 (40,000 ug/L) reported for 2 day unknown ?
100% mortality at 100,000 ppm for exposure on ECOTOX 13. LT50 (7.2
15 min 9; 95% mortality at 272 mg/L days) for conc 1060-2150 ug/L (14.)
for 4 hours 10
Iodophore Presumed ineffective 11 unknown unknown no data Requires high concentrations ?
povidone-iodine (50% for 1 hour)16
Bayluscide 100% mortality at 8200 ug/L for 4 unknown unknown LD90 reported for 1 day exposure to unknown ?
hours 10 37 ug/L 13
Hydrogen Peroxide 100% mortality at 7500 ppm for 15 unknown unknown Lethal 72h at 30,000 ug/L; LT50=28h. Requires high concentrations (10% No
minutes9 14 for 10 min)16
Trigene, F10, betadine unknown unknown Effective, requires only small amount unknown Tested povidone-iodine (betadine) -
disinfectants of concentrate (authors prefer requires high concentrations (50% for
Trigene or F10) 15 1 hour)16
for waders, consider eliminating felt soles and switching to something like Rubber or Aqua stealth soles with studs
1
Schisler, G. J. N. K. Vieira, P. G. Walker. 2008. Application of household disinfectants to control New Zealand Mudsnails. N. Amer. J. of Fish Manage. 28:1172-1176.
2 www.fs.fed.us/r4/resources/aquatic/guidelines/chemical_tech_final.xls
3'Main preventative management strategies for the Chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ' http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/batden/man.pdf
4 Maryland DNR www.dnr.state.md.us/dnrnews/pressrelease2008/052808.html
5 'How to prevent the spread of New Zealand mudsnails through field gear' seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sgpubs/onlinepubs.html
6
trout unlimited website http://www.westdenvertu.org/snails.htm
7 Preventing spread of aquatic invasive organisms common to the Intermountain Region 2008 guidance http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/resources/aquatic/guidelines/aq_invasives_interim_fire_guidance08_final.pdf
8 Controlling the spread of New Zealand Mud Snails on Wading Gear. 2005. Hosea, R. C. and B. Finlayson, Ca DFG, pdf file; http://www.calaverasriver.com/CDFG_nzms_final_report.pdf
9 http://wildlife.utah.gov/fes/pdf/volume_19-2.pdf
10 P-2454 NZMS single cpd tests.doc (CA Dept of Fish and Game Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory Report. Lab No P2454. 2007)
11
Email from Pam Meecham, Oct 29, 2008. (WDFW invasive species specialist)
12 Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants … on chytrid … Johnson et al. 2003. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Vol 57.
chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
13 http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
14 PAN pesticide database (http://www.pesticideinfo.org)
15 Dis Aquat Organ. 2007 Feb Additional disinfectants effective against amphibian chytrid fungus
16 Physical and chemical effects on viability of the Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxon, WAGNER;SMITH;ARNDT;ROBERTS, Diseases of aquatic organisms, 2003, vol. 53, no2, pp. 133-142
17 Effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation, chlorine, and quaternary ammonium treatments on the infectivity of myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis for Tubifex tubifex. Hedrick et al 2008 Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20: 116-125
18 Effect of acute exposure to chlorine, copper sulfate, and heat on survival of new Zealand mud snails. 2003 Dwyer, W.P., B. L. Kerans, and M. M. Gangloff. Intermountain Journal of Sciences
Notes
Not effective on NZMS; hard on
equipment
Effectiveness doubtful or soak time
too long
Contains ammonia: sample
contamination issue
Contains ammonia: sample
contamination issue
Contains ammonia: sample
contamination issue
Contains ammonia: sample
contamination issue; need info for
Z/QM
Implementation difficulties; Z/QM
exposure time?
Can't reliably maintain low
temperatures in the field, but might
be useful overnight.
Insufficient time; would require
multiple sets of gear
Low humidity?
Not effective on NZMS or Z/QM, may
damage equipment
High concentrations required
Not Effective
Sample and environmental
contamination issues
Did we decided this was too
expensive at the required
concentration?