Functional Groups
• Active portion of the
molecule that
determines what
properties that
compound has.
Functional Groups:
Hydroxyl (OH)
Make the molecule it is attached to polar
(soluble in water)
Functional Groups:
Carboxyl Group (COOH)
Functional Groups:
Amino (NH2)
Functional Groups:
Phosphate (PO4)
Many
monomers
join to
form
polymers
Large polymers
are called
macromolecules
Dehydration
(Condensation Reaction)
Building
polymers…
• Monomers link together
to form chains of
polymers
• Each time monomer is
added to chain, a water
molecule is released =
Dehydration
Condensation Reactions
take water out to join molecules
Hydrolysis
Breaking
polymers…
• Water used to break
polymer
• H20 breaks bond
linking each monomer
• Reverse of
dehydration
Hydrolysis Reactions
add water & split molecules apart
ATP!
• Energy for cells
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Break ATP by hydrolysis (adding H20)
• Releases energy when third “P”
(phosphate) pops off
Foods we eat do not
contain ATP that our
cells can use
Food must be digested first
Digestion breaks
down food into
smaller molecules
(carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins) our cells use
to make ATP
ATP
What happens
to ATP for its
energy to be
released?
A phosphate group needs to be
removed.
ATP becomes ADP
What does ATP become
when it loses a
phosphate?
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
Energy is released when
the bond holding third
phosphate group is
broken.
ATP ADP
Full wallet
Nearly empty wallet
Hi Energy!
Low Energy!
How does ADP turn back to ATP?
By adding a
phosphate group
The Big Picture
Which is ATP and which is ADP?
ATP
ADP
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