THE NATION’S NEWSPAPER 2006
Collegiate
Case
Study www.usatodayeducation.com
House approves amendment
Freedom
to protect U.S. flag
By Andrea Stone 2-3
Whither academic freedom?
By G. Jeffrey MacDonald 3-4
of Speech
Following the July 2005 terrorist strikes in Britain, a law was
How free should speech be at introduced limiting extremist speech. This law reflects the
campus games? sentiment of British citizens that British society has been overly
tolerant of free speech, paving the way for terrorist extremism.
By Erik Brady 4-6 The proposed law would make “extremist speech” a crime.
In the United States, as the September 11 attacks recede from
recent memory, U.S. citizens have begun to feel safer and their
First Amendment gains support for freedom of speech has risen. Even though there is
support as fears ease vocal support for freedom of speech in the U.S., many citizens
and elected representatives continue to support curbs on
By Mark Memmott 6-7 speech that they consider offensive, including flag burning,
ideology in schools, and offensive language in the public
Additional Resources domain.
7 This case study explores freedom of speech and current
issues involved in balancing freedom of speech against limits
protecting the broader social good.
World
Blair: Extremists no longer welcome in UK
the government determines are not
Crackdown on radicals redefines acting in the “public good.” The new
grounds for deportation and exclusion
rules of deportations, free speech include fostering hatred, advocating
violence to further a person’s beliefs or
By Donna Leinwand through political activism. The party on justifying or validating such violence.
USA TODAY its website and in pamphlets denounces Blair says radical Muslim groups have
Britain and the United States as taken advantage of tolerant policies to set
“crusaders” bent on destroying Islam. up hate groups on British soil. In a news
LONDON — The Hizb ut-Tahrir Party Now, a month after four bombers conference Friday, he mentioned two by
wants to bring Islamic rule to the world attacked London’s transportation system, name: Hizb ut-Tahrir and its related
one country at a time. killing themselves and 52 others, Blair has organization, Al Muhajiroun.
But Prime Minister Tony Blair vows that announced a crackdown on extremism. Blair says the government will compile
won’t happen from its offices in Britain. The policy, which is based on existing a list of extremist websites, bookstores,
The Islamic organization has operated government powers, more sharply networks, centers and organizations.
freely in Britain for more than 20 years, defines the boundaries of free speech “Active engagement with any of these
writing, leafleting and rousing the faithful and broadens the grounds for deporting will be a trigger” for deportation, he said.
to over throw secular governments and excluding people from Britain who Such deportations may violate the
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country’s human rights and free speech found that Britons suppor t strong group by the U.S. government. He has said
protections, says Gareth Crossman, government actions to prevent another he would be willing to blow himself up for
director of policy for Liber ty, a civil attack. A survey of 1,506 adults for The the Palestinian cause. Hizb ut-Tahrir has
liberties organization in Britain. If the Times of London by the polling company called on Muslims to go to Afghanistan and
deportations are challenged in court and Populus found that 60% suppor ted Iraq to fight the United States and its allies.
the courts reject them, Blair says he would deporting foreign Muslims who speak in Spokesman for these groups denied that
consider asking Parliament to rewrite support of suicide bombings or encourage their activities crossed the line into
Britain’s human rights law to more closely extremism. incitement. The new rules, they said, may
parallel the European treaty on human “It’s made us question whether we’re instead drive more people toward
rights, under which other European too multicultural,” says Aleksandra extremism by limiting outlets for them to
governments, such as France and Olenska, a fashion editor in London and a vent their frustration with British society
Germany, have deported radical clerics. British citizen. and politics.
“The rules of the game are changing,” Josh Bull, 35, an Australian who has “This is a blurring of the margins of
Blair said Friday. lived in London for seven years, says he people who are engaged in non-violent
Britain has a histor y of welcoming enjoys the city's cultural mix, but says political speech, an attempt to bunch
people whose unpopular views have Britain needs to draw a line. “I think where them in with extremists and terrorists,”
forced them out of their home countries. the British have screwed up is allowing all Hizb ut-Tahrir spokesman Imran Waheed
London, in particular, has become home those hate preachers,” Bull says. says. “In fact, we are directing people’s
to so many Muslim organizations that Under the new rules, several highly anger and frustration into political work.”
some columnists have dubbed it visible groups and clerics also may be Waheed denies that the party uses “hate
“Londonistan.” subject to monitoring, and possibly speech.”
Britain had already rejected similar anti- banned, such as the Muslim Association of Hizb ut-Tahrir has been described by the
terrorism laws after the Sept. 11, 2001, Britain and cleric Omar Bakri Muhammad. British government as non-violent, but
attacks on New York City and Washington, Bakri, a Syrian who was granted asylum anti-Semitic and anti-Western.
finding some inconsistent with its values. in Britain after he wasdeported from Saudi The Muslim Association of Britain said it
The courts had also struck down on Arabia in 1985, has said in speeches in had “grave concern” about Blair’s
human rights grounds some previous London’s main square that he won’t rest announcement. It reiterated its
attempts at deportations. until the flag of Islam flies over No. 10 condemnation of terrorism that targets
Blair, however, is betting that the Downing Street, the prime minister’s “innocent people,” including the London
country has changed its mind after two official residence. bombings.
attacks in one month. “The mood is now Azzam Tamimi, spokesman for the “I actually have a moderating influence,
different,” Blair said. Muslim Association of Britain, supports rather than radicalizing influences,”
Polls conducted after the bombings Hamas, which is considered a terrorist Tamimi says of his writings and speeches.
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Washington
House approves amendment to protect U.S. flag
By Andrea Stone failed four times to get out of the Senate Democrats Hillary Rodham
USA TODAY Senate. Clinton of New York and Ken Salazar of
Those on both sides of the issue say Colorado have never voted on the
WASHINGTON — A constitutional this may be the year. Vote counts by issue, but each stated positions in their
amendment to ban desecration of the the Citizens Flag Alliance, which campaigns. During her 2000 race,
U.S. flag moved closer to reality supports the amendment, and the Clinton said she opposed a flag
Wednesday when the House of American Civil Liberties Union, which amendment. On Wednesday, she
Representatives passed it 286-130. opposes it, show the Senate could be repeated her opposition but endorsed
It was the seventh time the House only two votes shy of the 67 needed to legislation to outlaw desecration.
has approved an amendment since the send the measure to the states for Salazar told the United Veterans
U.S. Supreme Cour t over turned a ratification. Committee of Colorado last year that
Texas law in 1989 and the next year “I’m optimistic this Senate will find he supported the amendment. He
ruled the federal Flag Protection Act the handful of votes we’ve lacked in now says he plans to “study it hard.”
unconstitutional. Although the bill has the past to protect the American flag,” The amendment reads, “The
been endorsed by all 50 states, it has Sen. John Thune, R-S.D., said. Congress shall have power to prohibit
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the physical desecration of the flag of more than just star-studded fabric.” religion may not be far behind.”
the United States.” Supporters say the Opponents warn the amendment A Senate vote has not been
flag should be protected because it would alter the Bill of Rights to scheduled. Debates on Social Security
symbolizes the freedoms many have exclude an expression of free speech. and a possible Supreme Cour t
died to defend. Flag burning “is a It “elevates a symbol of freedom over vacancy could take precedence. Two-
challenge to the institution that freedom itself,” Rep. John Conyers, D- thirds of the House and Senate must
defends liberty,” Rep. Phil Gingrey, R- Mich., said. “Once we decide to limit approve the amendment. Three-
Ga., said. “Our flag deserves to be freedom of speech, limitations on fourths, or 38, of the states must
respected and protected because it is freedom of the press and freedom of ratify it.
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Whither academic freedom?
State legislatures speaking classes solely because
she argued a conser vative
viewpoint in her assignments. A
are battleground state law, she says, would provide
an avenue of recourse when a
as divisive issue student feels victimized on the
basis of her political beliefs.
gains momentum “It takes away from my college
experience at Penn State if I have
By G. Jeffrey MacDonald to constantly be worrying about
Special for USA TODAY these things,” says Cangelosi,
head of the Penn State College
College students who say they can’t Republicans. If the state had a
safely express conservative views on law, she says, “then someone
campus are taking their case to a setting from the state could step in.” By Shawn Spence for USA TODAY
they hope will be more hospitable: state But Beth White, a junior at Point: Beth White of Indiana State University fears
legislatures. Indiana State University, sees the that a proposed bill could cur tail educators’
But as lawmakers collect testimony and bill in her state as a threat to an freedom of speech.
weigh what to do, advocacy groups say educational process that depends
the real danger looms in legislative on free, fearless discussion of
proposals that could, if passed, make ideas.
professors afraid to raise controversial “The state shouldn’t have to get
issues in class. involved,” White says. “That
This year, lawmakers in at least 14 states would compromise the openness
have introduced bills that would limit of the institution if there were
what instructors can discuss in class and these guidelines hanging over
establish grievance procedures for everyone’s heads.”
students who take offense. A federal Proposals from Colorado to
resolution has been introduced in the U.S. Maine trace their origins to
House. conser vative activist David
Legislators in Tennessee, Ohio, Maine Horowitz and Students for
and Florida have summoned students to Academic Freedom, a group he
hearings. In Florida, one bill has the founded in 2003.
endorsement of two House committees. His goal, he says, was originally By Doug Nicotera for USA TODAY
Both sides say their goal is to defend to persuade colleges and
universities to take steps on their Counterpoint: Penn State’s Vicky Cangelosi backs a
freedom of speech on college campuses.
Whether laws would help or hinder that own to diversify the flow of ideas bill that could punish instructors for political bias in
goal, however, is a matter of sharp debate. on what he regards as grading.
Vicky Cangelosi, a junior at Pennsylvania predominantly liberal campuses. policy changes, he says, he sought
State University, says she’s received poor But when administrators wouldn’t legislation.
grades in women’s studies and public acknowledge problems or make internal Though proposals vary slightly from
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state to state, core principles remain the and start believing that this horrible the very act of purporting to protect it.”
same. In Ohio, for instance, a bill would situation for many of them will be Supporters of the bill argue that it
bar faculty or instructors from changed, and they will get active,” would actually broaden the range of
“introducing controversial matter into the Horowitz says. “And that’s exactly what's political speech on campus. Horowitz says
classroom or coursework that has no happening.” students would no longer be powerless,
relation to their subject of study and that Not everyone, however, believes the for instance, when a biology professor
ser ves no legitimate pedagogical proposals are innocuous. In Ohio, where holds a screening of Michael Moore’s film
purpose.” Ohio’s state colleges and the state bill has met stiff resistance from Fahrenheit 9/11, as one reportedly did in
universities would also have to create “a a coalition of multiple interests, the Pennsylvania on the eve of the 2004
grievance procedure by which a student, American Civil Liberties Union warns that election.
faculty member, or instructor may seek it still has a chance to become law and Even if this round of proposed
redress for an alleged violation.” produce a climate where professors feel legislation fizzles, the effort is not over.
The effort has seen modest success so intimidated. Horowitz believes that as many as 30
far. Georgia last year passed a non-binding “If a professor is concerned that he or state legislatures could ultimately be
resolution supporting such principles, and she may not get tenure for teaching fer tile ground for the measure.
four Colorado schools embraced them in a something controversial, they may just Meanwhile, supporters have begun to
2004 memorandum of understanding. But decide not to teach it, and that’s then champion the same cause of politics-free
California defeated its bill last year and chilling speech,” says Ohio ACLU staff education in K-12 public schools. There as
again this year, and the fate of proposals in attorney Carrie Davis. well, he says, legislation may become
other states this year is far from certain. The American Association of University necessary. “I’ll go to the (local) school
Still, Horowitz says passing laws isn’t Professors has resisted the legislative board” first, Horowitz says, “and see what
the only goal. “If I go to the legislatures, effort, saying the so-called Academic Bill I get.”
this will become news, students will think of Rights “infringes academic freedom in
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How free should speech be at campus games?
Legal rights and civility The NCA A provides member institutions with sample
announcements to be read before games urging fans to be good
clash at sporting events sports and warning that they can be ejected. And though fans
are sometimes tossed for throwing objects or for drunkenness,
they are less often expelled for language.
By Erik Brady “This issue is critical in the sense that crowd behavior puts a
USA TODAY public face on the image of a university,” says John Swofford,
commissioner of the Atlantic Coast Conference, which includes
COLLEGE PARK, Md. — You can’t shout “fire!” in a crowded Maryland and Duke.
theater. But can you shout a different F-word in a crowded John Anderson, the Maryland assistant attorney general who
arena? is researching the matter, says school officials asked whether
This is an open question at the University of Maryland, where they could eject students from games for chanting obscenities or
many students believe that they have a constitutional right to for wearing T-shirts imprinted with them. Anderson says he is
talk dirty. Hundreds shouted obscenities early and often during a looking at case law and preparing an answer but isn’t sure how
men’s basketball game last month against hated rival Duke. The soon he’ll have an answer.
chants aired live on national TV and have emerged as another Meantime, Maryland is trying moral suasion. President
pitched battle in the civil war over the coarsening of the culture. C.D. Mote Jr. wrote a letter to the school newspaper last week
Each time Duke guard J.J. Redick stepped to the foul line asking for better behavior. Maryland coach Gary Williams took a
Jan. 21, many students chanted, “(Expletive) you, J.J.!” — an ugly microphone and appealed to the crowd before Sunday’s home
intersection of free speech and free throws. loss to North Carolina State, a game in which fans mostly
Maryland athletic officials say they are unable to eject behaved. History suggests asking nicely is not a long-term fix.
students who do this because the university is a public Maryland spent $30,000 last school year on a campuswide
institution that plays its basketball games in a public sportsmanship campaign.
facility — and is thus bound by the First Amendment of Cover Foul-mouthed sports fans are nothing new. Williams
the Constitution. But last week, after hearing widespread says his Terrapins are the targets of profane verbal abuse
complaints, school officials asked the state attorney
general for guidance.
Story almost everywhere they go. The notion that everyone
does it is more indictment than defense, but Williams is
Can public schools discipline their students for vituperative right that the problem is national in scope:
language? Or does civil liberty trump civility on campus these v University of North Dakota President Charles Kupchella met
days? with the student senate this week to ask for its help in stopping
Colleges across the country are struggling with similar issues. hockey fans from shouting obscenities.
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v University of Cincinnati coach Bob Huggins said this week But Hall says the Maryland case is not a close call. He believes
that his team heard more profanity in its game at crosstown rival public universities have not only a right to eject students who
Xavier two seasons ago than at any time in his career, and if it had chant obscenities but a responsibility to do so in consideration of
not been for the longtime nature of the rivalry, he might not have others’ rights to watch a game in a safe setting. Hall says students
should be warned first, then have their tickets pulled.
played there again. When the schools met Tuesday at Xavier,
“I think that’s legally justifiable and sustainable,” Hall says.
students traded blue language for faces painted blue and some “There are two interesting and controlling factors. First, the
held gently mocking signs. One said: “Welcome Fellow Scholars.” process of admission to an athletic event is a license, which can
v Last summer, the Big Ten adopted a rule that bans student be revoked. Second, there is an exemption to the First
sections from singling out individual players for verbal abuse. Amendment for ‘fighting words’ used to tr y to incite or
Iowa coach Steve Alford complained last week that forward intimidate.” Hall says racial slurs are hate speech but that this
Pierre Pierce has been a target in several games this season. type of profanity at ballgames is something else: “uncivilized
utterances accelerated by sporting enthusiasm.”
Free speech ‘paradoxical’ Anderson, who is in charge of the Maryland attorney general’s
educational affairs division, says the university has used Cohen v.
Kermit Hall, president of Utah State University, is an expert on California for guidance. The 1971 case involved a man arrested
First Amendment issues. He says free speech at public for wearing a jacket in a courthouse hallway that said “(Expletive)
universities is “at once the most obvious and the most the draft.” The U.S. Supreme Court ruled it was protected speech.
paradoxical of constitutional principles” — obvious because the “Maybe that case answers it,” Anderson says. “But there are
role of open expression is essential to academic freedom and distinctions between that case” and what happens in a sports
paradoxical because it must be balanced against imperatives for arena, where speech is rarely political. “That’s why I would be
civility and respect. loath to say that Cohen is a stopper.”
Anderson says he will research other cases and will consider
points of view similar to Hall’s. But he adds
that the answer might be different for
Big Ten’s last resort on taunting: colleges in different sections of the country.
“College Park exists in a highly litigious
Disbanding student sections culture right outside of Washington, D.C.,”
he says, and may be more susceptible to
The Big Ten Conference passed a rule pressure on their student sections to suits over free speech than colleges
last summer that it hopes will rein in stop. If the behavior persists, the schools elsewhere.
students who taunt individual opposing will be named publicly and have one What of in loco parentis, a concept that
players. more chance. Delany says dissolving says colleges should act in place of
“We’re aware that the use of student sections is more than fair as a students’ parents? Wouldn’t Mom wash
obscenities at games is a big issue in last resort. “If we don’t do that, when out her sociology major’s mouth with soap
certain places,” Big Ten Commissioner these students sit in prime locations for talk like that? “Colleges have shed that
Jim Delany says. “No one feels good close to the court, then we’re enabling role over the last 20 years,” Anderson says.
about it.” them to do what they’re doing.” “Students are more customers now than
Most despicable, though, Delany says, Illinois fans harassed Iowa’s Pierre they are in custodial care. And they are
are those occasions when student Pierce on Jan. 17, chanting “No means more conscious of their rights.”
sections target one player with a piece of no!” whenever he touched the ball.
personal information. “It could be a Pierce pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor Students support right to curse
player whose mother had a DUI, for charge of assault causing injury in 2002;
example. They harass an 18-, 19- or 20- he originally had been charged with Many Maryland students feel they have
year-old kid for two hours. That's not felony sexual assault. He was sentenced a right to drop F-bombs in public if the
right. If we can’t address that, we’ve got a to one year of probation and sat out last spirit moves them.
problem.” season. Sunday, when the Terrapins played their
The conference devised a three-strike Iowa coach Steve Alford complained to next home game after the Duke contest,
system. The first time a school’s student the Big Ten after the Illinois game. “I USA TODAY canvassed a dozen students in
section trespasses on the rule, the school didn’t do anything about it other than front-row seats at the Comcast Center.
is warned privately. The second time it is report to the conference,” Alford told The Most said, yes, they participated in the
warned publicly. And the third time it is Des Moines Register. “Now action needs obscene chants and, yes, they believe they
required to disband the section. to be taken” during games. “It’s the have a free-speech right to do so. But, no,
“That’s not a free speech issue,” Delany obligation of the Big Ten” and its schools they don’t plan to do it now that Williams
says. “No one has a constitutional right to make sure that the rule is followed. has asked them not to — at least until Duke
to attend a basketball game.” Pierce says he expected this sort of comes again next season, when they just
Delany says a couple of Big Ten schools thing when he decided to return to the might.
have been warned privately. He declined team. “Coach says I have to block that “If you can’t curse at a basketball game,
to name them — “or else it isn’t private.” stuff out,” he told The Register, “because what’s next, a curfew?” asked freshman
He says those schools are putting playing in the Big Ten is tough enough.” pre-med major Russell Rosenblatt, wearing
a red fright wig. “We’re paying them for an
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education, not to tell us what we can say at a basketball game.” says. “You’re electing to come to school here, and this is part of
Freshman animal science major Lauren Schick said students what you’re buying into.”
have a right to chant obscenities, “but we’re not going to do it DiJulia doesn’t want to come off holier than thou: “Every
anymore. We’re really not like that.” school has its lunatic fringe. We have ours. But we’re going to
Sophomore marketing major Matt Ursino is. He wore a T- deal with problems” even if it means lawsuits on free-speech
shirt to Sunday’s game with two four-letter words, one of grounds, for which he says private schools also can be sued.
which was Duke. He said he would go along with Williams’ DiJulia says he doesn’t think that will happen. He figures
plea not to chant obscenities anymore, but he planned to keep most who chant obscenities appreciate the anonymity of the
wearing his shirt. arena. “If they want to be identified in open court,” he says, “I
What about the rights of fans who bring their children to say bring it on.”
games? “You can't shield children from everything,” Ursino Williams, the Maryland coach, says his school is unfairly
says. Fans with kids “have the right to say anything they want, singled out. He says his team hears terrible things, too, much of
and we have the same right to say anything we want. The it directed at D.J. Strawberry, a freshman forward whose father,
games are for the students more than anyone else.” Darryl, struggled with drug problems during his years in pro
That kind of sentiment is troubling to Ron Stratton, the baseball.
NCAA’s vice president for educational services. He says game “I’m not going to get into comparing schools,” the ACC’s
management is left to individual schools except during the Swofford says. “But when vulgarity is in unison, and when
NCAA tournament, “but we are trying to get the message out vulgarity on shir ts is in unison, I don't think that’s
that there are better ways to support your team” than by commonplace. And that’s where the people at Maryland got
embarrassing it with off-color words. concerned. We are institutions of higher learning. It is
important we all try to set higher standards.”
Some schools eject, some don’t
The University of Pennsylvania is a private school that says it
does not discipline students for foul language at athletic events.
Carla Zighelboim, Penn’s director of athletic communications,
says representatives of the school’s Committee on Open
Expression attend games to ensure that security personnel do
not infringe on free speech, even when it’s foul.
Saint Joseph’s University, across town in Philadelphia, is a
private school that does eject students for naughty words.
Athletics director Don DiJulia says about half a dozen have
been tossed this season. “If you can’t say it in the classroom,
the library or the chapel, you can’t say it in the gym,” DiJulia
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Washington
First Amendment gains
support as fears ease
By Mark Memmott and religion. Support for those rights had rights it guarantees” has fallen
USA TODAY flagged in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. dramatically. In 2002, the year after the
“A ‘reset’ that we first started to see last terrorist attacks, which killed nearly 3,000
Shocked by the 9/11 attacks, many year continues,” said Gene Policinski, people, almost 50% of those polled said
Americans worried afterward that the executive director of the First the amendment goes too far. This year,
nation was too free to be safe from Amendment Center, the non-partisan
just 23% felt that way.
terrorists. education and information organization
Those fears are easing, poll results due that sponsored the survey. Among the v The number of people who say they
to be released today indicate. They show highlights from the national survey of want to know more about what the
renewed suppor t for the First 1,003 adults, conducted May 13-23: federal government is doing in the war on
Amendment of the Constitution and the v The percentage of people who say terrorism continues to rise, from 40% in
protections it gives to speech, the media the First Amendment “goes too far in the 2002 to 52% this year. “As the war has
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gone on and the critics have gotten some “I think people are inclined to support the
Some rights less known idea of a free press but are also very critical
People’s responses when asked traction with their arguments, more people
what rights are guaranteed by the are saying they want more information” of its practices,” said Policinski, a former
First Amendment: and are less concerned about the need for editor at USA TODAY.
Freedom of speech
secrecy, Policinski said.
63%
Pollsters David Yalof and Ken Dautrich of
Freedom of religion
the firm New England Survey Research
20%
Associates conducted the survey for the
Freedom of the press
center. Each result in the survey has a
16%
margin of error of +/–3 percentage points,
Right of assembly/association
14%
the pollsters estimate.
Right to petition
Other polls in recent weeks support the
3%
notion that for many Americans, the fears
Didn’t know/didn’t answer
caused by the 9/11 attacks have faded. Last
29% week, a USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll of
1,006 adults showed just 35% thought it
The First Amendment
to the U.S. Constitution:
was likely there would be an act of
Congress shall make no law respect- terrorism in the USA within the next
ing an establishment of religion, or several weeks.
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; In mid-October 2001, 85% of those polled
or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the thought another attack was imminent.
people peaceably to assemble, and A less ner vous population hasn’t
to petition the Government for a necessarily translated into greater support
redress of grievances.
for the media, however. Today's poll also
Sources: U.S. Constitution; survey of 1,003 adults
May 13-23 by New England Survey Research
Associates. Margin of sampling error: ±3 per-
showed that nearly 40% of Americans think
centage points. the media have “too much freedom,” down
By Karl Gelles, USA TODAY from a recent peak of 46% in 2003.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
1. Considering the case of student activists concerned 1. In order to protect the freedom of individuals
about diverse viewpoints, to what extent do you within society, do you see increasing curbs of
believe that public institutions, such as universities, individual freedom of speech as inevitable?
have the right to curb free speech as it occurs within Why or why not?
their domain?
2. How can limits on freedom of speech be
2. Review the actions of universities concerned about governed? Do you see a role for democracy in
speech at sports events. Does your response view of managing this process? Why or why not?
freedom of speech vary under such circumstances?
Explain. 3. Do you see security and freedom of speech as
mutually exclusive? Why or why not? Find
3. How do you react to the series of bills intended to examples of security vs. privacy (and freedom
promote “politics-free education?” Do you think the of speech) in USA TODAY and debate the pros
quality of coursework is at greater risk, or the freedom and cons of governance vs. civil rights.
of student thought? Explain your answer.
4. Review articles on education in this week’s USA
TODAY; how do these situations influence your view
of freedom of speech on campus?
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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The First Amendment Center
www.firstamendmentcenter.org
Human Rights Group Liberty
www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk
Citizens Flag Alliance
www.cfa-inc.org
American Civil Liberties Union
www.aclu.org
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