Leadership Styles & the Leadership Styles & the Art of Effective Art of Effective Leadership Leadership Anthony A. Miller, M.Ed., PA-C Associate Professor & Director Division of Physician Assistant Studies Shenandoah University Member, AAPA Leadership Advisory Commission © 2002, Anthony A. MillerObjectives Objectives • Upon completion of this presentation, you should be able to: – Better understand basic leadership definitions, styles, skills, and traits. – Identify resources for leadership development. – Identify obstacles to effective leadership and how to overcome them. – Understand how power impacts leaderfolllowe relationships.Assumption Assumption You want to lead!? “If you think you can…or think you can’t…you’re probably right!” (Mark Twain) “If you believe you do not deserve whatever it is you want, you will not get it. Conversely, if you believe that you deserve all the goodness that life has to offer, you will be open to receive it.” (C. Carter-Scott)Main Points Main Points (what I have learned and want to share in case I don’t get through the rest of the stuff.)Pearls Pearls • Be true to yourself…but you got to know that person first. • Be true to your principles and values…but you got to figure that out first. • Love others….but you’ve got to love yourself…first • Aim high…but sometimes baby steps before running first.Pearls Pearls •…but also take time to relax/re-energizePearls Pearls • Fight vigorously for what you believe…but choose your battles carefully. • Promote yourself and promote others. • Follow a leader…find a mentor. • Find your niche. • Build alliances.Pearls Pearls • Plan ----Do ----Evaluate ---Redo • Learn ---Teach ---Learn • Change is inevitable, learn to deal with it.Pearls Pearls • 12 Rules on Leadership….(winning) – Don’t Quit. Don’t Ever Quit – Kiss _ss – Kick _ss – Frame the Debate – Understand the Difference Between Strategy & Tactics – Be Open – Know How to Communicate – Work Your _ss off – Turn Weakness into Strength – Know How to Recover When You Really Screw Up – Know What to do When You Win (from Carville and Begala, 2002)Pearls Pearls • The Essence of Leadership – Clear vision – Drive to share to your vision – Courage to challenge the status quo & be a change agent – Ability to inspire others (individually and teams) – Foresight to empower, to develop and stretch abilities of others – Wisdom to listen, learn and act – Integrity to live your values – Willingness to recognize others for their accomplishments Adapted from J. Tracy O’ Rouke, Chairman & CEO, Varian Associates (1/93)Defining Leadership Defining Leadership • “Without any question, “leadership” is the most studied and least understood topic of any I can think of. To start with, there are more than 350 definitions with more coined by the dozens each month.” (Bennis)What is Leadership? What is Leadership? • “Giving the people not what they want but what they will learn to want” (Cronin quoting W. Lippman) • Managers do things right, leaders do the right things (Bennis) • “Leaders don’t just report the news, they make it.” (Kouzes & Posner, 1995)What is Leadership? What is Leadership? • “...the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations” (Kouzes & Posner, 1995) • “...establish direction for a working group of individuals, ...gain commitment...to this direction, and then motivate members to achieve the direction’s outcomes” (Conger, 1992)Defining Leadership Defining Leadership • MODELS/CONCEPTS – individual traits – behaviors – role relationships and interaction patterns – influence over others – hierarchical position – legitimacy of influenceAdmired Characteristics Admired Characteristics • Honest • Visionary • Inspiring • Competent • Fair • Supportive from: Kouzes & Posner, 1995Characteristics Admired Characteristics Admired 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1995 1987 Honest Vision Inspiring Competent Fair SupportiveLeadership Qualities Leadership Qualities • Self-knowledge/self-confidence • Vision • Intelligence, wisdom, judgment • Learning/renewal • World mindedness • Coalition building • Morale building/motivationLeadership Qualities Leadership Qualities • Stamina, energy, tenacity • Courage • Enthusiasm • Character, integrity • Risk-taking/entrepreneurship • Communications (persuasion/listening)Leadership Qualities Leadership Qualities • Understanding & use of power/authority • Goal & achievement orientation • Problem-solving • Sense of humor, perspective “I skate to where I think the puck will be.” (Wayne Gretzky)Influence Tactics Influence Tactics • Rational persuasion • Inspirational appeals • Consultation • Ingratiation • Personal appeals • Exchange • Coalition tactics • Pressure tactics • Legitimizing tacticsConcepts of Power Concepts of Power • Coercion • Reward • Legitimate • Expert • Referent/CharismaBarriers to Opportunities Barriers to Opportunities • Prejudice • Poor Career Planning • Poor Working Environment • Lack of Organizational Savvy • Risk-taking vs. Comfort Level • Balancing CommitmentsLearn About Leadership Learn About Leadership • Classes • Observing • Being a good follower • Find a mentor/coach • Reading for inspiration • Self “Try? There is not try! There is only do or not do!” (Yoda from Empire Strikes Back)Developing a Plan Developing a Plan • Self-Analysis – Strengths – Opportunities for enhancement (aka weaknesses) – Principles/values – Resources (intrinsic and extrinsic)Developing a Plan Developing a Plan • Vision – How do I see myself in the future? (intrinsic perspective) – Where do I see myself in the future (global/extrinsic perspective) – Create a mottoDeveloping a Plan Developing a Plan • Set Goals – State as desired states or outcomes (what you want to be, not what you want to do) – Short term and long term – Broad • Develop Strategies – What do I need to do to get there? – Specific and time linked – Address weaknesses & resources neededDeveloping a Plan Developing a Plan Write it down! ….then sign it and share itDeveloping a Plan Developing a Plan • Evaluate (on regular basis) • RenewHolistic Leadership Holistic Leadership Professional Professional Work Work Personal Personal Family Family Spiritual Spiritual © Anthony A. MillerProfessional Portfolio Professional Portfolio • What is it? – Documents accomplishments, achievements – Augments & supports resumePotential Contents Potential Contents • Published articles, editorials • News • Thank you letters • Certificates & awards • Testimonials/kudos • Presentations • Examples of creations/innovations • AppointmentsPortfolio “Index” Portfolio “Index” • Title – “Professional Highlights of …” – “Accomplishments of …” • Headings – Do not use traditional resume headings – Action orientedPortfolio “Index” Portfolio “Index” • Examples: – “Developed billing follow-up mechanism that generated 25% increase in accounts paid” – “Developed $250,000 grant funded by XYZ Corporation” – “Secured donation for $100,000 endowed scholarship” – “Planned and implemented campaign that yielded 100 new members”Promoting Yourself Promoting Yourself • Be a good follower • Seek new opportunities (aka volunteer) • Don’t give up • Decide on area of focus • Network (be at right place @right time)Promoting Yourself Promoting Yourself • Partner (who can help me get there?) • Promote others… don’t be afraid to ride on someone’s coat tails…just know when to let go • Associate yourself with a cause you believe in • Specialist vs. multi-specialist vs. generalists • Web site?Promoting Yourself Promoting Yourself Try this exercise: Write an introduction for yourself. Keep to one or two paragraphs and no more than one page. “The only disability in life is a bad attitude.” “The only disability in life is a bad attitude.” Scott HamiltonAs for the best leaders, the people do not know their existence. The next best, the people honor and praise. The next, the people fear, and the next, the people hate. When the best leader’s work is done, the people say, “We did it ourselves.” Lao TzuAnd Finally… And Finally… • Believe in yourself and your ability to create your own reality. Trust yourself and your own voice and continually assess whether you are being true to your voice or to something else. C. Carter-Scott, 2000Questions?? Questions?? Move in God’s Rhythm Move in God’s Rhythm (Ting-Yu Chen)Resources Resources • Bennis, W. (1995). The artform of leadership. In J.T. Wren (ed.). The Leader’s companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. • Carter-Scott, C. (2000). If success is a game, these are the rules: Ten rules to a fulfilling life. New York: Bantam. • Carville, J. & Begala, P. (2002). Buck up, suck up…and come back when you foul up. New York: Simon & Schuster. • Covey, S. The seven habits of highly effective people. New York: Simon & Schuster. • Hughes, R., et al. (1995). Power, Influence, and Influence Tactics. In J.T. Wren (ed.). The Leader’s companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. • Kouzes, J. & Posner, B. (1995). The leadership challenge. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. • McConnell, C. (1998). Mixed Motivations: The Leadership Contradiction. Health Care Supervisor, 17(2). 63-75. • Morrison, A. (1995). Challenging the Barriers to Opportunity. In J.T. Wren (ed.). The Leader’s companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press. • Rosenbach, W. & Taylor, R. (eds.) (1993). Contemporary issues in leadership, 3rd ed., Boulder: Westview Press. • Souba, W. (1998). The job of leadership. Journal of Surgical Research, 80. 1-8.